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Kuhlisch C, Shemi A, Barak-Gavish N, Schatz D, Vardi A. Algal blooms in the ocean: hot spots for chemically mediated microbial interactions. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:138-154. [PMID: 37833328 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The cycling of major nutrients in the ocean is affected by large-scale phytoplankton blooms, which are hot spots of microbial life. Diverse microbial interactions regulate bloom dynamics. At the single-cell level, interactions between microorganisms are mediated by small molecules in the chemical crosstalk that determines the type of interaction, ranging from mutualism to pathogenicity. Algae interact with viruses, bacteria, parasites, grazers and other algae to modulate algal cell fate, and these interactions are dependent on the environmental context. Recent advances in mass spectrometry and single-cell technologies have led to the discovery of a growing number of infochemicals - metabolites that convey information - revealing the ability of algal cells to govern biotic interactions in the ocean. The diversity of infochemicals seems to account for the specificity in cellular response during microbial communication. Given the immense impact of algal blooms on biogeochemical cycles and climate regulation, a major challenge is to elucidate how microscale interactions control the fate of carbon and the recycling of major elements in the ocean. In this Review, we discuss microbial interactions and the role of infochemicals in algal blooms. We further explore factors that can impact microbial interactions and the available tools to decipher them in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Kuhlisch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adva Shemi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Barak-Gavish
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniella Schatz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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2
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Lamża Ł. Diversity of 'simple' multicellular eukaryotes: 45 independent cases and six types of multicellularity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:2188-2209. [PMID: 37475165 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Multicellularity evolved multiple times in the history of life, with most reviewers agreeing that it appeared at least 20 times in eukaryotes. However, a specific list of multicellular eukaryotes with clear criteria for inclusion has not yet been published. Herein, an updated critical review of eukaryotic multicellularity is presented, based on current understanding of eukaryotic phylogeny and new discoveries in microbiology, phycology and mycology. As a result, 45 independent multicellular lineages are identified that fall into six distinct types. Functional criteria, as distinct from a purely topological definition of a cell, are introduced to bring uniformity and clarity to the existing definitions of terms such as colony, multicellularity, thallus or plasmodium. The category of clonal multicellularity is expanded to include: (i) septated multinucleated thalli found in Pseudofungi and early-branching Fungi such as Chytridiomycota and Blastocladiomycota; and (ii) multicellular reproductive structures formed by plasmotomy in intracellular parasites such as Phytomyxea. Furthermore, (iii) endogeneous budding, as found in Paramyxida, is described as a form of multicellularity. The best-known case of clonal multicellularity, i.e. (iv) non-separation of cells after cell division, as known from Metazoa and Ochrophyta, is also discussed. The category of aggregative multicellularity is expanded to include not only (v) pseudoplasmodial forms, such a sorocarp-forming Acrasida, but also (vi) meroplasmodial organisms, such as members of Variosea or Filoreta. A common set of topological, geometric, genetic and life-cycle criteria are presented that form a coherent, philosophically sound framework for discussing multicellularity. A possibility of a seventh type of multicellularity is discussed, that of multi-species superorganisms formed by protists with obligatory bacterial symbionts, such as some members of Oxymonada or Parabasalia. Its inclusion is dependent on the philosophical stance taken towards the concepts of individuality and organism in biology. Taxa that merit special attention are identified, such as colonial Centrohelea, and a new speculative form of multicellularity, possibly present in some reticulopodial amoebae, is briefly described. Because of insufficient phylogenetic and morphological data, not all lineages could be unequivocally identified, and the true total number of all multicellular eukaryotic lineages is therefore higher, likely close to a hundred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Lamża
- Copernicus Center for Interdisciplinary Studies, Jagiellonian University, Szczepanska 1, Kraków, 31-011, Poland
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3
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Liu X, Ma Y, Wu J, Wang P, Wang Y, Wang A, Yin Q, Ma H, Chan LL, Wu B. Characterizing the Influence of a Heterotrophic Bicosoecid Flagellate Pseudobodo sp. on the Dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus balechii. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:657. [PMID: 37999520 PMCID: PMC10674679 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial interactions including competition, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, and predation, which can be triggered by nutrient acquisition and chemical communication, are universal phenomena in the marine ecosystem. The interactions may influence the microbial population density, metabolism, and even their environmental functions. Herein, we investigated the interaction between a heterotrophic bicosoecid flagellate, Pseudobodo sp. (Bicoecea), and a dinoflagellate, Gambierdiscus balechii (Dinophyceae), which is a well-known ciguatera food poisoning (CFP) culprit. The presence of Pseudobodo sp. inhibited the algal proliferation and decreased the cardiotoxicity of zebrafish in the algal extract exposure experiment. Moreover, a significant difference in microbiome abundance was observed in algal cultures with and without Pseudobodo sp. Chemical analysis targeting toxins was performed by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with molecular networking (MN), showing a significant alteration in the cellular production of gambierone analogs and some super-carbon chain compounds. Taken together, our results demonstrated the impact of heterotrophic flagellate on the photosynthetic dinoflagellates, revealing the complex dynamics of algal toxin production and the ecological relationships related to dinoflagellates in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (X.L.); (J.W.); (H.M.)
