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Mani G, Porter D, Collins S, Schatz T, Ornberg A, Shulfer R. A review on manufacturing processes of cobalt-chromium alloy implants and its impact on corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35431. [PMID: 38817036 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Cobalt-Chromium (CoCr) alloys are currently used for various cardiovascular, orthopedic, fracture fixation, and dental implants. A variety of processes such as casting, forging, wrought processing, hot isostatic pressing, metal injection molding, milling, selective laser melting, and electron beam melting are used in the manufacture of CoCr alloy implants. The microstructure and precipitates (carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, and intermetallic compounds) formed within the alloy are primarily determined by the type of manufacturing process employed. Although the effects of microstructure and precipitates on the physical and mechanical properties of CoCr alloys are well reviewed and documented in the literature, the effects on corrosion resistance and biocompatibility are not comprehensively reviewed. This article reviews the various processes used to manufacture CoCr alloy implants and discusses the effects of manufacturing processes on corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. This review concludes that the microstructure and precipitates formed in the alloy are unique to the manufacturing process employed and have a significant impact on the corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of CoCr alloys. Additionally, a historical and scientific overview of corrosion and biocompatibility for metallic implants is included in this review. Specifically, the failure of CoCr alloys when used in metal-on-metal bearing surfaces of total hip replacements is highlighted. It is recommended that the type of implant/application (orthopedic, dental, cardiovascular, etc.) should be the first and foremost factor to be considered when selecting biomaterials for medical device development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopinath Mani
- Global Biocompatibility and Science & Technology Organization, Abbott, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Deanna Porter
- Global Biocompatibility and Science & Technology Organization, Abbott, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shell Collins
- Global Biocompatibility and Science & Technology Organization, Abbott, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tim Schatz
- Global Biocompatibility and Science & Technology Organization, Abbott, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andreas Ornberg
- Global Biocompatibility and Science & Technology Organization, Abbott, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert Shulfer
- Global Biocompatibility and Science & Technology Organization, Abbott, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Bajt Leban M, Hren M, Kosec T. The microstructure, mechanical and electrochemical properties of 3D printed alloys with reusing powders. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3245. [PMID: 36828880 PMCID: PMC9958054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
CoCrMo and Ti6Al4V are widely used in medical, dental and 3D printing technology, allowing the accurate fabrication of geometrically complicated structures. In order to reduce the costs of printed objects, the reuse of powder is common daily practice. When using 3D printing technology, the direct impact of elevated temperatures and the influence of the laser beam may change the properties of the powder when it is reused, thus affecting the final properties of the printed object. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of reused powder on the mechanical, microstructural and electrochemical properties of 3D printed objects. 3D printed objects fabricated from virgin and reused powder of both alloys were analyzed by metallographic observation, computed tomography, XRD and electrochemical methods. The main finding of the study was that the use of reused powder (recycled 3 times) does not detrimentally affect the mechanical and corrosion integrity of 3D printed CoCr and Ti6Al4V alloys, especially for the purpose of applications in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Bajt Leban
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva Ulica 12, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Miha Hren
- grid.426233.20000 0004 0393 4765Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva Ulica 12, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadeja Kosec
- grid.426233.20000 0004 0393 4765Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva Ulica 12, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Feasibility study on Ti-15Mo-7Cu with low elastic modulus and high antibacterial property. Biometals 2022; 35:1225-1241. [PMID: 35996064 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00438-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Titanium and titanium alloy with low density, high specific strength, good biological, excellent mechanical compatibility and easy to process have been widely used in the medical materials, but their application in orthopedics and dentistry often face bacterial infection, corrosion failure and stress shielding. In this paper, Ti-15Mo-7Cu (TM-7Cu) alloy was prepared by high vacuum non-consumable electric arc melting furnace and then treated by solution and aging treatment. The microstructure, mechanical properties, antibacterial properties and cytocompatibility were studied by X-ray diffraction, microhardness tester, electrochemical working station, antibacterial test and Live/Dead staining technology. The results have shown that the heat treatment significantly influenced the phase transformation, the precipitation of Ti2Cu phase, the elastic modulus and the antibacterial ability. With the extension of the aging time, the elastic modulus slightly increased and the antibacterial rate obviously increased. TM-7Cu alloy with a low elastic modulus of 83GPa and a high antibacterial rate of > 93% was obtained. TM-7Cu alloy showed no cytotoxicity to MC3T3. It was suggested that TM-7Cu might be a highly competitive medical material.
