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Ferreira MC, Alessandretti R, Pereira GKR, Bacchi A, Maroli A, Gomes ÉA, Spazzin AO. Do preheated composite resin or adhesive resin layer strengthen the feldspar ceramic? J Prosthet Dent 2024; 132:627-635. [PMID: 36202633 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Preheated composite resin and adhesive coating have been recommended as luting agents for ceramic veneers; however, information about the mechanical behavior of feldspathic porcelain veneers after using these methods is still limited. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of the use of preheated composite resin or an adhesive resin layer on the strengthening of a feldspathic porcelain. MATERIAL AND METHODS Feldspathic porcelain disks were fabricated (N=210), etched (10% hydrofluoric acid for 90 seconds), and bonded according to resin-based luting agents (30 per group) for the biaxial flexural strength tests: photopolymerized resin cement, flowable composite resin, preheated composite resin, with or without previous adhesive coating. Characteristic strength and Weibull modulus were calculated. The viscosity of the luting agents was measured by using isothermal analyses. Finite element analysis simulated the flexural test. Fractographic and bonded interfaces were observed. RESULTS The use of preheated composite resin led to the lowest stress levels in the feldspathic porcelain veneers. However, it did not increase the ceramic strengthening compared with other luting agents, as higher values were observed with flowable composite resin (P<.05). The use of an adhesive resin layer had no significant effect on ceramic strengthening when associated with preheated composite resin or resin cement (P>.05). Preheated composite resin presented the highest viscosity and led to incomplete filling of the porcelain surface irregularities. Failures originated on the ceramic surface subjected to tensile stress and were typically associated with pores at the ceramic-luting agent interface. CONCLUSIONS The use of preheated composite resin or an adhesive resin layer did not have a positive effect on strengthening feldspathic porcelain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele C Ferreira
- Professor, School of Dentistry, Meridional Faculty, ATITUS, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduate student Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Ribeirão Preto, UNAERP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alessandretti
- Professor, MSciD Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Meridional Faculty - IMED, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriel K R Pereira
- Professor, MSciD-PhD Post-Graduate Programs in Oral Science, Prosthodontics Units, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ataís Bacchi
- Professor, MSciD Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Paulo Picanço School of Dentistry - FACPP, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Angélica Maroli
- Professor, School of Dentistry, Meridional Faculty - ATITUS, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Érica A Gomes
- Professor, MsciD Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Ribeirão Preto - UNAERP, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aloísio O Spazzin
- Professor, MSciD Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Meridional Faculty - ATITUS, Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Santos M, Fidalgo-Pereira R, Torres O, Carvalho O, Henriques B, Özcan M, Souza JCM. The impact of inorganic fillers, organic content, and polymerization mode on the degree of conversion of monomers in resin-matrix cements for restorative dentistry: a scoping review. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:454. [PMID: 39066793 PMCID: PMC11283416 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The main aim of the present study was to carry out a scoping review on the differences in degree of conversion of monomers regarding several types resin cements, indirect restorative materials, and light-curing procedures used in dentistry. METHOD A bibliographic review was performed on PubMed using the following search items: "degree of conversion" OR "filler" AND "resin cement" OR "inorganic cement" AND "organic" OR "radiopacity" OR "refractive" OR "transmittance" OR "type" AND "resin composite." The search involved articles published in English language within the last thirteen years. A research question has been formulated following the PICO approach as follow: "How different is the degree of conversion of monomers comparing several types of resin-matrix cements?". RESULTS Within the 15 selected studies, 8 studies reported a high degree of conversion (DC) of the organic matrix ranging from 70 up to 90% while 7 studies showed lower DC values. Dual-cured resin-matrix cements revealed the highest mean values of DC, flexural strength, and hardness when compared with light- and self-polymerized ones. DC mean values of resin-matrix cements light-cured through a ceramic veneer with 0.4 mm thickness were higher (~ 83%) than those recorded for resin-matrix cements light-cured through a thicker ceramic layer of 1.5 mm (~ 77%). CONCLUSIONS The highest percentage of degree of conversion of monomers was reported for dual-cured resin-matrix cements and therefore both chemical and light-induced pathways promoted an enhanced polymerization of the material. Similar degree of conversion of the same resin-matrix cement were recorded when the prosthetic structure showed a low thickness. On thick prosthetic structures, translucent materials are required to allow the light transmission achieving the resin-matrix cement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The chemical composition of resin-matrix cements and the light-curing mode can affect the polymerization of the organic matrix. Thus, physical properties of the materials can vary leading to early clinical failures at restorative interfaces. Thus, the analysis of the polymerization pathways of resin-matrix cements is significantly beneficial for the clinical performance of the restorative interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcionilia Santos
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Rita Fidalgo-Pereira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP), 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Orlanda Torres
- Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit (UNIPRO), University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, 4585-116, Gandra PRD, Portugal
| | - Oscar Carvalho
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory (LABBELS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno Henriques
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory (LABBELS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
- Ceramic and Composite Materials Research Group (CERMAT), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Mutlu Özcan
- Clinic for Masticatory Disorders and Dental Biomaterials, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Júlio C M Souza
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Faculty of Dental Medicine (FMD), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (UCP), 3504-505, Viseu, Portugal.