| | - Yihan Ma
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 321000, China; (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (A.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Jiajun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (X.L.); (J.W.); (H.M.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Pengbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China;
- The Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536000, China
| | - Yinuo Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 321000, China; (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (A.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Anli Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 321000, China; (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (A.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Qizhao Yin
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 321000, China; (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (A.W.); (Q.Y.)
| | - Haiying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (X.L.); (J.W.); (H.M.)
| | - Leo Lai Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China; (X.L.); (J.W.); (H.M.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 321000, China; (Y.M.); (Y.W.); (A.W.); (Q.Y.)
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4
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Holt CC, Hehenberger E, Tikhonenkov DV, Jacko-Reynolds VKL, Okamoto N, Cooney EC, Irwin NAT, Keeling PJ. Multiple parallel origins of parasitic Marine Alveolates. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7049. [PMID: 37923716 PMCID: PMC10624901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial eukaryotes are important components of marine ecosystems, and the Marine Alveolates (MALVs) are consistently both abundant and diverse in global environmental sequencing surveys. MALVs are dinoflagellates that are thought to be parasites of other protists and animals, but the lack of data beyond ribosomal RNA gene sequences from all but a few described species means much of their biology and evolution remain unknown. Using single-cell transcriptomes from several MALVs and their free-living relatives, we show that MALVs evolved independently from two distinct, free-living ancestors and that their parasitism evolved in parallel. Phylogenomics shows one subgroup (MALV-II and -IV, or Syndiniales) is related to a novel lineage of free-living, eukaryovorous predators, the eleftherids, while the other (MALV-I, or Ichthyodinida) is related to the free-living predator Oxyrrhis and retains proteins targeted to a non-photosynthetic plastid. Reconstructing the evolution of photosynthesis, plastids, and parasitism in early-diverging dinoflagellates shows a number of parallels with the evolution of their apicomplexan sisters. In both groups, similar forms of parasitism evolved multiple times and photosynthesis was lost many times. By contrast, complete loss of the plastid organelle is infrequent and, when this does happen, leaves no residual genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey C Holt
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Elisabeth Hehenberger
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Denis V Tikhonenkov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia
- AquaBioSafe Laboratory, University of Tyumen, Tyumen, Russia
| | | | - Noriko Okamoto
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elizabeth C Cooney
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nicholas A T Irwin
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Merton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrick J Keeling
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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5
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Yoo J, Coats DW, Kim S. Syndinean dinoflagellates of the genus Euduboscquella are paraphyletic. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12953. [PMID: 36301231 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Syndinean dinoflagellates of the genus Euduboscquella infect marine ciliates and dinoflagellates. Euduboscquella species infecting dinoflagellates are understudied relative to congeners infecting ciliates and their molecular phylogeny remains uncertain. Morphology, development, and rRNA gene sequences of intracellular parasites infecting heterotrophic dinoflagellates from coastal waters of Busan, Republic of Korea in summer to fall of 2019-2021 indicate that Cucumeridinium coeruleum, Gyrodinium cf. ochraceum, and two unidentified species of Gyrodinium were each infected by a different Euduboscquella species. Morphological features including shield structure, shape and color of the mature trophont, and sporogenic process distinguished each of the four parasites from the 10 previously described species of Euduboscquella. Our molecular and phylogenetic analyses showed considerably greater genetic distance of SSU and ITS-LSU rRNA gene regions among Euduboscquella species infecting dinoflagellates than among those infecting ciliates. Rather than clustering as a group with Euduboscquella species infecting ciliates, SSU rRNA sequences of the four novel parasites spread out across the syndinean Group I phylogeny, occurring in two different clades and a new lineage. Placement of our novel parasites in multiple clades that encompass Ichythyodinium chabelardi strongly indicates that the genus Euduboscquella is paraphyletic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiae Yoo
- Major of Oceanography, Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
| | - D Wayne Coats
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - Sunju Kim
- Major of Oceanography, Division of Earth Environmental System Science, Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea
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6
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Intracellular development and impact of a marine eukaryotic parasite on its zombified microalgal host. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:2348-2359. [PMID: 35804051 PMCID: PMC9478091 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01274-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Parasites are widespread and diverse in oceanic plankton and many of them infect single-celled algae for survival. How these parasites develop and scavenge energy within the host and how the cellular organization and metabolism of the host is altered remain open questions. Combining quantitative structural and chemical imaging with time-resolved transcriptomics, we unveil dramatic morphological and metabolic changes of the marine parasite Amoebophrya (Syndiniales) during intracellular infection, particularly following engulfment and digestion of nutrient-rich host chromosomes. Changes include a sequential acristate and cristate mitochondrion with a 200-fold increase in volume, a 13-fold increase in nucleus volume, development of Golgi apparatus and a metabolic switch from glycolysis (within the host) to TCA (free-living dinospore). Similar changes are seen in apicomplexan parasites, thus underlining convergent traits driven by metabolic constraints and the infection cycle. In the algal host, energy-producing organelles (plastid, mitochondria) remain relatively intact during most of the infection. We also observed that sugar reserves diminish while lipid droplets increase. Rapid infection of the host nucleus could be a “zombifying” strategy, allowing the parasite to digest nutrient-rich chromosomes and escape cytoplasmic defense, whilst benefiting from maintained carbon-energy production of the host cell.
