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Fry N, Schuler GA, Jones RE, Kooienga PG, Jira V, Shepherd M, Tice AK, Brown MW. Living in the cracks: Two novel genera of Variosea (Amoebozoa) discovered on an urban sidewalk. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2024; 71:e13020. [PMID: 38240465 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Biological soil crusts represent a rich habitat for diverse and complex eukaryotic microbial communities. A unique but extremely common habitat is the urban sidewalk and its cracks that collect detritus. While these habitats are ubiquitous across the globe, little to no work has been conducted to characterize protists found there. Amoeboid protists are major predators of bacteria and other microbial eukaryotes in these microhabitats and therefore play a substantial ecological role. From sidewalk crack soil crusts, we have isolated three naked amoebae with finely tapered subpseudopodia, and a simple life cycle consisting of a trophic amoeba and a cyst stage. Using a holistic approach including light, electron, and fluorescence microscopy as well as phylogenetics using the ribosomal small subunit rRNA gene and phylogenomics using 230 nuclear genes, we find that these amoeboid organisms fail to match any previously described eukaryote genus. However, we determined the amoebae belong to the amoebozoan lineage Variosea based on phylogenetics. The molecular analyses place our isolates in two novel genera forming a grade at the base of the variosean group Protosteliida. These three novel varioseans among two novel genera and species are herein named "Kanabo kenzan" and "Parakanabo toge."
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Fry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Gabriel A Schuler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Robert E Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Peter G Kooienga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Violet Jira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
- Mississippi School for Math and Science, Columbus, Mississippi, USA
| | - Maggie Shepherd
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Alexander K Tice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew W Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
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2
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Foučková M, Uhrová K, Kubánková A, Pánek T, Čepička I. Lighting lantern above Psalteriomonadidae: Unveiling novel diversity within the genus Psalteriomonas (Discoba: Heterolobosea). Eur J Protistol 2024; 93:126052. [PMID: 38302295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2024.126052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Psalteriomonadidae are a small family of anaerobic free-living protists belonging to Heterolobosea, Discoba. We cultured 74 new strains of mostly amoeboid Psalteriomonadidae obtained from mainly freshwater habitats and sequenced their 18S rRNA gene. Based on the phylogenetic analysis and genetic distances, we report multiple novel species, four of which we formally describe based on the light-microscopic morphology (Psalteriomonas minuta, P. australis, P. fimbriata, and P. parva). We also examined the ultrastructure of two Psalteriomonas species using transmission electron microscopy. We transfer Sawyeria marylandensis into the genus Psalteriomonas and synonymize Sawyeria with Psalteriomonas. In addition, we studied the flagellate stage of P. marylandensis comb. nov. for the first time, using light and scanning electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Foučková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Uhrová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Kubánková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pánek
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Čepička
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic.
