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Gavrilov-Zimin IA. Ancient reproductive modes and criteria of multicellularity. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2023; 17:195-238. [PMID: 37953852 PMCID: PMC10636606 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.17.109671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated that the initial method of fertilization in animals (Metazoa), embryophyte plants (Embryophyta), most groups of multicellular oogamous algae, oogamous and pseudoogamous multicellular fungi was internal fertilization (in the broad meaning) in/on the body of a maternal organism. Accordingly, during the bisexual process, the initial method of formation of a daughter multicellular organism in animals was viviparity, and in embryophyte plants and most groups of oogamous multicellular algae - the germination of a zygote in/on the body of maternal organism. The reproductive criteria of multicellularity are proposed and discussed. In this regard, the multicellularity is considered to subdivide terminologically into three variants: 1) protonemal, the most simple, characteristic of multicellular prokaryotes, most groups of multicellular algae and gametophytes of some higher plants; 2) siphonoseptal, found among multicellular fungi, some groups of green and yellow-green algae; 3) embryogenic, most complicated, known in all animals (Metazoa), all sporophytes and some gametophytes of higher plants (Embryophyta), charophyte green algae Charophyceae s.s., oogamous species of green and brown algae, some genera of red algae. In addition to the well-known division of reproduction methods into sexual and asexual, it is proposed to divide the reproduction of multicellular organisms into monocytic (the emergence of a new organism from one cell sexually or asexually) and polycytic (fragmentation, longitudinal / transverse division or budding based on many cells of the body of the mother organism), since these two ways have different evolutionary and ontogenetic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A. Gavrilov-Zimin
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg, 199034, RussiaZoological Institute, Russian Academy of SciencesSt. PetersburgRussia
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2
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Yılmaz E, Witkowski A, Özdelice N, Solak CN, Gastineau R, Durmuş T. Craspedostaurosnazmii sp. nov., a new diatom species (Bacillariophyta) from the Turkish Coast of the Black Sea. PHYTOKEYS 2023; 232:77-88. [PMID: 37732132 PMCID: PMC10507444 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.232.106545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Craspedostauros E.J. Cox is a diatom genus comprising 17 taxa reported from various regions of the world. While many species of Craspedostauros are epibiontic, the taxa have variable ecological preferences. In this study we formally describe Craspedostaurosnazmiisp. nov., an epilithic species discovered along the Turkish Black Sea Coast, based on light and scanning electron microscopy. Craspedostaurosnazmiisp. nov. is characterized by valves that are lanceolate to narrowly lanceolate, slightly constricted near the apices with uniseriate, parallel throughout the whole valve, transapical striae and and the presence of an apical silica flap. The areolae are distributed over the valve face and the mantle. The differences and similarities between C.nazmiisp. nov. and established species of Craspedostauros are discussed. Based on shape and morphometrics, the most similar species is Craspedostauroscapensis, but it is easily distinguished from C.nazmiisp. nov. by its lack of an apical silica flap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Yılmaz
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16A, Szczecin, PL70–383 PolandKütahya Dumlupınar UniversityKütahyaTurkiye
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Kütahya Dumlupınar University, 43000 Kütahya, TurkiyeUniversity of SzczecinSzczecinPoland
| | - Andrzej Witkowski
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16A, Szczecin, PL70–383 PolandKütahya Dumlupınar UniversityKütahyaTurkiye
| | - Neslihan Özdelice
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 34134 Istanbul, TurkiyeIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkiye
| | - Cüneyt Nadir Solak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, Kütahya Dumlupınar University, 43000 Kütahya, TurkiyeUniversity of SzczecinSzczecinPoland
| | - Romain Gastineau
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16A, Szczecin, PL70–383 PolandKütahya Dumlupınar UniversityKütahyaTurkiye
| | - Turgay Durmuş
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 34134 Istanbul, TurkiyeIstanbul UniversityIstanbulTurkiye
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3
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Greco M, Westgård A, Sykes FE, Ezat MM, Meilland J. Uncovering hidden structures: previously undescribed pseudopodia and ectoplasmic structures in planktonic foraminifera. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2023; 45:652-660. [PMID: 37483908 PMCID: PMC10361809 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The trophic strategies of cold-water planktonic foraminifera are not well understood due to the challenge of culturing them in polar conditions. Here, we identify previously unknown ectoplasmic and cytoplasmic projections in three species of planktonic foraminifera thriving in polar and subpolar marine environments: Globigerina bulloides, Neogloboquadrina incompta and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma. These structures were observed during routine monitoring of cultured specimens sampled from the Norwegian coast, Greenland Sea and Baffin Bay. Two types of projections were discovered, including permanent and non-permanent structures such as ectoplasmic roots, twigs and twig-like projections, similar to those observed in benthic taxa Cibicides and Cibicidoides. Additionally, a previously undescribed filopodia-like projection was observed in N. pachyderma. We discuss the function, the ecological significance and the potential impact on pelagic processes of the presence of these structures in foraminifera species that occupy diverse niches in the water column. Our findings suggest that these structures may play an important role in the trophic strategies of cold-water planktonic foraminifera, and further research and observations are necessary to fully comprehend their significance in the carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adele Westgård