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7
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Coats DW, Moon E. Ultrastructure of Selected Life History Stages of the Parasitic Dinoflagellate Euduboscquella cachoni. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12921. [PMID: 35506426 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Euduboscquella species differ from most other syndinean dinoflagellates by having mononucleate trophonts, but resemble species of Amoebophrya and Sphaeripara by episome-hyposome differentiation and cortical complexity. Cytology and development of Euduboscquella species are well characterized, but their ultrastructure remains essentially unexplored. Transmission electron microscopy of Euduboscquella cachoni trophonts, tomont, and sporocytes revealed previously unrecognized structures. Initially dense, fibrous chromosomes uncoiled during early infection, with condensed chromosomes absent over much of the growth cycle recondensing at trophont maturity. The hyposomal amphiesma was two appressed membranes, the episomal cortex was alveolate, and a supraepisomal cavity limited by membrane enclosed the episome. Pseudopod-like extensions of the hyposome during mid infection may facilitate osmotrophic nutrition. The pharyngeal lamina appears to lack ingestatory function; however, transcortical transport of particles occurred via the supraepisomal cavity and episomal micropores. Microtubules originating from the electron-opaque perinema bordering the episome, formed an episomal skeleton hypothesized to function with the pharyngeal lamina, perinema, and the paired membranes of the supraepisomal cavity to effect parasite egress and ingestion of host material. Trichocysts absent during early infection developed during late infection and reached maturity during sporogenesis, suggesting functional importance in spore survival or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wayne Coats
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA
| | - Eunyoung Moon
- Korean Basic Science Institute, Division of Electron Microscopic Research, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28119, Republic of Korea
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8
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Sehein TR, Gast RJ, Pachiadaki M, Guillou L, Edgcomb VP. Parasitic infections by Group II Syndiniales target selected dinoflagellate host populations within diverse protist assemblages in a model coastal pond. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:1818-1834. [PMID: 35315564 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protists are integral to marine food webs and biogeochemical cycles; however, there is a paucity of data describing specific ecological niches for some of the most abundant taxa in marker gene libraries. Syndiniales are one such group, often representing the majority of sequence reads recovered from picoplankton samples across the global ocean. However, the prevalence and impacts of syndinian parasitism in marine environments remains unclear. We began to address these critical knowledge gaps by generating a high-resolution time series (March-October 2018) in a productive coastal pond. Seasonal shifts in protist populations, including parasitic Syndiniales, were documented during periods of higher primary productivity and increased summer temperature-driven stratification. Elevated concentrations of infected hosts and free-living parasite spores occurred at nearly monthly intervals in July, August, and September. We suggest intensifying stratification during this period correlated with the increased prevalence of dinoflagellates that were parasitized by Group II Syndiniales. Infections in some protist populations were comparable to previously reported large single-taxon dinoflagellate blooms. Infection dynamics in Salt Pond demonstrated the propagation of syndinian parasites through mixed protist assemblages and highlighted patterns of host/parasite interactions that better reflect many other marine environments where single taxon blooms are uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Sehein
- MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Biological Oceanography, Cambridge and Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Rebecca J Gast
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Maria Pachiadaki
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Laure Guillou
- Sorbonne Université & Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, Station Biologique de Roscoff, UMR7144, Roscoff, France
| | - Virginia P Edgcomb
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
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9
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Sogawa S, Tsuchiya K, Nagai S, Shimode S, Kuwahara VS. Annual dynamics of eukaryotic and bacterial communities revealed by 18S and 16S rRNA metabarcoding in the coastal ecosystem of Sagami Bay, Japan. METABARCODING AND METAGENOMICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/mbmg.6.78181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sagami Bay, Japan is influenced by both the warm Kuroshio Current and the cold Oyashio Current and rich nutrients are supplied from multiple river sources and the deep-sea, forming a dynamic ecosystem. The aim of the present study was to investigate eukaryotic and bacterial communities in the coastal waters of Sagami Bay, using 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA sequencing and to assess the seasonal and vertical dynamics in relation to physicochemical and biological conditions. Eukaryotic and bacterial communities showed synchronous seasonal and vertical changes along with environmental variability. Diversity of plankton community suspended in the surface was lower than those at the subsurface layers in both the eukaryotes and bacteria communities; however, community diversity showed different characteristics in the subsurface where the eukaryotic community at the deeper layer (100 m) was as low as the surface and highest in intermediate depth layers (10–50 m), while that of bacterial community was highest in the deeper layer (100 m). The annual variability of the coastal microbial communities was driven, not only by the seasonal changes of abiotic and biotic factors and short-term rapid changes by river water inflow and phytoplankton blooms, but also largely influenced by deep-seawater upwellings due to the unique seafloor topography.