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3
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Hohlfeld M, Meyer C, Schoenle A, Nitsche F, Arndt H. Biogeography, autecology, and phylogeny of Percolomonads based on newly described species. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2023; 70:e12930. [PMID: 35712988 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Percolomonads (Heterolobosea) are aquatic heterotrophic flagellates frequently found in saline waters up to hypersaline environments. We isolated and cultivated seven strains of percolomonad flagellates from marine waters and sediments as well as from a hypersaline inland lake in the Atacama Desert. Morphological characterizations, comprising light and scanning electron microscopy, revealed only slight differences between the strains mainly limited to the cell shape, length of flagella, and length of the ventral feeding groove. Phylogenetic analyses of the 18S and 28S rDNA genes showed the formation of three fully supported clades within the Percolomonadida: the Percolomonadidae, the Barbeliidae fam. nov. and the Lulaidae fam. nov. We describe two new families (Barbeliidae fam. nov., Lulaidae fam. nov.), a new genus (Nonamonas gen. nov.), and five new species (Percolomonas adaptabilis sp. nov., Lula levis sp. nov., Barbelia pacifica sp. nov., Nonamonas montiensis gen. et sp. nov., Nonamonas santamariensis gen. et sp. nov.). Salinity experiments showed that P. adaptabilis sp. nov. from the Atlantic was better adapted to high salinities than all other investigated strains. Moreover, comparisons of our cultivation-based approach with environmental sequencing studies showed that P. adaptabilis sp. nov. seems to be globally distributed in marine surface waters while other species seem to be more locally restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Hohlfeld
- Institute of Zoology, General Ecology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia Meyer
- Institute of Zoology, General Ecology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Marine Microbiology and Biogeochemistry, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, The Netherlands.,Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Schoenle
- Institute of Zoology, General Ecology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Nitsche
- Institute of Zoology, General Ecology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hartmut Arndt
- Institute of Zoology, General Ecology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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4
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Lee HB, Jeong DH, Park JS. Accumulation patterns of intracellular salts in a new halophilic amoeboflagellate, Euplaesiobystra salpumilio sp. nov., (Heterolobosea; Discoba) under hypersaline conditions. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:960621. [PMID: 35992684 PMCID: PMC9389213 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophilic microbial eukaryotes are present in many eukaryotic lineages and major groups; however, our knowledge of their diversity is still limited. Furthermore, almost nothing is known about the intracellular accumulation of salts in most halophilic eukaryotes. Here, we isolate a novel halophilic microbial eukaryote from hypersaline water of 134 practical salinity units (PSU) in a solar saltern. This species is an amoeboflagellate (capable of the amoeba-flagellate-cyst transformation) in the heterolobosean group and belongs to the genus Euplaesiobystra based on morphological data and 18S rDNA sequences. However, the isolate is distinct from any of the described Euplaesiobystra species. Especially, it is the smallest Euplaesiobystra to date, has a distinct cytostome, and grows optimally at 75–100 PSU. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree of the 18S rDNA sequences demonstrates that the isolate forms a strongly supported group, sister to Euplaesiobystra hypersalinica. Thus, we propose that the isolate, Euplaesiobystra salpumilio, is a novel species. E. salpumilio displays a significantly increased influx of the intracellular Na+ and K+ at 50, 100, and 150 PSU, compared to freshwater species. However, the intracellular retention of the Na+ and K+ at 150 PSU does not significantly differ from 100 PSU, suggesting that E. salpumilio can extrude the Na+ and K+ from cells under high-salinity conditions. Interestingly, actively growing E. salpumilio at 100 and 150 PSU may require more intracellular accumulation of Na+ than the no-growth but-viable state at 50 PSU. It seems that our isolate displays two salt metabolisms depending on the tested salinities. E. salpumilio shows a salt-in strategy for Na+ at lower salinity of 100 PSU, while it displays a salt-out strategy for Na+ at higher salinity of 150 PSU. Our results suggest that the novel halophilic E. salpumilio fundamentally uses a salt-out strategy at higher salinities, and the accumulation patterns of intracellular salts in this species are different from those in other halophilic microbial eukaryotes.
