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Subadi I, Nugraha B, Laswati H, Josomuljono H. Pain Relief with Wet Cupping Therapy in Rats is Mediated by Heat Shock Protein 70 and ß-Endorphin. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 42:384-391. [PMID: 28761205 PMCID: PMC5523046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wet cupping therapy is a complementary therapy in pain management. The mechanism of this therapy, however, needs further elucidation. Cells injured by wet cupping therapy seem to stimulate the expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Its benefit in pain reduction could be mediated by the expression of ß-endorphin. This study aimed at determining the correlation between HSP70 and ß-endorphin after wet cupping therapy. METHODS Sixteen male Wistar rats were divided into control (CG; n=8) and treatment (TG; n=8) groups. The rats in both groups were injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) at the footpad. In the TG, wet cupping therapy was done at the left and right paralumbar regions 48 hours after the CFA injection. Twenty-four hours after therapy, the hot plate test was done to assess pain threshold. Thereafter, immunohistochemistry from the skin subjected to wet cupping therapy was conducted for HSP70 and ß-endorphin. RESULTS The expression of HSP70 was significantly higher in the keratinocytes of the TG (20.25±3.53; P<0.001) than in the keratinocytes of the CG (10.50±2.44; P<0.001). The expression of ß-endorphin was significantly higher in the keratinocytes of the TG (22.37±3.52; P<0.001) than in the keratinocytes of the CG (5.12±1.72; P<0.001). The results also revealed a high correlation between HSP70 and ß-endorphin (β=0.864; P<0.001). Pain threshold after wet cupping therapy was significantly higher in the TG (22.81±6.34 s; P=0.003) than in the CG (11.78±3.56 s). CONCLUSIONS The benefit of wet cupping therapy in terms of pain reduction in rats could be mediated by the expression of HSP70 and ß-endorphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imam Subadi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia,Correspondence: Imam Subadi, MD, PhD; Faculty of Medicine Airlangga University, Jl. Prof. Dr. Moestopo 47 Surabaya-Indonesia Tel: +62 812 3250655 Fax: +62 31 5038838
| | - Boya Nugraha
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hening Laswati
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Harjanto Josomuljono
- Departmentof Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Modulation of the Expression of Components of the Stress Response by Dietary Arachidonic Acid in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Larvae. Lipids 2015; 50:1029-41. [PMID: 26233819 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study reports for the first time on European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), larvae, the effect of different levels of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6) on the expression of genes related to the fish stress response. Copies of mRNA from genes related to steroidogenesis [StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein), c-Fos, and CYP11β (11β-hydroxylase gene)], glucocorticoid receptor complex [GR (glucocorticoid receptor) and HSP (heat shock proteins) 70 and 90) and antioxidative stress (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase] were quantified. Eighteen day-old larvae were fed for 14 days with three experimental diets with increasing levels of ARA (0.3, 0.6 and 1.2% d.w.) and similar levels of docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) acids (5 and 3%, respectively). The quantification of stress-related genes transcripts was conducted by One-Step TaqMan real time RT-PCR with the standard curve method (absolute quantification). Increase dietary levels of ARA induced a significantly (p < 0.05) down-regulation of genes related to cortisol synthesis, such as StAR and CYP11β and up-regulated genes related to glucocorticoid receptor complex, such as HSP70 and GR. No effects were observed on antioxidant enzymes gene expression. These results revealed the regulatory role of dietary ARA on the expression of stress-related genes in European sea bass larvae.
