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D'Ambrosio A, Zamboni S, Camerini S, Casella M, Sanchez M, Pietraforte D, Vanacore N, Diociauti M, Altieri M, Di Piero V, Francia A, Pontecorvo S, Puthenparampil M, Gallo P, Margutti P. Proteomic profile of extracellular vesicles from plasma and CSF of multiple sclerosis patients reveals disease activity-associated EAAT2. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:217. [PMID: 39223661 PMCID: PMC11370133 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is an urgent need to discover blood-based biomarkers of multiple sclerosis (MS) to better define the underlying biology of relapses and monitor disease progression. The main goal of this study is to search for candidate biomarkers of MS relapses associated with circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs), an emerging tool for biomarker discovery. METHODS EVs, purified from unpaired plasma and CSF samples of RRMS patients by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), underwent proteomic analysis to discover novel biomarkers associated with MS relapses. The candidate biomarkers of disease activity were detected by comparison approach between plasma- and CSF-EV proteomes associated with relapses. Among them, a selected potential biomarker was evaluated in a cohort of MS patients, using a novel and highly reproducible flow cytometry-based approach in order to detect low abundant EV subsets in a complex body fluid such as plasma. RESULTS The proteomic profiles of both SEC-purified plasma EVs (from 6 patients in relapse and 5 patients in remission) and SEC-purified CSF EVs (from 4 patients in relapse and 3 patients in remission) revealed a set of proteins associated with MS relapses significant enriched in the synaptic transmission pathway. Among common proteins, excitatory amino-acid transporter 2, EAAT2, responsible for the majority of the glutamate uptake in CNS, was worthy of further investigation. By screening plasma samples from 110 MS patients, we found a significant association of plasma EV-carried EAAT2 protein (EV-EAAT2) with MS relapses, regardless of disease-modifying therapies. This finding was confirmed by investigating the presence of EV-EAAT2 in plasma samples collected longitudinally from 10 RRMS patients, during relapse and remission. Moreover, plasma EV-EAAT2 levels correlated positively with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score in remitting MS patients but showed a negative correlation with age in patients with secondary progressive (SPMS). CONCLUSION Our results emphaticize the usefulness of plasma EVs as a source of accessible biomarkers to remotely analyse the CNS status. Plasma EV-EAAT2 showed to be a promising biomarker for MS relapses. Further studies are required to assess the clinical relevance of this biomarker also for disability progression independent of relapse activity and transition from RRMS towards SPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella D'Ambrosio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vle Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Zamboni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vle Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Camerini
- Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Sanchez
- Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Vanacore
- Center of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Diociauti
- Center of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Altieri
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University "La Sapienza", 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Vittorio Di Piero
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University "La Sapienza", 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Francia
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University "La Sapienza", 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pontecorvo
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University "La Sapienza", 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Gallo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Margutti
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Vle Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Muñoz-Jurado A, Escribano BM, Túnez I. Animal model of multiple sclerosis: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 188:35-60. [PMID: 38880527 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a very complex and heterogeneous disease, with an unknown etiology and which, currently, remains incurable. For this reason, animal models are crucial to investigate this disease, which has increased in prevalence in recent years, affecting 2.8 million people worldwide, and is the leading cause of non-traumatic disability in young adults between the ages of 20-30years. Of all the models developed to replicate MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) best reflects the autoimmune pathogenesis of MS. There are different methods to induce it, which will give rise to different types of EAE, which will vary in clinical presentation and severity. Of the EAE models, the most widespread and used is the one induced in rodents due to its advantages over other species. Likewise, EAE has become a widely used model in the development of therapies for the treatment of MS. Likewise, it is very useful to define the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of MS and to establish therapeutic targets for this disease. For all these reasons, the EAE model plays a key role in improving the understanding of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Muñoz-Jurado