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Gao Z, Jousset A, Kowalchuk GA, Geisen S. Five Groups in the Genus Allovahlkampfia and the Description of the New Species Vahlkampfia bulbosis n.sp. Protist 2022; 173:125870. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2022.125870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ettahi K, Lhee D, Sung JY, Simpson AGB, Park JS, Yoon HS. Evolutionary History of Mitochondrial Genomes in Discoba, Including the Extreme Halophile Pleurostomum flabellatum (Heterolobosea). Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:evaa241. [PMID: 33185659 PMCID: PMC7900873 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from Discoba (Heterolobosea, Euglenozoa, Tsukubamonadida, and Jakobida) are essential to understand the evolution of mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), because this clade includes the most primitive-looking mitogenomes known, as well some extremely divergent genome information systems. Heterolobosea encompasses more than 150 described species, many of them from extreme habitats, but only six heterolobosean mitogenomes have been fully sequenced to date. Here we complete the mitogenome of the heterolobosean Pleurostomum flabellatum, which is extremely halophilic and reportedly also lacks classical mitochondrial cristae, hinting at reduction or loss of respiratory function. The mitogenome of P. flabellatum maps as a 57,829-bp-long circular molecule, including 40 coding sequences (19 tRNA, two rRNA, and 19 orfs). The gene content and gene arrangement are similar to Naegleria gruberi and Naegleria fowleri, the closest relatives with sequenced mitogenomes. The P. flabellatum mitogenome contains genes that encode components of the electron transport chain similar to those of Naegleria mitogenomes. Homology searches against a draft nuclear genome showed that P. flabellatum has two homologs of the highly conserved Mic60 subunit of the MICOS complex, and likely lost Mic19 and Mic10. However, electron microscopy showed no cristae structures. We infer that P. flabellatum, which originates from high salinity (313‰) water where the dissolved oxygen concentration is low, possesses a mitochondrion capable of aerobic respiration, but with reduced development of cristae structure reflecting limited use of this aerobic capacity (e.g., microaerophily).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaoula Ettahi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Duckhyun Lhee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Sung
- Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, School of Earth System Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Alastair G B Simpson
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jong Soo Park
- Department of Oceanography, Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, School of Earth System Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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7
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Morphology and Ecology of Two New Amoebae, Isolated From a Thalassohaline Lake, Dziani Dzaha. Protist 2020; 171:125770. [PMID: 33166717 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2020.125770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dziani Dzaha is a hypersaline lake (Mayotte island), whose microbial community is dominated by photosynthetic microorganisms. Here, we describe two new free-living heteroloboseans. One belonging to the Pharyngomonas genus and the other, whose 18S rRNA gene sequence shares only 85% homology to its closest relatives Euplaesiobystra hypersalinica, was proposed as a new species of this genus being called Euplaesiobystra dzianiensis. Both strains were salt tolerant to 75‰ and grew between 25 and 37°C. Their distribution patterns varied seasonally and depended also on depth. Noticeably, both free-living amoebae isolates were able to graze on Arthrospira filaments, which are found within the same water layer. In conclusion, we document for the first time the presence and ecology of free-living amoebae in the thalassohaline lake Dziani Dzaha, and describe a new species of the Euplaesiobystra genus.
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8
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Tikhonenkov DV, Jhin SH, Eglit Y, Miller K, Plotnikov A, Simpson AGB, Park JS. Ecological and evolutionary patterns in the enigmatic protist genus Percolomonas (Heterolobosea; Discoba) from diverse habitats. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216188. [PMID: 31465455 PMCID: PMC6715209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterotrophic flagellate Percolomonas cosmopolitus (Heterolobosea) is often observed in saline habitats worldwide, from coastal waters to saturated brines. However, only two cultures assigned to this morphospecies have been examined using molecular methods, and their 18S rRNA gene sequences are extremely different. Further the salinity tolerances of individual strains are unknown. Thus, our knowledge on the autecology and diversity in this morphospecies is deficient. Here, we report 18S rRNA gene data on seven strains similar to P. cosmopolitus from seven geographically remote locations (New Zealand, Kenya, Korea, Poland, Russia, Spain, and the USA) with sample salinities ranging from 4‰ to 280‰, and compare morphology and salinity tolerance of the nine available strains. Percolomonas cosmopolitus-like strains show few-to-no consistent morphological differences, and form six clades separated by often extremely large 18S rRNA gene divergences (up to 42.4%). Some strains grow best at salinities from 75 to 125‰ and represent halophiles. All but one of these belong to two geographically heterogeneous clusters that form a robust monophyletic group in phylogenetic trees; this likely represents an ecologically specialized subclade of halophiles. Our results suggest that P. cosmopolitus is a cluster of several cryptic species (at least), which are unlikely to be distinguished by geography. Interestingly, the 9 Percolomonas strains formed a clade in 18S rRNA gene phylogenies, unlike most previous analyses based on two sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V. Tikhonenkov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Soo Hwan Jhin