- Cage – Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UIT, The Arctic University of Norway, Dramsveien 201, Tromso 9010, Norway
| | - Freya E Sykes
- Cage – Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UIT, The Arctic University of Norway, Dramsveien 201, Tromso 9010, Norway
| | - Mohamed M Ezat
- Cage – Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate, Department of Geosciences, UIT, The Arctic University of Norway, Dramsveien 201, Tromso 9010, Norway
| | - Julie Meilland
- Marum – Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Leoberner Str. 8, Bremen 28359, Germany
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Kaczmarska I, Ehrman JM. Enlarge or die! An auxospore perspective on diatom diversification. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-020-00476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Davidovich NA, Davidovich OI, Podunay YA, Gastineau R, Kaczmarska I, Poulíčková A, Witkowski A. Ardissonea crystallina has a type of sexual reproduction that is unusual for centric diatoms. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14670. [PMID: 29116153 PMCID: PMC5676960 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular phylogenetic analyses place Ardissonea crystallina (C. Agardh) Grunow and all Toxariids among the bi- and multipolar centric diatoms, almost always recovered as a derived lineage sister to Lampriscus. In all centrics where sexual reproduction has been documented, oogamy, with larger immobile eggs and smaller flagellated sperm has been observed. We were able to initiate both homothallic and heterothallic reproduction in A. crystallina. The heterothallic reproduction turned out to be non-oogamous; gametes were more or less equal in size but no flagellated cells were detected. At the same time, two mating types (“male” and “female”) were recognized by the distinct morphology and behaviour of the gametes. While no flagella were observed, periodically thin cytoplasmic projections arose on the surface of the “male” gametes. These projections similar to those found in some pennate diatoms facilitated contact with the “female” cells. In each gametangial cell, regardless of the mating type, only one gamete was formed. Thus, the Toxariids may represent a unique evolutionary group, at least in respect to their reproductive biology. The hypothesis discussed is that non-oogamous mode of reproduction could have evolved in Ardissonea (and possibly in other Toxariids) independently of the pennate lineage of diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolai A Davidovich
- T. I. Vyasemsky Karadag scientific station - Nature Reserve, village Kurortnoe, Feodosiya, 298188, Russia. .,Natural Sciences Research and Educational Center and Palaeoceanology Unit, Faculty of Geosciences, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16a, Szczecin, 70-383, Poland.
| | - Olga I Davidovich
- T. I. Vyasemsky Karadag scientific station - Nature Reserve, village Kurortnoe, Feodosiya, 298188, Russia
| | - Yulia A Podunay
- T. I. Vyasemsky Karadag scientific station - Nature Reserve, village Kurortnoe, Feodosiya, 298188, Russia
| | - Romain Gastineau
- MMS EA 2160, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université du Maine, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085, Le Mans, Cedex 9, France.,Natural Sciences Research and Educational Center and Palaeoceanology Unit, Faculty of Geosciences, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16a, Szczecin, 70-383, Poland
| | - Irena Kaczmarska
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Aloisie Poulíčková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Andrzej Witkowski
- Natural Sciences Research and Educational Center and Palaeoceanology Unit, Faculty of Geosciences, University of Szczecin, Mickiewicza 16a, Szczecin, 70-383, Poland
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Kaczmarska I, Gray BS, Ehrman JM, Thaler M. Sexual reproduction in plagiogrammacean diatoms: First insights into the early pennates. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181413. [PMID: 28813426 PMCID: PMC5558960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genera Plagiogramma and Dimeregramma are members of a small, but evolutionarily important group of diatoms, the "basal" araphids. They are sister to all other pennates, both araphid and raphid taxa. Thus, their phylogenetic position carries the potential for providing insights into the earliest pennates. We documented sexual reproduction, mating system and sex cell development in the first members of the "basal" araphid clade ever investigated. The mating system in all these species involved heterothally. It was, however, more complex in P. tsawwassen, where in addition to heterothallic clones, intraclonal and polysexual clones also exist. Auxospore development and wall structure was similar in all three species and demonstrated several characters also reported from "core" araphids. Of these, vigorous, pseudopodial motility of male secondary spermatocytes and gametes was most notable because it indicates that this character was likely present in the last common ancestor of all the pennates. Pseudopodial motility of the male sex cells might have afforded sufficient compensation and/or benefits to the emerging pennates for replacing flagellated sperm, present in centrics. The characters thus far uniquely present among our plagiogrammaceans but not reported from other pennates were: the "gametic" fusion between sex-compatible secondary spermatocytes, in some cases before completion of Meiosis II in males, transverse perizonial bands produced all together or in quick succession rather than being added to the auxospore apex one at a time, and expanding auxospores with 3-4 nuclei. An initial epivalve, similar in morphology to what in some diatoms had been interpreted as a "longitudinal" perizonium, may be more widespread among pennates than thus far appreciated. In addition, we discovered two species new to science (D. acutumontgo, P. tsawwassen), and refined delineation of P. staurophorum by including metric data from the original material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kaczmarska
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Benjamin S. Gray
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - James M. Ehrman
- Digital Microscopy Facility, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Mary Thaler