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Begoña M Escribano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain; Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
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3
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Peña-Toledo MA, Luque E, LaTorre M, Jimena I, Leiva-Cepas F, Ruz-Caracuel I, Agüera E, Peña-Amaro J, Tunez I. The ultrastructure of muscle fibers and satellite cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis after treatment with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Ultrastruct Pathol 2022; 46:401-412. [PMID: 35994513 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2022.2112330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on the ultrastructure of muscle fibers and satellite cells in rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE-induced animals were treated with TMS (60 Hz at 0.7 mT) for 2 hours in the morning, once a day, 5 days a week, for 3 weeks, starting on day 15 post-immunization. The rats were sacrificed on day 36 post-immunization, and the soleus muscles were evaluated by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Findings were compared with a non-treated EAE group. Electron microscopy analysis showed the presence of degenerated mitochondria, autophagic vacuoles, and altered myofibrils in non-treated EAE group. This correlates with the presence of acid phosphatase activity in muscle fibers and core-targetoid lesions with desmin immunohistochemistry. Most myonuclei in the EAE group showed apoptotic features. In contrast, EAE induced-TMS treated animals had less ultrastructural changes in the mitochondria and the myofibrils, together with less frequent apoptotic nuclear features. Peripheral desmin+ protrusions, as a marker of active satellite cells, were significantly increased in TMS-treated group. This correlates ultrastructurally with the presence of active features in satellite cells in the TMS group. In conclusion, the attenuation of ultrastructural alterations in muscle fibers and activation response of satellite cells caused by EAE indicated that skeletal muscle had a regenerative response to TMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Angeles Peña-Toledo
- Dementia and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain.,Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Evelio Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Morphological Sciences, Histology Section, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel LaTorre
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio Jimena
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Morphological Sciences, Histology Section, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Fernando Leiva-Cepas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Morphological Sciences, Histology Section, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ruz-Caracuel
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Histology Section, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Agüera
- Dementia and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain.,Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain
| | - J Peña-Amaro
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Morphological Sciences, Histology Section, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Isaac Tunez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.,Cooperative Research Thematic Excellent Network on Brain Stimulation (REDESTIM), Ministery for Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Spaas J, Van Noten P, Keytsman C, Nieste I, Blancquaert L, Derave W, Eijnde BO. Carnosine and skeletal muscle dysfunction in a rodent multiple sclerosis model. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1749-1761. [PMID: 34642824 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Muscle weakness and fatigue are primary manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic disease of the central nervous system. Interventions that enhance muscle function may improve overall physical well-being of MS patients. Recently, we described that levels of carnosine, an endogenous muscle dipeptide involved in contractile function and fatigue-resistance, are reduced in muscle tissue from MS patients and a monophasic rodent MS model (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE). In the present study, we aimed to (1) confirm this finding in a chronic EAE model, along with the characterization of structural and functional muscle alterations, and (2) investigate the effect of carnosine supplementation to increase/restore muscle carnosine levels and improve muscle function in EAE. We performed muscle immunohistochemistry and ex vivo contractility measurements to examine muscle structure and function at different stages of EAE, and following nutritional intervention (oral carnosine: 3, 15 or 30 g/L in drinking water). Immunohistochemistry revealed progressively worsening muscle fiber atrophy and a switch towards a fast-twitch muscle phenotype during EAE. Using ex vivo muscle contractility experiments, we observed reductions in muscle strength and contraction speed, but no changes in muscle fatigability of EAE mice. However, carnosine levels were unaltered during all stages of EAE, and even though oral carnosine supplementation dose-dependently increased muscle carnosine levels up to + 94% after 56 days EAE, this did not improve muscle function of EAE mice. In conclusion, EAE mice display significant, yet time-dependent, muscular alterations, and carnosine intervention does not improve muscle function in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Spaas
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium.