- Department of Oceanography, Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island and Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, School of Earth System Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yana Eglit
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kai Miller
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Andrey Plotnikov
- Center of Shared Scientific Equipment “Persistence of Microorganisms”, Institute for Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis UB RAS, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Alastair G. B. Simpson
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Integrated Microbial Diversity, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jong Soo Park
- Department of Oceanography, Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island and Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, School of Earth System Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- * E-mail:
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9
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Selivanova EA, Poshvina DV, Khlopko YA, Gogoleva NE, Plotnikov AO. Diversity of Prokaryotes in Planktonic Communities of Saline Sol-Iletsk lakes (Orenburg Oblast, Russia). Microbiology (Reading) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261718040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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10
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Jhin SH, Park JS. A New Halophilic Heterolobosean Flagellate, Aurem hypersalina gen. n. et sp. n., Closely Related to the Pleurostomum-Tulamoeba Clade: Implications for Adaptive Radiation of Halophilic Eukaryotes. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:221-231. [PMID: 29938869 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Halophilic protozoa are independently scattered across the molecular phylogeny of eukaryotes; most of which are assigned to Heterolobosea. Here, we isolated a biflagellate from a hypersaline water of 342‰ salinity. This isolate shared several morphological features with typical halophilic heterolobosean flagellates. In addition, molecular phylogenetic trees of the 18S rRNA gene sequences clearly indicated flagellate is a heterolobosean species closely related to the halophilic Tulamoebidae. However, the flagellate was not accommodated to any described genus. Cells were ovoid-shaped, and no amoebae were observed. The two unequal flagella beat heterodynamically. An ear-like bulge at the margin of a cytostomal groove was observed. Flagellates could grow at 100-200‰ salinity, suggesting an obligately halophilic species. Currently, it appears that the new halophilic Aurem hypersalina forms a strong clade with Tulamoebidae, and is sister to the Tulamoebidae, indicating that this new clade is composed almost entirely of obligate halophilic taxa. Thus, A. hypersalina and the Tulamoebidae clade currently represent a unique adaptive radiation of halophilic eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Hwan Jhin
- Department of Oceanography, Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island and Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, School of Earth System Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jong Soo Park
- Department of Oceanography, Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island and Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, School of Earth System Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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11
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Hanousková P, Táborský P, Čepička I. Dactylomonas gen. nov., a Novel Lineage of Heterolobosean Flagellates with Unique Ultrastructure, Closely Related to the Amoeba Selenaion koniopes Park, De Jonckheere & Simpson, 2012. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:120-139. [PMID: 29791056 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of a new genus of heterolobosean flagellates, Dactylomonas gen. nov., with two species, D. venusta sp. nov. and D. crassa sp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis of the SSU rRNA gene showed that Dactylomonas is closely related to the amoeba Selenaion, the deepest-branching lineage of Tetramitia. Dactylomonads possess two flagella, and ultrastructural studies revealed an unexpected organization of the flagellar apparatus, which resembled Pharyngomonada (the second lineage of Heterolobosea) instead of Tetramitia: basal bodies were orthogonal to each other and a putative root R1 was present in the mastigont. On the other hand, Dactylomonas displayed several features uncommon in Heterolobosea: a microtubular corset, a distinctive rostrum supported by the main part of the right microtubular root, a finger-like projection on the proximal part of the recurrent flagellum, and absence of a ventral groove. In addition, Dactylomonas is anaerobic and seems to have lost mitochondrial cristae. Dactylomonas and Selenaion are accommodated in the family Selenaionidae fam. nov. and order Selenionida ord. nov. The taxonomy of Tetramitia is partially revised, and the family Neovahlkampfiidae fam. nov. is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Hanousková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Táborský