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Jewson DH, Harwood DM. Diatom life cycles and ecology in the Cretaceous. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2017; 53:616-628. [PMID: 28171680 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The earliest known diatom fossils with well-preserved siliceous frustules are from Lower Cretaceous neritic marine deposits in Antarctica. In this study, we analyzed the cell wall structure to establish whether their cell and life cycles were similar to modern forms. At least two filamentous species (Basilicostephanus ornatus and Archepyrgus melosiroides) had girdle band structures that functioned during cell division in a similar way to present day Aulacoseira species. Also, size analyses of cell diameter indicated that the cyclic process of size decline and size restoration used to time modern diatom life cycles was present in five species from the Lower Cretaceous (B. ornatus, A. melosiroides, Gladius antiquus, Ancylopyrgus reticulatus, Kreagra forfex) as well as two species from Upper Cretaceous deposits (Trinacria anissimowii and Eunotogramma fueloepi) from the Southwest Pacific. The results indicate that the "Diatom Sex Clock" was present from an early evolutionary stage. Other ecological adaptations included changes in mantle height and coiling. Overall, the results suggest that at least some of the species in these early assemblages are on a direct ancestral line to modern forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Jewson
- Freshwater Laboratory, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Co. Derry, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - David M Harwood
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0340, USA
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Edgar R, Drolet D, Ehrman JM, Kaczmarska I. Motile male gametes of the araphid diatom Tabularia fasciculata search randomly for mates. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101767. [PMID: 24991803 PMCID: PMC4081721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexuality in the marine araphid diatom Tabularia involves an unusual type of gamete, not only among diatoms but possibly in all of nature. The non-flagellated male gamete is free and vigorously motile, propelled by pseudopodia. However, the cues (if any) in their search for compatible female gametes and the general search patterns to locate them are unknown. We tracked and compared male gamete movements in the presence and absence of receptive female gametes. Path linearity of male movement was not affected by presence of female gametes. Male gametes did not move towards female gametes regardless of their proximity to each other, suggesting that the detection range for a compatible mate is very small compared to known algal examples (mostly spermatozoids) and that mate recognition requires (near) contact with a female gamete. We therefore investigated how male gametes move to bring insight into their search strategy and found that it was consistent with the predictions of a random-walk model with changes in direction coming from an even distribution. We further investigated the type of random walk by determining the best-fit distribution on the tail of the move length distribution and found it to be consistent with a truncated power law distribution with an exponent of 2.34. Although consistent with a Lévy walk search pattern, the range of move lengths in the tail was too narrow for Lévy properties to emerge and so would be best described as Brownian motion. This is somewhat surprising because female gametes were often outnumbered by male gametes, thus contrary to the assumption that a Brownian search mode may be most optimal with an abundant target resource. This is also the first mathematically analysed search pattern of a non-flagellated protistan gamete, supporting the notion that principles of Brownian motion have wide application in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Edgar
- Département de biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Biology Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - David Drolet
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Biology Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - James M. Ehrman
- Digital Microscopy Facility, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Irena Kaczmarska
- Biology Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Mather L, Ehrman JM, Kaczmarska I. Silicification of auxospores in the araphid diatom Tabularia fasciculata (Bacillariophyta). Eur J Protistol 2013; 50:1-10. [PMID: 23972513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report on auxospore wall structure and development in the araphid pennate diatom Tabularia fasciculata. Similar to most other pennates, these auxospores showed a typical bidirectional elongation, but unexpectedly bore no transverse perizonium, and with no detectable silicon during much of their expansion. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses segregated auxospores into two types: (1) those containing no detectable silicon and (2) those with measureable amounts. Both types were of similar size. Silica precipitation began throughout the auxospore at or near maximal length, but initially was detectable in isolated regions throughout the structure. Following this initial condition, silicon was consistently detectable throughout auxospores of comparable size and corresponded to deposition of longitudinal perizonium (visible through the thin organic outer layer of the wall in some auxospores), followed by the deposition of the initial valves. Our results raise the question as to how the tubular shape of bidirectionally expanding auxospores up to ∼90 μm long is maintained in the absence of transverse siliceous elements restricting isodiametric expansion of the cell, which are present in all other known pennate auxospores and all but one other diatom. Our study is the first to systematically examine mineral elements of the auxospore wall analytically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mather
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, 63B York Street, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - James M Ehrman
- Digital Microscopy Facility, Mount Allison University, 63B York Street, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1G7, Canada
| | - Irena Kaczmarska
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, 63B York Street, Sackville, New Brunswick E4L 1G7, Canada.
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