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Montero D, Terova G, Rimoldi S, Tort L, Negrin D, Zamorano MJ, Izquierdo M. Modulation of adrenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH)-induced expression of stress-related genes by PUFA in inter-renal cells from European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e16. [PMID: 26090096 PMCID: PMC4463938 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids have been shown to exert a clear effect on the stress response, modulating the release of cortisol. The role of fatty acids on the expression of steroidogenic genes has been described in mammals, but little is known in fish. The effect of different fatty acids on the release of cortisol and expression of stress-related genes of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) head kidney, induced by a pulse of adenocorticotrophin hormone (ACTH), was studied. Tissue was maintained in superfusion with 60 min of incubation with EPA, DHA, arachidonic acid (ARA), linoleic acid or α-linolenic acid (ALA) during 490 min. Cortisol was measured by RIA. The quantification of stress-related genes transcripts was conducted by One-Step TaqMan real-time RT-PCR. There was an effect of the type of fatty acid on the ACTH-induced release of cortisol, values from ALA treatment being elevated within all of the experimental period. The expression of some steroidogenic genes, such as the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and c-fos, were affected by fatty acids, ALA increasing the expression of StAR after 1 h of ACTH stimulation whereas DHA, ARA and ALA increased the expression of c-fos after 20 min. ARA increased expression of the 11β-hydroxylase gene. Expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was increased in all the experimental treatments except for ARA. Results corroborate previous studies of the effect of different fatty acids on the release of cortisol in marine fish and demonstrate that those effects are mediated by alteration of the expression of steroidogenic genes.
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Key Words
- ACTH, adrenocorticotrophin hormone
- ALA, α-linolenic acid
- ARA, arachidonic acid
- Adrenocorticotrophin hormone-induced stress response
- COX, cyclo-oxygenase
- CYP11b, cytochrome P450 11β
- Dicentrarchus labrax
- Fatty acids
- GR, glucocorticoid receptor
- HSP, heat shock protein
- LA, linoleic acid
- LOX, lipo-oxygenase
- Nutritional modulation of steroidogenesis
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- StAR, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
- Stress-related gene expression
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Montero
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
(ULPGC), Grupo de Investigación en acuicultura (GIA),
Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria
(IUSA), c/ Transmontaña, s/n,
35413, Arucas, Las
Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Genciana Terova
- University of Insubria,
Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Via
Dunant, 3-21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Simona Rimoldi
- University of Insubria,
Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Via
Dunant, 3-21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Lluis Tort
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona,
Department de Biologia Cel.lular, Fisiologia i
immunologia, Edifici M. 08193,
Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès,
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Davinia Negrin
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
(ULPGC), Grupo de Investigación en acuicultura (GIA),
Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria
(IUSA), c/ Transmontaña, s/n,
35413, Arucas, Las
Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Jesús Zamorano
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
(ULPGC), Grupo de Investigación en acuicultura (GIA),
Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria
(IUSA), c/ Transmontaña, s/n,
35413, Arucas, Las
Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Marisol Izquierdo
- Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria
(ULPGC), Grupo de Investigación en acuicultura (GIA),
Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria
(IUSA), c/ Transmontaña, s/n,
35413, Arucas, Las
Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
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Tulapurkar ME, Ramarathnam A, Hasday JD, Singh IS. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide augments febrile-range hyperthermia-induced heat shock protein 70 expression and extracellular release in human THP1 cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118010. [PMID: 25659128 PMCID: PMC4320107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, a devastating and often lethal complication of severe infection, is characterized by fever and dysregulated inflammation. While infections activate the inflammatory response in part through Toll-like receptors (TLRs), fever can partially activate the heat shock response with generation of heat shock proteins (HSPs). Since extracellular HSPs, especially HSP70 (eHSP70), are proinflammatory TLR agonists, we investigated how exposure to the TLR4 agonist, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and febrile range hyperthermia (FRH; 39.5°C) modify HSP70 expression and extracellular release. Using differentiated THP1 cells, we found that concurrent exposure to FRH and LPS as well as TLR2 and TLR3 agonists synergized to activate expression of inducible HSP72 (HSPA1A) mRNA and protein via a p38 MAP kinase-requiring mechanism. Treatment with LPS for 6 h stimulated eHSP70 release; levels of eHSP70 released at 39.5°C were higher than at 37°C roughly paralleling the increase in intracellular HSP72 in the 39.5°C cells. By contrast, 6 h exposure to FRH in the absence of LPS failed to promote eHSP70 release. Release