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Čepička
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 44, Czech Republic
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12
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Harding T, Simpson AGB. Recent Advances in Halophilic Protozoa Research. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 65:556-570. [PMID: 29266533 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most research on microorganisms adapted to hypersaline habitats has focused on Archaea and Bacteria, with microbial eukaryotes receiving much less attention. Over the past 15 yr, our knowledge of phagotrophic microbial eukaryotes, i.e. protozoa, from hypersaline habitats has greatly improved through combinations of microscopy, molecular phylogenetics, environmental sequencing, transcriptomics and growth experiments. High salinity waters from salterns, other landlocked water masses and deep hypersaline anoxic basins contain unique and diverse halophilic protozoan assemblages. These have the potential to exert substantial grazing pressure on prokaryotes and other eukaryotes. They represent many separate evolutionary lineages; species of Heterolobosea, Bicosoecida, and Ciliophora have been most intensively characterized, with several proven to be extreme (or borderline extreme) halophiles. Transcriptomic examinations of the bicosoecid Halocafeteria (and the heteroloboseid Pharyngomonas) indicate that high-salt adaptation is associated with a subtle shift in protein amino acid composition, and involves the differential expression of genes participating in ion homeostasis, signal transduction, stress management, and lipid remodeling. Instances of gene duplication and lateral transfer possibly conferring adaptation have been documented. Indirect evidence suggests that these protozoa use "salt-out" osmoadaptive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Harding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alastair G B Simpson
- Department of Biology, and Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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13
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Táborský P, Pánek T, Čepička I. Anaeramoebidae fam. nov., a Novel Lineage of Anaerobic Amoebae and Amoeboflagellates of Uncertain Phylogenetic Position. Protist 2017; 168:495-526. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Yang J, Harding T, Kamikawa R, Simpson AGB, Roger AJ. Mitochondrial Genome Evolution and a Novel RNA Editing System in Deep-Branching Heteroloboseids. Genome Biol Evol 2017; 9:1161-1174. [PMID: 28453770 PMCID: PMC5421314 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evx086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Discoba (Excavata) is an evolutionarily important group of eukaryotes that includes Jakobida, with the most bacterial-like mitochondrial genomes known, and Euglenozoa, many of which have extensively fragmented mitochondrial genomes. However, little is known about the mitochondrial genomes of Heterolobosea, the third main group of Discoba. Here, we studied two heteroloboseids—an undescribed amoeba “BB2” and Pharyngomonas kirbyi. Phylogenomic analysis revealed that they form a clade that is a sister group to all other Heterolobosea. We characterized the mitochondrial genomes of BB2 and P. kirbyi, which encoded 44 and 48 putative protein-coding genes respectively. Their gene contents were similar to that of Naegleria. In BB2, mitochondrially encoded RNAs were heavily edited, with ∼500 mononucleotide insertion events, mostly guanosines. These insertions always have the same identity as an adjacent nucleotide. Editing occurs in all ribosomal RNAs and protein-coding transcripts except one, and half of the transfer RNAs. Analysis of Illumina deep-sequencing data suggested that this RNA editing is very accurate and efficient, and most likely co-transcriptional. The dissimilarity of this editing process to other RNA editing phenomena in discobids, as well as its apparent absence in P. kirbyi, suggest that this remarkably extensive system of insertional editing evolved independently in the BB2 lineage, after its divergence from the P. kirbyi lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Yang
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tommy Harding
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ryoma Kamikawa
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Alastair G B Simpson
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics and Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew J Roger
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Park JS. A New Heterolobosean Amoeboflagellate, Tetramitus dokdoensis
n. sp., Isolated from a Freshwater Pond on Dokdo Island in the East Sea, Korea. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:771-778. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Soo Park
- Department of Oceanography; Research Institute for Dok-do and Ulleung-do Island and Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography, School of Earth System Sciences; Kyungpook National University; 80 Daehakro Bukgu Daegu 41566 Korea