- Center for MicroElectroMechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), University of Minho, Campus Azurém, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory (LABBELS), University of Minho, 4710-057, Guimarães, Braga, Portugal.
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Calixto ET, Kelmer VF, Komegae GH, Pacheco RR, Pini N, Sundfeld D. Influence of Varied Silane Commercial Brands and Adhesive Application on Bond Strength and Stability to Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic. Oper Dent 2024; 49:325-335. [PMID: 38632867 DOI: 10.2341/23-124-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the impact of various commercial silane brands with varied chemical compositions with or without the application of an adhesive layer on the microshear bond strength and durability of a resin luting agent to lithium disilicate glass ceramic. METHODS AND MATERIALS Lithium disilicate glass ceramic discs (EMX, IPS e.max Press, Ivoclar Vivadent) measuring 10 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness were fabricated (n=240). Surfaces were etched using 5% hydrofluoric acid and randomly assigned to 10 groups based on the commercial brand of silane used (n=24): [RP] RelyX Ceramic Primer (3M ESPE); [PS] Prosil (FGM); [SA] Silano (Angelus); [SM] Silano (Maquira); [SU] Silane (Ultradent); [GL] GLUMA Ceramic Primer (Kulzer); [CB] Ceramic Bond (VOCO); [MB] Monobond N (Ivoclar Vivadent); [CP] Clearfil Ceramic Primer (Kuraray); and [DE] 2-step silane (Dentsply Sirona). Half of the EMXs (n=12) received a thin adhesive layer (+) after the silane and prior to resin luting agent, while the other half (n=12) did not receive an adhesive layer (-). For the microshear bond strength test (μSBS), four light-cured resin luting agent cylinders (1 mm in diameter) were created on each EMX surface. Half of these specimens were tested after 24 hours, while the other half were stored in deionized water for 6 months. The μSBS test was conducted using a universal testing machine (DL 500, EMIC) at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until failure. The obtained data underwent statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test (α=0.05). RESULTS There was significant influence of the silane commercial brand on bond strength. Notably, "universal primers" yielded lower bond strength results compared to "pure" silane solutions. Water storage had a detrimental effect on microshear bond strength for certain silane commercial brands. Additionally, the application of an adhesive layer negatively impacted bond strength results for all silanes. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms the importance of both silane commercial brand and chemical composition in relation to bond strength of resin luting agents to lithium disilicate glass ceramic. Furthermore, the application of an adhesive layer may have an adverse effect on bond stability over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Calixto
- Emerson Tavares Calixto, DDS, MSc student, Ingá University Center, Uningá, Maningá, PR, Brazil
| | - V F Kelmer
- Vinicius Fernandez Kelmer, DDS student, Ingá University Center, Uningá, Maningá, PR, Brazil
| | - G H Komegae
- Gabriely Hikari Komegae, DDS, MSc student, Ingá University Center, Uningá, Maningá, PR, Brazil
| | - R R Pacheco
- Rafael Rocha Pacheco, DDS, MSc, PhD, associate professor and section director of Dental Materials, Department of Restorative Sciences, The Dental College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Nip Pini
- Nubia Inocencya Pavesi Pini, DDS, MSc, PhD, adjunct professor, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Ingá University Center, Uningá, Maningá, PR, Brazil
| | - D Sundfeld
- *Daniel Sundfeld, DDS, MSc, PhD, adjunct professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Ingá University Center, Uningá, Maningá, PR, Brazil
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Tribst JPM, Etoeharnowo L, Tadros M, Feilzer AJ, Werner A, Kleverlaan CJ, Dal Piva AMDO. The influence of pre-heating the restoration and luting agent on the flexural strength of indirect ceramic and composite restorations. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2279066. [PMID: 38979098 PMCID: PMC11229669 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2279066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the impact of luting procedure and restoration thicknesses on the flexural strength of CAD/CAM restorations. Traditional luting agents have been questioned in favor of pre-heated resin composites or flowable composites. Materials and Methods 400 disc-shaped restorations (lithium disilicate [IPS e.max CAD] or resin composite [Tetric CAD, Ivoclar]) were cemented onto dentin analog discs using different procedures (n = 20): dual-curing resin cement (Panavia V5), light-curing resin cement (Panavia Veneer LC), pre-heated resin composite (Clearfil™ AP-X) with or without pre-heated restoration, and high-filled flowable composite (Clearfil Majesty™ Flow). The biaxial flexural strength was calculated. Results There were significant effects of material, thickness, and luting procedure on flexural strength (p < 0.001). Resin composite specimens exhibited lower flexural strength (90 MPa) compared to lithium disilicate specimens (571 MPa), with thicker restorations (338 MPa) being stronger than thinner ones (323 MPa). Light-curing cement showed the highest strength (408.8 MPa)A, followed by dual-curing cement (362 MPa)B, pre-heated cement with pre-heated composite (318 MPa)C, pre-heated composite (304 MPa)C, and flowable resin composite (259 MPa)D. The light-curing cement yielded similar results to the pre-heated resin composite associated or not with the pre-heated crown for the thicker lithium disilicate specimens, whereas for the thinner lithium disilicate specimens all luting procedures performed similarly. Thin resin composite discs showed higher flexural strength when luted with light-curing cement, whereas the luting procedure had less influence for the thicker restorations. Conclusion Luting procedures impact the flexural strength of CAD/CAM lithium disilicate and resin composite restorations. Pre-heated resin composite, with or without pre-heated restoration, can replace dual-curing cement. Nevertheless, light-curing cement is superior for resin composite and 1.5 mm lithium disilicate restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Mendes Tribst
- Department of Reconstructive Oral Care, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Lilis Etoeharnowo
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Maril Tadros
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J Feilzer
- Department of Reconstructive Oral Care, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Arie Werner
- Department of Reconstructive Oral Care, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J Kleverlaan
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda Maria de Oliveira Dal Piva
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands
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Dos Santos D, Pacheco RR, Komegae GH, da Silva JA, Lima D, Pini N, Sundfeld D. Effects of Hydrofluoric Acid Concentrations, Commercial Brands, and Adhesive Application on the Bond Strength of a Resin Luting Agent to Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic. Oper Dent 2023; 48:700-710. [PMID: 37881098 DOI: 10.2341/23-034-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the surface topography/roughness and bond strength of a resin luting agent to a lithium disilicate glass ceramic after etching with different concentrations of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and commercial brands. METHODS For bond strength evaluation, 260 lithium disilicate glass ceramic (EMX) discs were randomly distributed into 13 groups based on concentrations of HF and commercial brands (n=20): 5% and 10%, Lysanda (LY5 and LY10); 5% and 10%, Maquira (MA5 and MA10); 5% and 10%, FGM (FG5 and FG10); 4.8%, Ivoclar Vivadent (IV5); 5% and 10%, PHS do Brasil (PH5 and PH10); 5% and 10%, BM4 (BM5 and BM10); 9%, Ultradent Inc (UL10); and Dentsply (DE10). A further random distribution (n=10) was made based on the application (+) or absence (-) of an adhesive layer. Resin luting agent cylinders (1 mm in diameter) were added on EMX surfaces, light-cured, and stored for 24 hours in deionized water at 37°C. On a universal testing machine (DL 500, EMIC), specimens were submitted to a microshear bond strength test at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until failure. A representative etched EMX disc from each group underwent surface topography analysis using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (n=1), and five (n=5) etched EMX discs from each group were tested for surface roughness. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey test (α=0.05). RESULTS A less conditioned and smoother surface was observed for 5% HF compared to 10%. Additionally, commercial brands of HF were shown to affect bond strength. When the adhesive layer was not used (-), a 10% concentration promoted higher bond strengths to EMX. However, when adhesive was applied (+), the concentrations of HF and commercial brands had no effect on bond strength results. CONCLUSIONS A 10% concentration of HF results in higher bond strength than a 5% concentration. If an adhesive layer is applied, neither this distinction nor the influence of commercial brands is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drc Dos Santos
- Diogo Robert Claudino dos Santos, DDS, MSc student, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Ingá University Center - UNINGÁ, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - R R Pacheco
- Rafael Rocha Pacheco, DDS, MSc, PhD, associate professor, Department of Restorative Sciences, Dental College of Georgia - Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - G H Komegae
- Gabriely Hikari Komegae, DDS student, School of Dentistry, Ingá University Center - UNINGÁ, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - J A da Silva
- Juliana Andrade da Silva, DDS, MSc, PhD student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Danl Lima
- Debora Alves Nunes Leite Lima, DDS, MSc, PhD, professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Nip Pini
- Nubia Inocêncya Pavesi Pini, DDS, MSc, PhD, adjunct professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Ingá University Center - UNINGÁ, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - D Sundfeld
- *Daniel Sundfeld, DDS, MSc, PhD, adjunct professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, Ingá University Center - UNINGÁ, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Cardoso GC, Nakanishi L, Isolan CP, Rodrigues CS, Moraes RR. Bonding stability of universal adhesives to feldspathic ceramic with or without prior silane application. J Prosthodont 2023. [PMID: 37771238 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the bonding stability of three universal adhesives to a CAD-CAM feldspathic ceramic with or without prior silane application. MATERIALS AND METHODS The universal adhesives tested were Ambar Universal (FGM), Single Bond Universal (3M), and Ybond Universal (Yller). Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (3M) was used as a control. The silane used was RelyX Ceramic Primer (3M). Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to Vitablocs Mark II was measured after 24 h or 6 months of water aging (n = 20). Failure modes were observed through scanning electron microscopy, and pH and degree of C=C conversion (DC) of the adhesives were measured (n = 3). Data were analyzed using one-, two-, and three-way ANOVA. RESULTS The pH values differed significantly among the adhesives (p < 0.001), while the DC was similar (p = 0.141). The universal adhesives showed significant differences in μTBS, with higher immediate results when using silane and lower results after aging. Notably, a significant decrease in μTBS was observed after 6 months when silane was applied. In contrast, the control adhesive exhibited consistent results between the 24-h and 6-month storage periods. The universal adhesives showed a decrease in μTBS ranging from 25.5% to 40.1% after prolonged storage. Adhesive failures were predominant in all groups. The presence or absence of silane in the adhesive composition did not affect the bonding performance. CONCLUSIONS The application of a separate silane coupling agent improved the immediate bond strength of universal adhesives to CAD-CAM feldspathic ceramic. However, this bond strength significantly decreased after 6 months of water aging. The bond strength remained stable for universal adhesives when applied without silane after 6 months of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Leina Nakanishi
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Cristina P Isolan
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Camila S Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Moraes
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Dapieve KS, Pilecco RO, Temp RW, Villetti MA, Pereira GKR, Valandro LF. Adhesion to lithium disilicate glass-ceramics after aging: Resin viscosity and ceramic surface treatment effects. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105819. [PMID: 37062098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of intaglio ceramic surface treatments, resin cement viscosities, and storage regimens on the microshear bond strength of lithium disilicate ceramic. In addition, to investigate the dynamic viscosity of the resin-based luting agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ceramic slices were randomly allocated into eight groups (n = 19) considering three factors: ceramic surface treatment (hydrofluoric acid followed by silane, HF; or self-etching ceramic primer, E&P), resin cement viscosity (high, HIGH; or low, LOW) and storage regimen (baseline or aging). Surface treatments were performed, resin cement cylinders were built and microshear bond strength tests (μSBS, wire-loop method, speed: 1.0 mm/min) were run according to the storage factor. Failure mode, topographic and dynamic viscosity (37 °C; shear rate of 1.0-100 s-1) of resin cement components (base, high and low catalyst) were also performed. RESULTS Resin cement viscosity and the association among ceramic surface treatment, resin cement viscosity, and storage regimen were statistically significant factors (p < 0.05). Worse behavior was identified for the E&P_HIGH group compared to the E&P_LOW and HF_LOW in the baseline condition. After aging, the HF_HIGH group (16.78 MPa) presented the worst result among the aged groups (21.44-25.25 MPa). Most of the failures were adhesive. Surface micrographs revealed a distinct pattern after etching, more aggressive by HF and milder by E&P. High viscosity catalyst is 5.3 and 8.5-fold more viscous than the base and low viscosity catalyst, respectively (high > base > low). CONCLUSION Differences in filler content can impact the resin viscosity of the material (more fillers increase the viscosity), which in turn can influence the bond strength of a lithium disilicate ceramic, depending on the surface treatment and storage regimen.