of eHSP70 by LPS-treated THP1 cells was inhibited by glibenclamide, but not brefeldin, indicating that eHSP70 secretion occurred via a non-classical protein secretory mechanism. Analysis of eHSP70 levels in exosomes and exosome-depleted culture supernatants from LPS-treated THP1 cells using ELISA demonstrated similar eHSP70 levels in unfractionated and exosome-depleted culture supernatants, indicating that LPS-stimulated eHSP70 release did not occur via the exosome pathway. Immunoblot analysis of the exosome fraction of culture supernatants from these cells showed constitutive HSC70 (HSPA8) to be the predominant HSP70 family member present in exosomes. In summary, we have shown that LPS stimulates macrophages to secrete inducible HSP72 via a non-classical non-exosomal pathway while synergizing with FRH exposure to increase both intracellular and secreted levels of inducible HSP72. The impact of increased macrophage intracellular HSP70 levels and augmented secretion of proinflammatory eHSP70 in the febrile, infected patient remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan E. Tulapurkar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aparna Ramarathnam
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Hasday
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Cytokine Core Laboratory, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Research Services of the Baltimore Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ishwar S. Singh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Research Services of the Baltimore Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Richter C, Viergutz T, Schwerin M, Weitzel JM. Prostaglandin E synthase interacts with inducible heat shock protein 70 after heat stress in bovine primary dermal fibroblast cells. Cytometry A 2014; 87:61-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Richter
- Institute of Genome Biology; Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN); Dummerstorf Germany
| | - Torsten Viergutz
- Institute of Reproductive Biology; Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN); Dummerstorf Germany
| | - Manfred Schwerin
- Institute of Genome Biology; Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN); Dummerstorf Germany
| | - Joachim M. Weitzel
- Institute of Reproductive Biology; Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN); Dummerstorf Germany
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Balogh G, Péter M, Glatz A, Gombos I, Török Z, Horváth I, Harwood JL, Vígh L. Key role of lipids in heat stress management. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1970-80. [PMID: 23684645 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is a common and, therefore, an important environmental impact on cells and organisms. While much attention has been paid to severe heat stress, moderate temperature elevations are also important. Here we discuss temperature sensing and how responses to heat stress are not necessarily dependent on denatured proteins. Indeed, it is clear that membrane lipids have a pivotal function. Details of membrane lipid changes and the associated production of signalling metabolites are described and suggestions made as to how the interconnected signalling network could be modified for helpful intervention in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Balogh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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Maity TK, Henry MM, Tulapurkar ME, Shah NG, Hasday JD, Singh IS. Distinct, gene-specific effect of heat shock on heat shock factor-1 recruitment and gene expression of CXC chemokine genes. Cytokine 2011; 54:61-7. [PMID: 21266308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The heat shock (HS) response, a phylogenetically conserved ubiquitous response to stress, is generally characterized by the induced expression of heat shock protein (HSP) genes. Our earlier studies showed that the stress-activated transcription factor, heat shock factor-1 (HSF1), activated at febrile range or HS temperatures also modified expression of non-HSP genes including cytokine and chemokine genes. We also showed by in silico analysis that 28 among 29 human and mouse CXC chemokine genes had multiple putative heat shock response elements (HSEs) present in their gene promoters. To further determine whether these potential HSEs were functional and bound HSF1, we analyzed the recruitment of HSF1 to promoters of 5 human CXC chemokine genes (CXCL-1, 2, 3, 5 and 8) by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and analyzed the effect of HS exposure on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-induced expression of these genes in human lung epithelial-like A549 cells. HSF1 ChIP analysis showed that HSF1 was recruited to all but one of these CXC chemokine genes (CXCL-3) and HS caused a significant increase in recruitment of HSF1 to one or multiple HSEs present in the promoters of CXCL-1, 2, 5 and 8 genes. However, the effect of HS exposure on expression of these genes showed a variable gene-specific effect. For example, CXCL8 expression was markedly enhanced (p<0.05) whereas CXCL5 expression was significantly repressed (p<0.05) in cells exposed to HS coincident with TNFα stimulation. In contrast, expression of CXCL1 and CXCL2, despite HSF1 recruitment to their promoters, was not affected by HS exposure. Our results indicate that some, if not all, putative HSEs present in the CXC chemokine gene promoters are functional and recruit HSF1 in vivo but the effects on gene expression are variable and gene specific. We speculate, the physical proximity and interactions of other transcription factors and co-regulators with HSF1 could be critical to determining the effects of HS on the expression of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K Maity
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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