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Tyml T, Skulinová K, Kavan J, Ditrich O, Kostka M, Dyková I. Heterolobosean amoebae from Arctic and Antarctic extremes: 18 novel strains of Allovahlkampfia, Vahlkampfia and Naegleria. Eur J Protistol 2016; 56:119-133. [PMID: 27643668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The diversity of heterolobosean amoebae, important members of soil, marine and freshwater microeukaryote communities in the temperate zones, is greatly under-explored in high latitudes. To address this imbalance, we studied the diversity of this group of free-living amoebae in the Arctic and the Antarctic using culture dependent methods. Eighteen strain representatives of three heterolobosean genera, Allovahlkampfia Walochnik et Mulec, 2009 (1 strain), Vahlkampfia Chatton et Lalung-Bonnaier, 1912 (2) and Naegleria Alexeieff, 1912 (15) were isolated from 179 samples of wet soil and fresh water with sediments collected in 6 localities. The Allovahkampfia strain is the first representative of the genus from the Antarctic; 14 strains (7 from the Arctic, 7 from the Antarctic) of the highly represented genus Naegleria complete the 'polar' cluster of five Naegleria species previously known from the Arctic and Sub-Antarctic regions, whereas one strain enriches the 'dobsoni' cluster of Naegleria strains of diverse origin. Present isolations of Naegleria polarisDe Jonckheere, 2006 from Svalbard, in the Arctic and Vega Island, in the Antarctic and N. neopolarisDe Jonckheere, 2006 from Svalbard and Greenland in the Arctic, and James Ross Island, the Antarctic demonstrate their bipolar distribution, which in free-living amoebae has so far only been known for Vermistella Morand et Anderson, 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Tyml
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre ASCR, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Skulinová
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kavan
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg Ditrich
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kostka
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Dyková
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
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17
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Aguilar M, Richardson E, Tan B, Walker G, Dunfield PF, Bass D, Nesbø C, Foght J, Dacks JB. Next-Generation Sequencing Assessment of Eukaryotic Diversity in Oil Sands Tailings Ponds Sediments and Surface Water. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:732-743. [PMID: 27062087 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tailings ponds in the Athabasca oil sands (Canada) contain fluid wastes, generated by the extraction of bitumen from oil sands ores. Although the autochthonous prokaryotic communities have been relatively well characterized, almost nothing is known about microbial eukaryotes living in the anoxic soft sediments of tailings ponds or in the thin oxic layer of water that covers them. We carried out the first next-generation sequencing study of microbial eukaryotic diversity in oil sands tailings ponds. In metagenomes prepared from tailings sediment and surface water, we detected very low numbers of sequences encoding eukaryotic small subunit ribosomal RNA representing seven major taxonomic groups of protists. We also produced and analysed three amplicon-based 18S rRNA libraries prepared from sediment samples. These revealed a more diverse set of taxa, 169 different OTUs encompassing up to eleven higher order groups of eukaryotes, according to detailed classification using homology searching and phylogenetic methods. The 10 most abundant OTUs accounted for > 90% of the total of reads, vs. large numbers of rare OTUs (< 1% abundance). Despite the anoxic and hydrocarbon-enriched nature of the environment, the tailings ponds harbour complex communities of microbial eukaryotes indicating that these organisms should be taken into account when studying the microbiology of the oil sands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Aguilar
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, 510 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Richardson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, 510 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - BoonFei Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, University of Alberta, Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Giselle Walker
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, 510 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada
| | - Peter F Dunfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, 507 Campus Drive NW, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - David Bass
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.,Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Nesbø
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, University of Alberta, Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.,CEES, Deptartment of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern NO-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Foght
- Department of Biological Sciences, CW 405, University of Alberta, Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Joel B Dacks
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, 510 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada. .,Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.