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May MM, Machry RV, Fraga S, de Andrade GS, Bottino MA, Valandro LF, May LG. Resin cement coating reverts the machining damage on the flexural fatigue strength of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:971-980. [PMID: 36434818 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of resin cement coating with high and low viscosities on the flexural fatigue strength of machined lithium disilicate glass-ceramic. Discs (IPS e.max CAD; Ivoclar Vivadent) were prepared and divided according to the surface condition (machining [M]-CEREC inLab; and polishing [P]-laboratory procedures), resin cement coating (with or without), and cement viscosity (high [H] and low [L]). The ceramic bonding surface was etched/primed by a one-step primer application followed by resin cement application (Variolink N base + high or low viscosity catalyst; Ivoclar Vivadent). Biaxial flexural fatigue strength was evaluated on a piston-on-three-ball set by the step-test method (n = 15) (initial stress: 60 MPa; incremental steps: 20 MPa; 10,000 cycles/step, at 20 Hz). Weibull statistics were used for fatigue data. Contact angle, topographic, and fractographic analysis were also performed. Machining produced statistically lower contact angle than polishing and a significant detrimental effect on the fatigue behavior (σ0 M = 247.2 [246.9-268.3]; σ0 P = 337.4 [297.8-382.4]). Machined groups followed by resin cement coating (σ0 MH = 297.9 [276.0-321.5]; σ0 Ml = 301.2 [277.1-327.4]) behaved similarly to the polished and coated groups (σ0 PH = 342.0 [308.9-378.5]; σ0 PL = 357.3 [324.7-393.1]), irrespective of the cement viscosity. Therefore, cement coating has able to revert the detrimental effects of the machining on the fatigue strength of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic. High and low viscosity cements behaved similarly in the improvement of CAD-CAM lithium disilicate fatigue strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mirian May
- Post-Graduate Program in Dental Sciences, Prosthetic Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Odontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Renan Vaz Machry
- Post-Graduate Program in Dental Sciences, Prosthetic Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Odontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Sara Fraga
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Antonio Bottino
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Valandro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Liliana Gressler May
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Mert Eren M, Celebi AT, İçer E, Baykasoğlu C, Mugan A, Yücel T, Yıldız E. Biomechanical Behavior Evaluation of Resin Cement with Different Elastic Modulus on Porcelain Laminate Veneer Restorations Using Micro-CT-Based Finite Element Analysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2378. [PMID: 36984260 PMCID: PMC10054651 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of the porcelain laminate veneer restorations (PLV) of the maxillary central incisor luted with two types of resin cements having different incisal preparations: butt joint and palatal chamfer. Biomechanical analyses were performed using the micro-CT-based finite element models, and von Mises stress and strain values of the PLV, resin cement, adhesive layer, and tooth structure were computed. The PLV with butt joint preparation showed larger stress values than those of restored with palatal chamfer preparation, regardless of the elasticity of the cement and loading conditions. An increase in the elasticity modulus of the resin cement induced slightly larger stresses on the adhesive layer, tooth tissues, and restorative materials. Overall, this study demonstrates the role of the preparation design and luting materials on the mechanical behavior of the PLV restorations and discusses the potential failure mechanisms of the PLV restorations under different loading mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Mert Eren
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Altınbas University, 34147 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Alper Tunga Celebi
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Esra İçer
- Department of Informatics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Cengiz Baykasoğlu
- Faculty of Engineering Mechanical Engineering Department, Hitit University, 19030 Çorum, Türkiye
| | - Ata Mugan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34437 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Taner Yücel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Esra Yıldız
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Türkiye
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10
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Dapieve KS, Velho HC, da Rosa LS, Pivetta JP, Maidana FC, Venturini AB, Kleverlaan CJ, Pereira GKR, Valandro LF. Ceramic surface conditioning, resin cement viscosity, and aging relationships affect the load-bearing capacity under fatigue of bonded glass-ceramics. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 139:105667. [PMID: 36657192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of ceramic surface treatments, resin cement viscosities, and storage regimens on the fatigue performance of bonded glass-ceramics (lithium disilicate, LD; feldspathic, FEL). Ceramic discs (Ø = 10 mm; thickness = 1.5 mm) were allocated into eight groups per ceramic (n = 15), considering three factors: "ceramic surface treatment" in two levels - 5% hydrofluoric acid etching and silane-based coupling agent application (HF), or self-etching ceramic primer (E&P); "resin cement viscosity" in two levels - in high or low viscosity; and "storage regimen" in two levels - baseline, 24 h to 5 days; or aging, 180 days + 25,000 thermal cycles. Adhesive luting was performed onto glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resin discs (Ø = 10 mm; thickness = 2 mm) and the bonded assemblies were subjected to cyclic fatigue tests: initial load = 200 N; step-size = 25 N (FEL) and 50 N (LD); 10,000 cycles/step; 20 Hz. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) inspections were performed. Regarding the LD ceramic, the fatigue behavior was reduced after aging for HF_HIGH and E&P_LOW conditions, while stable performance was observed for HF_LOW and E&P_HIGH. Regarding the FEL results, aging negatively affected HF_HIGH, E&P_HIGH, and E&P_LOW, being that only the HF_LOW condition presented a stable behavior. The failure initiated from defects on the etched surface of the ceramics, where the cross-sectional analysis commonly revealed unfilled areas. Long-term aging might induce a decrease in mechanical behavior. The 'ceramic microstructure/surface conditioning/resin cement viscosity relationships' modulate the fatigue performance of lithium disilicate and feldspathic glass-ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara Serafini Dapieve