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Van Noten
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Charly Keytsman
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Ine Nieste
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Laura Blancquaert
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert O Eijnde
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt-Pelt, Hasselt, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan, Building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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5
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Peña-Toledo MA, Luque E, Ruz-Caracuel I, Agüera E, Jimena I, Peña-Amaro J, Tunez I. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Improves Muscle Involvement in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168589. [PMID: 34445295 PMCID: PMC8395284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is affected in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is a model of multiple sclerosis that produces changes including muscle atrophy; histological features of neurogenic involvement, and increased oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on the involvement of rat skeletal muscle and to compare them with those produced by natalizumab (NTZ). EAE was induced by injecting myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) into Dark Agouti rats. Both treatments, NTZ and TMS, were implemented from day 15 to day 35. Clinical severity was studied, and after sacrifice, the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles were extracted for subsequent histological and biochemical analysis. The treatment with TMS and NTZ had a beneficial effect on muscle involvement in the EAE model. There was a clinical improvement in functional motor deficits, atrophy was attenuated, neurogenic muscle lesions were reduced, and the level of oxidative stress biomarkers was lower in both treatment groups. Compared to NTZ, the best response was obtained with TMS for all the parameters analyzed. The myoprotective effect of TMS was higher than that of NTZ. Thus, the use of TMS may be an effective strategy to reduce muscle involvement in multiple sclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Count
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Male
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Muscular Atrophy/physiopathology
- Muscular Atrophy/prevention & control
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Natalizumab/pharmacology
- Rats
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Peña-Toledo
- Dementia and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Evelio Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ruz-Caracuel
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Agüera
- Dementia and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Service, Reina Sofia University Hospital, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio Jimena
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jose Peña-Amaro
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Section of Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Isaac Tunez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research IMIBIC, Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- Cooperative Research Thematic Excellent Network on Brain Stimulation (REDESTIM), Ministery for Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, 28046 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Sant'Anna MB, Giardini AC, Ribeiro MAC, Lopes FSR, Teixeira NB, Kimura LF, Bufalo MC, Ribeiro OG, Borrego A, Cabrera WHK, Ferreira JCB, Zambelli VO, Sant'Anna OA, Picolo G. The Crotoxin:SBA-15 Complex Down-Regulates the Incidence and Intensity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Through Peripheral and Central Actions. Front Immunol 2020; 11:591563. [PMID: 33193433 PMCID: PMC7655790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Crotoxin (CTX), the main neurotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antinociceptive activities. However, the CTX-induced toxicity may compromise its use. Under this scenario, the use of nanoparticle such as nanostructured mesoporous silica (SBA-15) as a carrier might become a feasible approach to improve CTX safety. Here, we determined the benefits of SBA-15 on CTX-related neuroinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis that replicates several histopathological and immunological features observed in humans. We showed that a single administration of CTX:SBA-15 (54 μg/kg) was more effective in reducing pain and ameliorated the clinical score (motor impairment) in EAE animals compared to the CTX-treated EAE group; therefore, improving the disease outcome. Of interest, CTX:SBA-15, but not unconjugated CTX, prevented EAE-induced atrophy and loss of muscle function. Further supporting an immune mechanism, CTX:SBA-15 treatment reduced both recruitment and proliferation of peripheral Th17 cells as well as diminished IL-17 expression and glial cells activation in the spinal cord in EAE animals when compared with CTX-treated EAE group. Finally, CTX:SBA-15, but not unconjugated CTX, prevented the EAE-induced cell infiltration in the CNS. These results provide evidence that SBA-15 maximizes the immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of CTX in an EAE model; therefore, suggesting that SBA-15 has the potential to improve CTX effectiveness in the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline C Giardini
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio A C Ribeiro
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia S R Lopes
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Louise F Kimura
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle C Bufalo
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Borrego
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wafa H K Cabrera
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio C B Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa O Zambelli
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Gisele Picolo
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Neuroprotective effect of S-allyl cysteine on an experimental model of multiple sclerosis: Antioxidant effects. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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8
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Medina-Fernandez FJ, Escribano BM, Agüera E, Aguilar-Luque M, Feijoo M, Luque E, Garcia-Maceira FI, Pascual-Leone A, Drucker-Colin R, Tunez I. Effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on oxidative stress in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:460-469. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1324955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Begoña M. Escribano
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eduardo Agüera
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Macarena Aguilar-Luque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Montserrat Feijoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Evelio Luque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Histology Section, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - René Drucker-Colin
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Institute of Cell Physiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Ciudad de Mexico, D.F, Mexico
| | - Isaac Tunez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Institute for Research in Biomedicine of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
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9
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation modifies astrocytosis, cell density and lipopolysaccharide levels in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Life Sci 2017; 169:20-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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