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18
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Isolation of diverse amoebal grazers of freshwater cyanobacteria for the development of model systems to study predator–prey interactions. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Plotnikov AO, Mylnikov AP, Selivanova EA. Morphology and life cycle of amoeboflagellate Pharyngomonas sp. (Heterolobosea, Excavata) from hypersaline inland Razval Lake. BIOL BULL+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359015090083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Park JS, Simpson AG. Characterization of a Deep-Branching Heterolobosean, Pharyngomonas turkanaensis
n. sp., Isolated from a Non-Hypersaline Habitat, and Ultrastructural Comparison of Cysts and Amoebae Among Pharyngomonas
Strains. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 63:100-11. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Soo Park
- Department of Oceanography and Kyungpook Institute of Oceanography; School of Earth System Sciences; Kyungpook National University; Daegu Korea
| | - Alastair G.B. Simpson
- Department of Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Program in Integrated Microbial Diversity; Toronto Ontario Canada
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21
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22
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Geisen S, Bonkowski M, Zhang J, De Jonckheere JF. Heterogeneity in the genus Allovahlkampfia and the description of the new genus Parafumarolamoeba (Vahlkampfiidae; Heterolobosea). Eur J Protistol 2015; 51:335-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Cavalier-Smith T. Mixed heterolobosean and novel gregarine lineage genes from culture ATCC 50646: Long-branch artefacts, not lateral gene transfer, distort α-tubulin phylogeny. Eur J Protistol 2015; 51:121-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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An ancestral bacterial division system is widespread in eukaryotic mitochondria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:10239-46. [PMID: 25831547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421392112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial division initiates at the site of a contractile Z-ring composed of polymerized FtsZ. The location of the Z-ring in the cell is controlled by a system of three mutually antagonistic proteins, MinC, MinD, and MinE. Plastid division is also known to be dependent on homologs of these proteins, derived from the ancestral cyanobacterial endosymbiont that gave rise to plastids. In contrast, the mitochondria of model systems such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mammals, and Arabidopsis thaliana seem to have replaced the ancestral α-proteobacterial Min-based division machinery with host-derived dynamin-related proteins that form outer contractile rings. Here, we show that the mitochondrial division system of these model organisms is the exception, rather than the rule, for eukaryotes. We describe endosymbiont-derived, bacterial-like division systems comprising FtsZ and Min proteins in diverse less-studied eukaryote protistan lineages, including jakobid and heterolobosean excavates, a malawimonad, stramenopiles, amoebozoans, a breviate, and an apusomonad. For two of these taxa, the amoebozoan Dictyostelium purpureum and the jakobid Andalucia incarcerata, we confirm a mitochondrial localization of these proteins by their heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The discovery of a proteobacterial-like division system in mitochondria of diverse eukaryotic lineages suggests that it was the ancestral feature of all eukaryotic mitochondria and has been supplanted by a host-derived system multiple times in distinct eukaryote lineages.
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25
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Kirby WA, Tikhonenkov DV, Mylnikov AP, Janouškovec J, Lax G, Simpson AGB. Characterization of Tulamoeba bucina n. sp., an extremely halotolerant amoeboflagellate heterolobosean belonging to the Tulamoeba-Pleurostomum clade (Tulamoebidae n. fam.). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 62:227-38. [PMID: 25227416 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Most protozoans that have been cultivated recently from high salinity waters appear to be obligate halophiles. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that these species mostly represent independent lineages. Here, we report the cultivation, morphological characterization, and phylogenetic analysis of two strains (XLG1 and HLM-8) of a new extremely halotolerant heterolobosean amoeboflagellate. This species is closely related to the obligate halophiles Tulamoeba peronaphora and Pleurostomum flabellatum, and more specifically to the former. Like Tulamoeba, the new species has a monopodial limax amoeba stage, however, its cyst stage lacks an intrusive pore plug. The flagellate stage bears a combination of a planar spiral feeding apparatus and unequal heterodynamic flagella that discriminates it from described Pleurostomum species. Strain XLG1 grows at salinities from 35‰ to 225‰. This degree of halotolerance is uncommon in protozoa, as most species showing growth in seawater are unable to grow at 200‰ salinity. The unrelatedness of most halophilic protozoa suggested that independent colonization of the hypersaline environment is more common than speciation within it. However, this study supports the idea that the Tulamoeba-Pleurostomum clade underwent an adaptive radiation within the hypersaline environment. A new species Tulamoeba bucina n. sp. is described, with Tulamoebidae n. fam. proposed for the Tulamoeba-Pleurostomum clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Kirby