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10
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John U, Lu Y, Wohlrab S, Groth M, Janouškovec J, Kohli GS, Mark FC, Bickmeyer U, Farhat S, Felder M, Frickenhaus S, Guillou L, Keeling PJ, Moustafa A, Porcel BM, Valentin K, Glöckner G. An aerobic eukaryotic parasite with functional mitochondria that likely lacks a mitochondrial genome. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav1110. [PMID: 31032404 PMCID: PMC6482013 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Dinoflagellates are microbial eukaryotes that have exceptionally large nuclear genomes; however, their organelle genomes are small and fragmented and contain fewer genes than those of other eukaryotes. The genus Amoebophrya (Syndiniales) comprises endoparasites with high genetic diversity that can infect other dinoflagellates, such as those forming harmful algal blooms (e.g., Alexandrium). We sequenced the genome (~100 Mb) of Amoebophrya ceratii to investigate the early evolution of genomic characters in dinoflagellates. The A. ceratii genome encodes almost all essential biosynthetic pathways for self-sustaining cellular metabolism, suggesting a limited dependency on its host. Although dinoflagellates are thought to have descended from a photosynthetic ancestor, A. ceratii appears to have completely lost its plastid and nearly all genes of plastid origin. Functional mitochondria persist in all life stages of A. ceratii, but we found no evidence for the presence of a mitochondrial genome. Instead, all mitochondrial proteins appear to be lost or encoded in the A. ceratii nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe John
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Yameng Lu
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylke Wohlrab
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Janouškovec
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gurjeet S. Kohli
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Felix C. Mark
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Ulf Bickmeyer
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Sarah Farhat
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Marius Felder
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Frickenhaus
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Hochschule Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Laure Guillou
- CNRS, UMR 7144, Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff cedex, France
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074, 29688 Roscoff cedex, France
| | - Patrick J. Keeling
- Botany Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ahmed Moustafa
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Graduate Program, American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Betina M. Porcel
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Klaus Valentin
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Gernot Glöckner
- Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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11
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Farhat S, Florent I, Noel B, Kayal E, Da Silva C, Bigeard E, Alberti A, Labadie K, Corre E, Aury JM, Rombauts S, Wincker P, Guillou L, Porcel BM. Comparative Time-Scale Gene Expression Analysis Highlights the Infection Processes of Two Amoebophrya Strains. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2251. [PMID: 30333799 PMCID: PMC6176090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding factors that generate, maintain, and constrain host-parasite associations is of major interest to biologists. Although little studied, many extremely virulent micro-eukaryotic parasites infecting microalgae have been reported in the marine plankton. This is the case for Amoebophrya, a diverse and highly widespread group of Syndiniales infecting and potentially controlling dinoflagellate populations. Here, we analyzed the time-scale gene expression of a complete infection cycle of two Amoebophrya strains infecting the same host (the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella acuminata), but diverging by their host range (one infecting a single host, the other infecting more than one species). Over two-thirds of genes showed two-fold differences in expression between at least two sampled stages of the Amoebophrya life cycle. Genes related to carbohydrate metabolism as well as signaling pathways involving proteases and transporters were overexpressed during the free-living stage of the parasitoid. Once inside the host, all genes related to transcription and translation pathways were actively expressed, suggesting the rapid and extensive protein translation needed following host-cell invasion. Finally, genes related to cellular division and components of the flagellum organization were overexpressed during the sporont stage. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the biological basis of the host-parasitoid interaction, we screened proteins involved in host-cell recognition, invasion, and protection against host-defense identified in model apicomplexan parasites. Very few of the genes encoding critical components of the parasitic lifestyle of apicomplexans could be unambiguously identified as highly expressed in Amoebophrya. Genes related to the oxidative stress response were identified as highly expressed in both parasitoid strains. Among them, the correlated expression of superoxide dismutase/ascorbate peroxidase in the specialist parasite was consistent with previous studies on Perkinsus marinus defense. However, this defense process could not be identified in the generalist Amoebophrya strain, suggesting the establishment of different strategies for parasite protection related to host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Farhat
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Isabelle Florent
- Communication Molecules and Adaptation of Microorganisms, National Museum of Natural History, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Noel
- Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, Evry, France
| | - Ehsan Kayal
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Estelle Bigeard
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | | | | | - Erwan Corre
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Stephane Rombauts