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences, Prosthetic Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Helder Callegaro Velho
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences, Prosthetic Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Saldanha da Rosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences, Prosthetic Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Jordana Pavanelo Pivetta
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences, Prosthetic Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Cocco Maidana
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences, Prosthetic Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Andressa Borin Venturini
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences, Prosthetic Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Cornelis Johannes Kleverlaan
- Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, North-Holland, the Netherlands.
| | - Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences, Prosthetic Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Felipe Valandro
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Sciences, Prosthetic Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
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11
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Mizobuchi S, Kato T, Yamada B, Kan K, Ohtani M, Kobiro K. Influence of the nanostructural characteristics of inorganic fillers on the physical properties of resin cements. Dent Mater J 2023; 42:291-299. [PMID: 36624076 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2022-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Light-curing resin cements, each comprising one of five different inorganic fillers (non-porous and porous spherical SiO2 particles, irregularly shaped glass and ZrO2 particles, and porous ZrO2 spheres), monomers, and polymerization initiators were prepared to determine the effect of filler morphology on the adhesive strength of the resin cement. The strength of adhesion to a computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) resin block was investigated mechanically by measuring the tensile bond strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus. The resin cement containing sub-micron porous ZrO2 spheres had significantly higher tensile bond strength than the other resin cements. The resin cement containing the porous ZrO2 spheres had markedly lower flexural strength and elastic modulus values than the resin cements containing SiO2 and glass fillers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Mizobuchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kochi University of Technology.,YAMAKIN Co., Ltd
| | | | | | - Kai Kan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kochi University of Technology.,Graduate School of Advanced Science and Technology, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
| | - Masataka Ohtani
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kochi University of Technology.,Center for Structural Nanochemistry, Research Institute of Kochi University of Technology
| | - Kazuya Kobiro
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kochi University of Technology.,Center for Structural Nanochemistry, Research Institute of Kochi University of Technology
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12
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Cyclic fatigue vs static loading for shear bond strength test of lithium disilicate and dentin substrates: A comparison of resin cement viscosities. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1910-1920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Velho HC, da Rosa LS, Temp RW, Cocco FM, Pereira GKR, May LG, Valandro LF. Adhesive application after ceramic surface treatment is detrimental to load-bearing capacity under fatigue of a lithium disilicate glass-ceramic. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 135:105453. [PMID: 36126505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether an adhesive application after surface treatment on a lithium disilicate ceramic (LD) has an influence on its load-bearing capacity under fatigue. METHODS LD discs (Ø= 10 mm; thickness= 1 mm) were allocated into 8 groups (n= 15), considering 3 factors: "ceramic surface treatment" - HF: hydrofluoric acid + universal primer application; or MEP: single-component ceramic primer; "adhesive application" - with or without; and "aging protocol" - baseline: 24 h to 7 days; or aging: 180 days of storage + 25,000 thermal cycles. The LD discs were adhesively bonded to glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resin discs (Ø= 10 mm; thickness= 2 mm) and stored according to the condition and each group. Cyclic fatigue testing (initial load= 100 N; step size= 100 N until600 N and after step size= 25 N to failure; 10,000 cycles/step; 20 Hz frequency) was performed. Fractographic and adhesive interface analyzes were also performed. The collected data were then analyzed by Kaplan Meier and Mantel-Cox tests and One-way ANOVA. RESULTS The adhesive application in the baseline condition had no influence on the load-bearing capacity under fatigue when the HF surface treatment was performed, however, adhesive application for the MEP treatment led to worse results than without it. The adhesive application in the aged condition showed worse fatigue outcomes for both treatments. All specimens presented radial cracks. MEP treatment followed by adhesive application presented the thickest luting layer. CONCLUSION The adhesive application after surface treatments of a lithium disilicate glass-ceramic is detrimental to its load-bearing capacity under fatigue when adhesively luted onto a supporting substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder Callegaro Velho
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Saldanha da Rosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Renatta Wrasse Temp
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Maidana Cocco
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Liliana Gressler May
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Felipe Valandro
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
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14