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Fu W, Liu S, Jiao J, Xie Z, Huang X, Lu Y, Liu H, Hu S, Zuo E, Kou N, Ma G. Wear Resistance and Biocompatibility of Co-Cr Dental Alloys Fabricated with CAST and SLM Techniques. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093263. [PMID: 35591597 PMCID: PMC9104588 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt–chromium (Co-Cr) alloys have been widely used as dental-restoration materials for many years. This study sought to investigate whether selective laser melting (SLM) is a more appropriate process than traditional casting (CAST) for fabricating dental Co-Cr alloys. Metallurgical microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Vickers hardness and nanoindentation tests, and friction and wear tests were used to evaluate the microstructure, surface compositions, mechanical properties, and wear resistance, respectively. Additionally, the biocompatibilities and cell adhesion of the alloys were evaluated with L-929 fibroblasts via CCK-8 assay, Live/Dead staining, flow cytometric analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay. The XPS results showed that the two alloys were all mainly comprised of Co, Cr, and O. The hardness in the CAST group equaled 7.15 ± 0.48 GPa, while in the SLM group, it equaled 9.06 ± 0.49 GPa. The friction coefficient of SLM alloys remained at approximately 0.46, but the CAST specimens fluctuated significantly. SLM alloys exhibited shallower wear scars and less wear debris compared with CAST alloys, simultaneously. Additionally, there were higher survival and expression of cell-adhesion-related genes on SLM alloys of L-929 cells, which meant that the deleterious effect on L-929 cells was significantly reduced compared with that for the CAST alloys. Overall, the wear resistances and biocompatibilities of the Co-Cr dental alloys were dramatically affected by the fabrication technique. The SLM technique is advantageous over the CAST technique for fabricating Co-Cr dental alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Fu
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China; (W.F.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (E.Z.)
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China; (W.F.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (E.Z.)
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jun Jiao
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China; (W.F.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (E.Z.)
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhiwen Xie
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China; (Z.X.); (X.H.)
| | - Xinfang Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China; (Z.X.); (X.H.)
| | - Yun Lu
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China; (W.F.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (E.Z.)
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Huiying Liu
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China; (W.F.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (E.Z.)
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shuhai Hu
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China; (W.F.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (E.Z.)
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Enjun Zuo
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China; (W.F.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (E.Z.)
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ni Kou
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China; (W.F.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (E.Z.)
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
- Correspondence: (N.K.); (G.M.)
| | - Guowu Ma
- Department of Oral Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China; (W.F.); (S.L.); (J.J.); (Y.L.); (H.L.); (S.H.); (E.Z.)
- Academician Laboratory of Immune and Oral Development & Regeneration, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road, Dalian 116044, China
- Correspondence: (N.K.); (G.M.)
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Tomova Z, Vlahova A, Stoeva I, Zhekov Y, Vasileva E. Metal Ion Emission and Corrosion Resistance of 3D-Printed Dental Alloy. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.8577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prosthetic rehabilitation requires application of materials with different chemical, mechanical and biological properties which must provide longevity, esthetics, and safe use. Corrosion resistance and metal ion emission are the major factors defining biocompatibility of base dental alloys. Digitalization in Dentistry leads to development of new materials suitable for CAD/CAM technologies. Cobalt-chromium powder alloys are used for additive manufacturing of PFM crowns.
The aim of this study is to evaluate corrosion resistance and metal ion emission of Cobalt-chromium dental alloy for 3D printing.
Materials and methods: 35 metal copings were designed using digital files of intraoral scans of 35 patients. CoCr dental alloy EOS CobaltChrome SP2 (EOS, Germany) was used to produce the copings by DMLS (direct laser metal sintering). Tests for presence of free Cobalt ions were conducted at several stages of the production process. Open circuit potential measurements were conducted 2 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days after placing the copings in artificial saliva. Metal ion emission was assessed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) after 24 hour- and 7 day-period of stay in the solution.
Results: Tests for free Cobalt ions were positive at all stages during production of the metal copings. Eocp measurements showed high corrosion resistance which increased in time. ICP-MS showed significantly higher amount of cobalt and chromium ions after 7-day period of stay compared to 24-hour period.
Conclusion: Studied alloy showed high corrosion resistance at in vitro conditions. Detected ion emission requires further investigations on the biological properties.
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