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Laure Guillou
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, CNRS, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | - Betina M Porcel
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
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12
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Chen T, Liu Y, Song S, Li C. Characterization of the Parasitic Dinoflagellate Amoebophrya
sp. Infecting Akashiwo sanguinea
in Coastal Waters of China. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:448-457. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao 266071 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology & Environmental Science; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Qingdao 266200 China
| | - Yun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao 266071 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology & Environmental Science; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Qingdao 266200 China
| | - Shuqun Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao 266071 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology & Environmental Science; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Qingdao 266200 China
| | - Caiwen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingdao 266071 China
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology & Environmental Science; Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology; Qingdao 266200 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
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13
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Reñé A, Alacid E, Ferrera I, Garcés E. Evolutionary Trends of Perkinsozoa (Alveolata) Characters Based on Observations of Two New Genera of Parasitoids of dinoflagellates, Dinovorax gen. nov. and Snorkelia gen. nov. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1594. [PMID: 28970818 PMCID: PMC5609580 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites are one of the ecologically most relevant groups of marine food webs, but their taxonomic and biological complexity hampers the assessment of their diversity and evolutionary trends. Moreover, the within-host processes that govern parasitoid infection, development and reproduction are often unknown. In this study, we describe a new species of a perkinsozoan endoparasitoid that infects the toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis sacculus, by including observations of its morphology, ultrastructure, life-cycle development and phylogeny. The SSU rDNA sequence and main morphological features were also obtained for a second parasitoid species infecting the bloom-forming dinoflagellate Levanderina fissa. Phylogenetic analyses including the sequences obtained show that all known Perkinsozoa species infecting dinoflagellates cluster together. However, sequences of Parvilucifera prorocentri and those obtained in this study cluster at the base of the clade, while the rest of Parvilucifera representatives form a separated highly-supported cluster. These results, together with differing morphological characters like the formation of a germ-tube, the presence of trichocysts, or the heterochromatin presence in zoospores nucleus justify the erection of Dinovorax pyriformis gen. nov. et sp. nov., and Snorkelia prorocentri gen. nov. et comb. nov. (=Parvilucifera prorocentri). The morphological features and phylogenetic position of these parasitoids represent ancestral characters for the Perkinsozoa phylum, and also for Dinozoa clade, allowing the inference of the evolutionary framework of these Alveolata members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Reñé
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC)Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Alacid
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC)Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Ferrera
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC)Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Garcés
- Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC)Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Life-cycle, ultrastructure, and phylogeny of Parvilucifera corolla sp. nov. (Alveolata, Perkinsozoa), a parasitoid of dinoflagellates. Eur J Protistol 2017; 58:9-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Lu Y, Wohlrab S, Groth M, Glöckner G, Guillou L, John U. Transcriptomic profiling of Alexandrium fundyense
during physical interaction with or exposure to chemical signals from the parasite Amoebophrya. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:1294-307. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yameng Lu
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung; Bremerhaven Germany
| | - Sylke Wohlrab
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung; Bremerhaven Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research; Fritz Lipmann Institute Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Gernot Glöckner
- Biochemistry I; Medical Faculty; University of Cologne and Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB); Berlin Germany
| | - Laure Guillou
- Laboratoire Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin; CNRS; UMR 7144, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074 29688 Roscoff Cedex France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6; Sorbonne Universités; UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Place Georges Teissier, CS90074 29688 Roscoff Cedex France
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung; Bremerhaven Germany
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16