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
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26
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Fu CJ, Sheikh S, Miao W, Andersson SGE, Baldauf SL. Missing genes, multiple ORFs, and C-to-U type RNA editing in Acrasis kona (Heterolobosea, Excavata) mitochondrial DNA. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:2240-57. [PMID: 25146648 PMCID: PMC4202320 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Discoba (Excavata) is an ancient group of eukaryotes with great morphological and ecological diversity. Unlike the other major divisions of Discoba (Jakobida and Euglenozoa), little is known about the mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of Heterolobosea. We have assembled a complete mtDNA genome from the aggregating heterolobosean amoeba, Acrasis kona, which consists of a single circular highly AT-rich (83.3%) molecule of 51.5 kb. Unexpectedly, A. kona mtDNA is missing roughly 40% of the protein-coding genes and nearly half of the transfer RNAs found in the only other sequenced heterolobosean mtDNAs, those of Naegleria spp. Instead, over a quarter of A. kona mtDNA consists of novel open reading frames. Eleven of the 16 protein-coding genes missing from A. kona mtDNA were identified in its nuclear DNA and polyA RNA, and phylogenetic analyses indicate that at least 10 of these 11 putative nuclear-encoded mitochondrial (NcMt) proteins arose by direct transfer from the mitochondrion. Acrasis kona mtDNA also employs C-to-U type RNA editing, and 12 homologs of DYW-type pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins implicated in plant organellar RNA editing are found in A. kona nuclear DNA. A mapping of mitochondrial gene content onto a consensus phylogeny reveals a sporadic pattern of relative stasis and rampant gene loss in Discoba. Rampant loss occurred independently in the unique common lineage leading to Heterolobosea + Tsukubamonadida and later in the unique lineage leading to Acrasis. Meanwhile, mtDNA gene content appears to be remarkably stable in the Acrasis sister lineage leading to Naegleria and in their distant relatives Jakobida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jie Fu
- Program in Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Sanea Sheikh
- Program in Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Wei Miao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Siv G E Andersson
- Department of Molecular Evolution, Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Sandra L Baldauf
- Program in Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Pánek T, Simpson AG, Hampl V, Čepička I. Creneis carolina gen. et sp. nov. (Heterolobosea), a Novel Marine Anaerobic Protist with Strikingly Derived Morphology and Life Cycle. Protist 2014; 165:542-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Lee WJ, Miller K, Simpson AG. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of a New Species of Stephanopogon
, Stephanopogon pattersoni
n. sp. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2014; 61:389-98. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Won Je Lee
- Department of Urban Environmental Engineering; Kyungnam University; Changwon Korea
| | - Kai Miller
- Department of Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax NS B3N 4R2 Canada
| | - Alastair G.B. Simpson
- Department of Biology; Dalhousie University; Halifax NS B3N 4R2 Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity; Canada
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29
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Pánek T, Ptáčková E, Čepička I. Survey on diversity of marine/saline anaerobic Heterolobosea (Excavata: Discoba) with description of seven new species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2014; 64:2280-2304. [PMID: 24729392 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.063487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversity of the anaerobic Heterolobosea (Excavata: Discoba) is only poorly understood, especially in marine environments. We have isolated and cultured 16 strains of anaerobic heteroloboseid amoebae and flagellates from brackish, marine and saline anoxic habitats worldwide. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU rDNA sequences and light-microscopic observations showed that all the strains belong to the family Psalteriomonadidae, the main anaerobic lineage of Heterolobosea, and that they represent eight species from the genera Monopylocystis, Harpagon and Pseudoharpagon. Seven species are newly isolated and described here as Monopylocystis minor n. sp., Monopylocystis robusta n. sp., Monopylocystis elegans n. sp., Monopylocystis disparata n. sp., Harpagon salinus n. sp., Pseudoharpagon longus n. sp. and Pseudoharpagon tertius n. sp. Amoebae, cysts and the ultrastructure of the genus Pseudoharpagon are presented for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Pánek
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Ptáčková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Čepička
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
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