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Falacho RI, Marques JA, Palma PJ, Roseiro L, Caramelo F, Ramos JC, Guerra F, Blatz MB. Luting indirect restorations with resin cements versus composite resins: Effects of preheating and ultrasound energy on film thickness. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2022; 34:641-649. [PMID: 34897958 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate and compare the film thickness obtained with a resin cement and two composite resins, preheated and/or ultrasonically vibrated, as luting agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and twenty-six (126) pairs of resin discs were randomly assigned to six experimental groups (n = 21) according to luting agent (Variolink Esthetic LC, IPS Empress Direct or Estelite Omega) and cementation technique (preheating at 68°C and/or ultrasonic vibration). Specimens were luted by applying a controlled force. Following sectioning and film thickness measurement through field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, statistical analysis was carried out considering a 5% significance level. RESULTS Statistically significant lower film thickness was observed in Variolink Esthetic LC group when compared to all composite resin groups (p < 0.001), except IPS Empress Direct preheated and ultrasonically vibrated group (p = 0.073). IPS Empress Direct with ultrasonic vibration yielded statistically lower film thickness values than Estelite Omega groups, regardless of luting technique (p < 0.05). Ultrasonically vibrated Estelite Omega groups showed statistically lower film thickness values than solely preheated groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both Variolink Esthetic LC and IPS Empress Direct preheated and ultrasonically vibrated provided the lowest film thickness. The addition of ultrasonic vibration during cementation proved to be effective in reducing film thickness of both tested composite resins. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The cementation technique will have variable results depending on the luting material. Adhesive cementation protocols with composite resins should mainly consider ultrasonic vibration, but also preheating, as strategies for reducing film thickness. The tested resin cement, alongside with IPS Empress Direct composite resin preheated and ultrasonically vibrated, provided the lowest film thickness among the tested materials and techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui I Falacho
- Institute of Oral Implantology and Prosthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana A Marques
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Palma
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Roseiro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering of Coimbra, Polytechnic-ISEC, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Caramelo
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Laboratory of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics (LBIM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Carlos Ramos
- Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Guerra
- Institute of Oral Implantology and Prosthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Markus B Blatz
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Aker Sagen M, Vos L, Dahl JE, Rønold HJ. Shear bond strength of resin bonded zirconia and lithium disilicate - effect of surface treatment of ceramics and dentin. Biomater Investig Dent 2022; 9:10-19. [PMID: 35187499 PMCID: PMC8856076 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2022.2038177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives:The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of ceramic surface pretreatment, effect of resin cement and dentin surface roughness on shear bond strength. Methodology: Zirconia rods (n = 140) were randomly assigned to air born particle abrasion with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) or hot etching with potassium hydrogen difluoride (KHF2). Lithium disilicate rods (LDS; n = 50) etched with hydrofluoric acid served as reference material. In Part 1 of the study, ceramic rods were cemented to bovine dentin using 5 dual-polymerizing resin cements (Variolink Esthetic, Multilink Automix (Ivoclar Vivadent), Duo-Link (BISCO Dental), Panavia F2.0 (Kuraray Dental), RelyX Unicem (3 M)). Shear bond strength was tested and fracture morphology determined. In Part 2 of the study, test groups with the highest frequency of adhesive fractures between cement and dentin were selected for further bond strength testing with different surface roughness of dentin; ground with P1200 or P80 silicon carbide paper. Dentin samples were fractured vertically to the cemented surface and the adherence between cement and dentin was studied. Results: The results of Part 1 showed that hot etching of zirconia significantly improved bond strength to Duo-Link cement. In Part 2, RelyX Unicem showed significantly higher bond strength to P1200 compared to P80 ground dentin. For Variolink Esthetic, bond strengths to P1200 and P80 ground dentin were similar. Adhesive fracture between cement and dentin dominated. Conclusions: A smooth dentin surface (P1200) improved bond strength to RelyX Unicem. Surface roughness was not important for Variolink Esthetic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Vos
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM), Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon E Dahl
- Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM), Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans J Rønold
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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16
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A systematic review and meta-analysis on using preheated resin composites as luting agents for indirect restorations. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:3383-3393. [PMID: 35149906 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This systematic review investigated the hypothesis that preheated resin composites (RCs) used as luting agents improve the mechanical properties, physicochemical performance, and color of indirect ceramic restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature search was performed in three databases (Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) and in the grey literature (OpenGrey, ProQuest, and Catalog of Theses & Dissertations from CAPES). Eligibility criteria included only studies comparing at least one preheated RC used as a luting agent with resin cements. RESULTS Data regarding the mechanical properties, physicochemical characteristics, and color were analyzed qualitatively, and the microtensile bond strength and film thickness were also evaluated by meta-analysis. The search strategy identified 3894 papers, and 28 were full-text screened. Seven studies were included in the review, and 5 were included in the meta-analysis. No significant difference was found for microtensile bond strength (P = 0.14). Preheated RCs showed significantly higher film thickness than resin cements (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Overall, the use of preheated RCs as luting agents offers similar to poorer performance than using resin cements for bonding indirect restorations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Despite the claim that preheated RC could be used as a luting agent, further studies should investigate the effect of clinically unacceptable film thickness.