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Ecological impacts of parasitic chytrids, syndiniales and perkinsids on populations of marine photosynthetic dinoflagellates. FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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New Insights into the Parasitoid Parvilucifera sinerae Life Cycle: The Development and Kinetics of Infection of a Bloom-forming Dinoflagellate Host. Protist 2015; 166:677-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Moon E, Nam SW, Shin W, Park MG, Coats DW. Do All Dinoflagellates have an Extranuclear Spindle? Protist 2015; 166:569-84. [PMID: 26491972 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The syndinean dinoflagellates are a diverse assemblage of alveolate endoparasites that branch basal to the core dinoflagellates. Because of their phylogenetic position, the syndineans are considered key model microorganisms in understanding early evolution in the dinoflagellates. Closed mitosis with an extranuclear spindle that traverses the nucleus in cytoplasmic grooves or tunnels is viewed as one of the morphological features shared by syndinean and core dinoflagellates. Here we describe nuclear morphology and mitosis in the syndinean dinoflagellate Amoebophrya sp. from Akashiwo sanguinea, a member of the A. ceratii complex, as revealed by protargol silver impregnation, DNA specific fluorochromes, and transmission electron microscopy. Our observations show that not all species classified as dinoflagellates have an extranuclear spindle. In Amoebophrya sp. from A. sanguinea, an extranuclear microtubule cylinder located in a depression in the nuclear surface during interphase moves into the nucleoplasm via sequential membrane fusion events and develops into an entirely intranuclear spindle. Results suggest that the intranuclear spindle of Amoebophrya spp. may have evolved from an ancestral extranuclear spindle and indicate the need for taxonomic revision of the Amoebophryidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Moon
- LOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Nam
- Department of Biological Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 306-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Woongghi Shin
- Department of Biological Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 306-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Gil Park
- LOHABE, Department of Oceanography, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - D Wayne Coats
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, P.O. Box 28, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
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19
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Bentlage B, Rogers TS, Bachvaroff TR, Delwiche CF. Complex Ancestries of Isoprenoid Synthesis in Dinoflagellates. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 63:123-37. [PMID: 26291956 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoid metabolism occupies a central position in the anabolic metabolism of all living cells. In plastid-bearing organisms, two pathways may be present for de novo isoprenoid synthesis, the cytosolic mevalonate pathway (MVA) and nuclear-encoded, plastid-targeted nonmevalonate pathway (DOXP). Using transcriptomic data we find that dinoflagellates apparently make exclusive use of the DOXP pathway. Using phylogenetic analyses of all DOXP genes we inferred the evolutionary origins of DOXP genes in dinoflagellates. Plastid replacements led to a DOXP pathway of multiple evolutionary origins. Dinoflagellates commonly referred to as dinotoms due to their relatively recent acquisition of a diatom plastid, express two completely redundant DOXP pathways. Dinoflagellates with a tertiary plastid of haptophyte origin, by contrast, express a hybrid pathway of dual evolutionary origin. Here, changes in the targeting motif of signal/transit peptide likely allow for targeting the new plastid by the proteins of core isoprenoid metabolism proteins. Parasitic dinoflagellates of the Amoebophyra species complex appear to have lost the DOXP pathway, suggesting that they may rely on their host for sterol synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Bentlage
- CMNS-Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 2107 Bioscience Research Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Travis S Rogers
- CMNS-Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 2107 Bioscience Research Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742
| | - Tsvetan R Bachvaroff
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, 701 E Pratt St., Baltimore, Maryland, 21202
| | - Charles F Delwiche
- CMNS-Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 2107 Bioscience Research Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742.,Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station, AGNR, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742
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20
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Genomic insights into processes driving the infection of Alexandrium tamarense by the Parasitoid Amoebophrya sp. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2014; 13:1439-49. [PMID: 25239978 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00139-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The regulatory circuits during infection of dinoflagellates by their parasites are largely unknown on the molecular level. Here we provide molecular insights into these infection dynamics. Alexandrium tamarense is one of the most prominent harmful algal bloom dinoflagellates. Its pathogen, the dinoflagellate parasitoid Amoebophrya sp., has been observed to infect and control the blooms of this species. We generated a data set of transcripts from three time points (0, 6, and 96 h) during the infection of this parasite-host system. Assembly of all transcript data from the parasitoid (>900,000 reads/313 Mbp with 454/Roche next-generation sequencing [NGS]) yielded 14,455 contigs, to which we mapped the raw transcript reads of each time point of the infection cycle. We show that particular surface lectins are expressed at the beginning of the infection cycle which likely mediate the attachment to the host cell. In a later phase, signal transduction-related genes together with transmembrane transport and cytoskeleton proteins point to a high integration of processes involved in host recognition, adhesion, and invasion. At the final maturation stage, cell division- and proliferation-related genes were highly expressed, reflecting the fast cell growth and nuclear division of the parasitoid. Our molecular insights into dinoflagellate parasitoid interactions point to general mechanisms also known from other eukaryotic parasites, especially from the Alveolata. These similarities indicate the presence of fundamental processes of parasitoid infection that have remained stable throughout evolution within different phyla.
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21
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Gaudet P, Cawthorn R, Morado J, Wadowska D, Wright G, Greenwood S. Ultrastructure of trichocysts in Hematodinium spp. infecting Atlantic snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 121:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Parasites are now known to be ubiquitous across biological systems and can play an important role in modulating algal populations. However, there is a lack of extensive information on their role in artificial ecosystems such as algal production ponds and photobioreactors. Parasites have been implicated in the demise of algal blooms. Because individual mass culture systems often tend to be unialgal and a select few algal species are in wide scale application, there is an increased potential for parasites to have a devastating effect on commercial scale monoculture. As commercial algal production continues to expand with a widening variety of applications, including biofuel, food and pharmaceuticals, the parasites associated with algae will become of greater interest and potential economic impact. A number of important algal parasites have been identified in algal mass culture systems in the last few years and this number is sure to grow as the number of commercial algae ventures increases. Here, we review the research that has identified and characterized parasites infecting mass cultivated algae, the techniques being proposed and or developed to control them, and the potential impact of parasites on the future of the algal biomass industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd W Lane
- Systems Biology Department, Sandia National Laboratories Livermore, CA, USA
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23
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Okamoto N, Keeling PJ. The 3D structure of the apical complex and association with the flagellar apparatus revealed by serial TEM tomography in Psammosa pacifica, a distant relative of the Apicomplexa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84653. [PMID: 24392150 PMCID: PMC3879320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The apical complex is one of the defining features of apicomplexan parasites, including the malaria parasite Plasmodium, where it mediates host penetration and invasion. The apical complex is also known in a few related lineages, including several non-parasitic heterotrophs, where it mediates feeding behaviour. The origin of the apical complex is unclear, and one reason for this is that in apicomplexans it exists in only part of the life cycle, and never simultaneously with other major cytoskeletal structures like flagella and basal bodies. Here, we used conventional TEM and serial TEM tomography to reconstruct the three dimensional structure of the apical complex in Psammosa pacifica, a predatory relative of apicomplexans and dinoflagellates that retains the archetype apical complex and the flagellar apparatus simultaneously. The P. pacifica apical complex is associated with the gullet and consists of the pseudoconoid, micronemes, and electron dense vesicles. The pseudoconoid is a convex sheet consisting of eight short microtubules, plus a band made up of microtubules that originate from the flagellar apparatus. The flagellar apparatus consists of three microtubular roots. One of the microtubular roots attached to the posterior basal body is connected to bypassing microtubular strands, which are themselves connected to the extension of the pseudoconoid. These complex connections where the apical complex is an extension of the flagellar apparatus, reflect the ancestral state of both, dating back to the common ancestor of apicaomplexans and dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Okamoto
- The Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Keeling
- The Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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24
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Lepelletier F, Karpov SA, Le Panse S, Bigeard E, Skovgaard A, Jeanthon C, Guillou L. Parvilucifera rostrata sp. nov. (Perkinsozoa), a Novel Parasitoid that Infects Planktonic Dinoflagellates. Protist 2014; 165:31-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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A quantitative assessment of the role of the parasite Amoebophrya in the termination of Alexandrium fundyense blooms within a small coastal embayment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81150. [PMID: 24324668 PMCID: PMC3852033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic dinoflagellates of the genus Amoebophrya infect free-living dinoflagellates, some of which can cause harmful algal blooms (HABs). High prevalence of Amoebophrya spp. has been linked to the decline of some HABs in marine systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of Amoebophrya spp. on the dynamics of dinoflagellate blooms in Salt Pond (MA, USA), particularly the harmful species Alexandrium fundyense. The abundance of Amoebophrya life stages was estimated 3–7 days per week through the full duration of an annual A. fundyense bloom using fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with tyramide signal amplification (FISH- TSA). More than 20 potential hosts were recorded including Dinophysis spp., Protoperidinium spp. and Gonyaulax spp., but the only dinoflagellate cells infected by Amoebophrya spp. during the sampling period were A. fundyense. Maximum A. fundyense concentration co-occurred with an increase of infected hosts, followed by a massive release of Amoebophrya dinospores in the water column. On average, Amoebophrya spp. infected and killed ∼30% of the A. fundyense population per day in the end phase of the bloom. The decline of the host A. fundyense population coincided with a dramatic life-cycle transition from vegetative division to sexual fusion. This transition occurred after maximum infected host concentrations and before peak infection percentages were observed, suggesting that most A. fundyense escaped parasite infection through sexual fusion. The results of this work highlight the importance of high frequency sampling of both parasite and host populations to accurately assess the impact of parasites on natural plankton assemblages.