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17
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PORTO BL, BARBON FJ, ISOLAN CP, BORGES AL, SPAZZIN AO, MORAES RR, BOSCATO N. Effect of ultrasound on preheated resin composites used as ceramic luting agents. Dent Mater J 2022; 41:451-458. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruna L. PORTO
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas
| | | | - Cristina P. ISOLAN
- School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri
| | | | | | | | - Noéli BOSCATO
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas
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18
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Dapieve KS, Pereira GKR, Venturini AB, Daudt N, Valcanaia A, Bottino MC, Valandro LF. Do resin cement viscosity and ceramic surface etching influence the fatigue performance of bonded lithium disilicate glass-ceramic crowns? Dent Mater 2021; 38:e59-e67. [PMID: 34969523 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of a resin cement in high and low viscosity and distinct conditioning of the intaglio surface of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic crowns on fatigue performance of the crowns. METHODS Prosthetic preparations (full-crown) in resin epoxy and crowns in lithium disilicate glass-ceramic were machined and allocated considering 2 factors (n = 10): "surface treatment" (HF - 5% hydrofluoric acid etching, followed by silane application; or E&P-self-etching ceramic primer) and "resin cement" (high or low viscosity). The preparations were etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid and an adhesive was applied. The intaglio surfaces of the ceramic crowns were treated as aforementioned (HF or E&P) and luted with high or low viscosity. The bonded sets were subjected to fatigue testing (step-stress approach: initial load of 200 N, step-size of 50 N, 10,000 cycles/step, 20 Hz) and complementary analyses (fractographic, topographic, and cross-sectional bonded interfacial zone analyses) were performed. RESULTS Treatment with HF and silane with high viscosity resin cement (955 N/156,000 cycles) and E&P with low viscosity resin cement (1090 N/183,000 cycles) showed the best fatigue performance (statistical similarity between them). The failures originated from defects of the cement-ceramic interface, and the HF treatment induced a more pronounced topographical alteration. SIGNIFICANCE Distinct topographical patterns from the HF and E&P treatments induced better fatigue results for the specific viscosity of the resin cement. Therefore, the fatigue performance depended on the existing topography, type of intaglio surface's defects/irregularities after surface treatment, and how the luting agent filled the irregularities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara Serafini Dapieve
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Prosthetic Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Prosthetic Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Andressa Borin Venturini
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Prosthetic Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - Natália Daudt
- Post-Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
| | - André Valcanaia
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
| | - Marco Cícero Bottino
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
| | - Luiz Felipe Valandro
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Prosthetic Dentistry Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
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19
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Tribst JPM, dos Santos AFC, da Cruz Santos G, da Silva Leite LS, Lozada JC, Silva-Concílio LR, Baroudi K, Amaral M. Effect of Cement Layer Thickness on the Immediate and Long-Term Bond Strength and Residual Stress between Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramic and Human Dentin. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185153. [PMID: 34576376 PMCID: PMC8465145 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study tested whether three different cement layer thicknesses (60, 120 and 180 μm) would provide the same bonding capacity between adhesively luted lithium disilicate and human dentin. Ceramic blocks were cut to 20 blocks with a low-speed diamond saw under cooling water and were then cemented to human flat dentin with an adhesive protocol. The assembly was sectioned into 1 mm2 cross-section beams composed of ceramic/cement/dentin. Cement layer thickness was measured, and three groups were formed. Half of the samples were immediately tested to evaluate the short-term bond strength and the other half were submitted to an aging simulation. The microtensile test was performed in a universal testing machine, and the bond strength (MPa) was calculated. The fractured specimens were examined under stereomicroscopy. Applying the finite element method, the residual stress of polymerization shrinkage according to cement layer thickness was also calculated using first principal stress as analysis criteria. Kruskal–Wallis tests showed that the ‘‘cement layer thickness’’ factor significantly influenced the bond strength results for the aged samples (p = 0.028); however, no statistically significant difference was found between the immediately tested groups (p = 0.569). The higher the cement layer thickness, the higher the residual stress generated at the adhesive interface due to cement polymerization shrinkage. In conclusion, the cement layer thickness does not affect the immediate bond strength in lithium disilicate restorations; however, thinner cement layers are most stable in the short term, showing constant bond strength and lower residual stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Mendes Tribst
- Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté (UNITAU), Taubaté 12020-340, Brazil; (A.F.C.d.S.); (G.d.C.S.); (L.S.d.S.L.); (L.R.S.-C.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alison Flavio Campos dos Santos
- Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté (UNITAU), Taubaté 12020-340, Brazil; (A.F.C.d.S.); (G.d.C.S.); (L.S.d.S.L.); (L.R.S.-C.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Giuliane da Cruz Santos
- Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté (UNITAU), Taubaté 12020-340, Brazil; (A.F.C.d.S.); (G.d.C.S.); (L.S.d.S.L.); (L.R.S.-C.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Larissa Sandy da Silva Leite
- Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté (UNITAU), Taubaté 12020-340, Brazil; (A.F.C.d.S.); (G.d.C.S.); (L.S.d.S.L.); (L.R.S.-C.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Julio Chávez Lozada
- Department of Operative Dentistry, FO-National University of Córdoba, Córdoba 5016, Argentina;
| | - Laís Regiane Silva-Concílio
- Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté (UNITAU), Taubaté 12020-340, Brazil; (A.F.C.d.S.); (G.d.C.S.); (L.S.d.S.L.); (L.R.S.-C.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Kusai Baroudi
- Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté (UNITAU), Taubaté 12020-340, Brazil; (A.F.C.d.S.); (G.d.C.S.); (L.S.d.S.L.); (L.R.S.-C.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Marina Amaral
- Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté (UNITAU), Taubaté 12020-340, Brazil; (A.F.C.d.S.); (G.d.C.S.); (L.S.d.S.L.); (L.R.S.-C.); (K.B.); (M.A.)
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20
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Aker Sagen M, Dahl JE, Matinlinna JP, Tibballs JE, Rønold HJ. The influence of the resin-based cement layer on ceramic-dentin bond strength. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 129:e12791. [PMID: 34057757 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to measure the cement thickness obtained when ceramic rods were luted to dentin and to analyze the relation between cement thickness and the previously published tensile bond strength of similar test specimens. In addition, the ISO standard 4049:2019 method was used to determine the film thickness of the used cements. Zirconia (n = 100) and lithium disilicate (n = 50) rods were cemented to bovine dentin using one of five different resin-based cements. The ceramic-dentin test specimens were cut into two slices and the cement thickness was measured using a scanning electron microscope and compared to the bond strength values of similar specimens already published. The mean cement thickness recorded for ceramic rods cemented to dentin was in the range 20-40 μm, which was larger than the cement film thickness found by the ISO method. The cement film thickness determined according to ISO standard methods did not concur with the results obtained when cementing ceramic rods to dentin. For cementing ceramic restorations, a cement thickness in the range 25-35 μm seems to be favorable for the bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Aker Sagen
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Einar Dahl
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Nordic Institute of Dental Materials (NIOM), Oslo, Norway
| | - Jukka Pekka Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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Marcondes RL, Lima VP, Barbon FJ, Isolan CP, Carvalho MA, Salvador MV, Lima AF, Moraes RR. Viscosity and thermal kinetics of 10 preheated restorative resin composites and effect of ultrasound energy on film thickness. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1356-1364. [PMID: 32888725 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated viscosity and thermal kinetics of 10 selected preheated restorative resin composites and the effect of ultrasound energy on film thickness. METHODS A range of different resin composites was tested: Charisma Diamond, IPS Empress Direct, Enamel Plus HRi, Essentia, Estelite Omega, Filtek Z100, Filtek Z350 XT, Gradia, TPH Spectrum and VisCalor. A flowable resin composite (Opallis Flow) and two resin cements (RelyX Veneer, Variolink Esthetic LC) also were tested. Viscosity (Pa s) was measured at 37 °C and 69 °C (preheating temperature) using a rheometer. Film thickness (μm) was measured before and after application of ultrasound energy. Temperature loss within resin composite following preheating (°C/s) was monitored. Data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). RESULTS Viscosity at 69 °C was lower than at 37 °C for all materials except the flowable resin composite. Preheating reduced viscosity between 47% and 92% for the restorative resin composites, which were generally more viscous than the flowable materials. Film thickness varied largely among materials. All preheated resin composites had films thicker than 50 μm without ultrasound energy. Application of ultrasound reduced film thickness between 21% and 49%. Linear and nonlinear regressions did not identify any relationship between filler loading, viscosity, and/or film thickness. All materials showed quick temperature reduction following preheating, showing maximum temperature loss rates after approximately 10 s. SIGNIFICANCE Distinct restorative resin composites react differently to preheating, affecting viscosity and film thickness. The overall performance of the preheating technique depends on proper material selection and use of ultrasound energy for reducing film thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verônica P Lima
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fabíola J Barbon
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Cristina P Isolan
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Marco A Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Anápolis University Center (Unievangélica), Anápolis, Brazil
| | - Marcos V Salvador
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University (UNIP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriano F Lima
- Dental Research Division, Paulista University (UNIP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Moraes
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Brazil.
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