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26
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Bachvaroff TR, Gornik SG, Concepcion GT, Waller RF, Mendez GS, Lippmeier JC, Delwiche CF. Dinoflagellate phylogeny revisited: using ribosomal proteins to resolve deep branching dinoflagellate clades. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 70:314-22. [PMID: 24135237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The alveolates are composed of three major lineages, the ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans. Together these 'protist' taxa play key roles in primary production and ecology, as well as in illness of humans and other animals. The interface between the dinoflagellate and apicomplexan clades has been an area of recent discovery, blurring the distinction between these two clades. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis has yet to determine the position of basal dinoflagellate clades hence the deepest branches of the dinoflagellate tree currently remain unresolved. Large-scale mRNA sequencing was applied to 11 species of dinoflagellates, including strains of the syndinean genera Hematodinium and Amoebophrya, parasites of crustaceans and dinoflagellates, respectively, to optimize and update the dinoflagellate tree. From the transcriptome-scale data a total of 73 ribosomal protein-coding genes were selected for phylogeny. After individual gene orthology assessment, the genes were concatenated into a >15,000 amino acid alignment with 76 taxa from dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates, and the outgroup heterokonts. Overall the tree was well resolved and supported, when the data was subsampled with gblocks or constraint trees were tested with the approximately unbiased test. The deepest branches of the dinoflagellate tree can now be resolved with strong support, and provides a clearer view of the evolution of the distinctive traits of dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetan R Bachvaroff
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Rd., Edgewater, MD 21037, United States.
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27
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Noguchi F, Kawato M, Yoshida T, Fujiwara Y, Fujikura K, Takishita K. A novel alveolate in bivalves with chemosynthetic bacteria inhabiting deep-sea methane seeps. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2013; 60:158-65. [PMID: 23316697 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been unveiled that a wide variety of microbial eukaryotes (protists) occur in chemosynthetic ecosystems, such as hydrothermal vents and methane seeps. However, there is little knowledge regarding protists associated with endemic animals inhabiting these environments. In the present study, utilizing PCR techniques, we detected fragments of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rRNA gene) from a particular protist from gill tissues of a significant fraction of the vesicomyid clams Calyptogena soyoae and C. okutanii complex and of the mussel Bathymodiolus platifrons and B. japonicus, all of which harbor chemosynthetic endosymbiont bacteria and dominate methane seeps in Sagami Bay, Japan. Based on the phylogeny of SSU rRNA gene, the organism in question was shown to belong to Alveolata. It is noteworthy that this protist did not affiliate with any known alveolate group, although being deeply branched within the lineage of Syndiniales, for which the monophyly was constantly recovered, but not robustly supported. In addition, the protist detected using PCR followed by sequencing was localized within gill epithelial cells of B. platifrons with whole-mount fluorescence in situ hybridization. This protist may be an endoparasite or an endocommensal of Calyptogena spp. and Bathymodiolus spp., and possibly have physiological and ecological impacts on these bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Noguchi
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
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28
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Loss of Nucleosomal DNA Condensation Coincides with Appearance of a Novel Nuclear Protein in Dinoflagellates. Curr Biol 2012; 22:2303-12. [PMID: 23159597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Okamoto N, Horák A, Keeling PJ. Description of two species of early branching dinoflagellates, Psammosa pacifica n. g., n. sp. and P. atlantica n. sp. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34900. [PMID: 22719825 PMCID: PMC3377698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In alveolate evolution, dinoflagellates have developed many unique features, including the cell that has epicone and hypocone, the undulating transverse flagellum. However, it remains unclear how these features evolved. The early branching dinoflagellates so far investigated such as Hematodinium, Amoebophrya and Oxyrrhis marina differ in many ways from of core dinoflagellates, or dinokaryotes. Except those handful of well studied taxa, the vast majority of early branching dinoflagellates are known only by environmental sequences, and remain enigmatic. In this study we describe two new species of the early branching dinoflagellates, Psammosa pacifica n. g., n. sp. and P. atlantica n. sp. from marine intertidal sandy beach. Molecular phylogeny of the small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA and Hsp90 gene places Psammosa spp. as an early branch among the dinoflagellates. Morphologically (1) they lack the typical dinoflagellate epicone-hypocone structure, and (2) undulation in either flagella. Instead they display a mosaïc of dinokaryotes traits, i.e. (3) presence of bi-partite trychocysts; Oxyrrhis marina-like traits, i.e. (4) presence of flagellar hairs, (5) presence of two-dimensional cobweb scales ornamenting both flagella (6) transversal cell division; a trait shared with some syndineansand Parvilucifera spp. i.e. (7) a nucleus with a conspicuous nucleolus and condensed chromatin distributed beneath the nuclear envelope; as well as Perkinsus marinus -like features i.e. (8) separate ventral grooves where flagella emerge and (9) lacking dinoflagellate-type undulating flagellum. Notably Psammosa retains an apical complex structure, which is shared between perkinsids, colpodellids, chromerids and apicomplexans, but is not found in dinokaryotic dinoflagellates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Okamoto
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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