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Boleti APDA, Jacobowski AC, Monteiro-Alfredo T, Pereira APR, Oliva MLV, Maria DA, Macedo MLR. Cutaneous Melanoma: An Overview of Physiological and Therapeutic Aspects and Biotechnological Use of Serine Protease Inhibitors. Molecules 2024; 29:3891. [PMID: 39202970 PMCID: PMC11357276 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic melanoma stands out as the most lethal form of skin cancer because of its high propensity to spread and its remarkable resistance to treatment methods. METHODS In this review article, we address the incidence of melanoma worldwide and its staging phases. We thoroughly investigate the different melanomas and their associated risk factors. In addition, we underscore the principal therapeutic goals and pharmacological methods that are currently used in the treatment of melanoma. RESULTS The implementation of targeted therapies has contributed to improving the approach to patients. However, because of the emergence of resistance early in treatment, overall survival and progression-free periods continue to be limited. CONCLUSIONS We provide new insights into plant serine protease inhibitor therapeutics, supporting high-throughput drug screening soon, and seeking a complementary approach to explain crucial mechanisms associated with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula De Araújo Boleti
- Laboratory of Protein Purification and Their Biological Functions, Food Technology and Public Health Unit, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.C.J.); (T.M.-A.); (A.P.R.P.)
| | - Ana Cristina Jacobowski
- Laboratory of Protein Purification and Their Biological Functions, Food Technology and Public Health Unit, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.C.J.); (T.M.-A.); (A.P.R.P.)
| | - Tamaeh Monteiro-Alfredo
- Laboratory of Protein Purification and Their Biological Functions, Food Technology and Public Health Unit, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.C.J.); (T.M.-A.); (A.P.R.P.)
| | - Ana Paula Ramos Pereira
- Laboratory of Protein Purification and Their Biological Functions, Food Technology and Public Health Unit, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.C.J.); (T.M.-A.); (A.P.R.P.)
| | - Maria Luiza Vilela Oliva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil;
| | - Durvanei Augusto Maria
- Divisão de Ciências Fisiológicas e Químicas, Serviço de Bioquímica, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05585-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Laboratory of Protein Purification and Their Biological Functions, Food Technology and Public Health Unit, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (A.P.D.A.B.); (A.C.J.); (T.M.-A.); (A.P.R.P.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food, and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
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Fiorentino V, Pizzimenti C, Franchina M, Pepe L, Russotto F, Tralongo P, Micali MG, Militi GB, Lentini M. Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Immunohistochemical Expression and Cutaneous Melanoma: A Controversial Relationship. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:676. [PMID: 38203846 PMCID: PMC10779806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is traditionally considered one of the most "immunogenic" tumors, eliciting a high immune response. However, despite the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), melanoma cells use strategies to suppress antitumor immunity and avoid being eliminated by immune surveillance. The PD-1 (programmed death-1)/PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) axis is a well-known immune escape system adopted by neoplastic cells. Therefore, immunotherapy with PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors is quickly becoming the main treatment approach for metastatic melanoma patients. However, the clinical utility of PD-L1 expression assessment in CM is controversial, and the interpretation of PD-L1 scores in clinical practice is still a matter of debate. Nonetheless, the recent literature data show that by adopting specific PD-L1 assessment methods in melanoma samples, a correlation between the expression of such a biomarker and a positive response to PD-1-based immunotherapy can be seen. Our review aims to describe the state-of-the-art knowledge regarding the prognostic and predictive role of PD-L1 expression in CM while also referring to possible biological explanations for the variability in its expressions and related treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Fiorentino
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.F.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (M.G.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Cristina Pizzimenti
- Department of Biomedical, Dental, Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Mariausilia Franchina
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.F.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (M.G.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Ludovica Pepe
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.F.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (M.G.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Fernanda Russotto
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.F.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (M.G.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Pietro Tralongo
- Department of Women, Children and Public Health Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Agostino Gemelli IRCCS University Hospital Foundation, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marina Gloria Micali
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.F.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (M.G.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Gaetano Basilio Militi
- Department of Sciences for Promotion of Health and Mother and Child Care, Anatomic Pathology, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Maria Lentini
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (M.F.); (L.P.); (F.R.); (M.G.M.); (M.L.)
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Kang JY, Yang J, Lee H, Park S, Gil M, Kim KE. Systematic Multiomic Analysis of PKHD1L1 Gene Expression and Its Role as a Predicting Biomarker for Immune Cell Infiltration in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma and Lung Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:359. [PMID: 38203530 PMCID: PMC10778817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The identification of genetic factors that regulate the cancer immune microenvironment is important for understanding the mechanism of tumor progression and establishing an effective treatment strategy. Polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1-like protein 1 (PKHD1L1) is a large transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in immune cells; however, its association with tumor progression remains unclear. Here, we systematically analyzed the clinical relevance of PKHD1L1 in the tumor microenvironment in multiple cancer types using various bioinformatic tools. We found that the PKHD1L1 mRNA expression levels were significantly lower in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) and lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) than in normal tissues. The decreased expression of PKHD1L1 was significantly associated with unfavorable overall survival (OS) in SKCM and LUAD. Additionally, PKHD1L1 expression was positively correlated with the levels of infiltrating B cells, cluster of differentiation (CD)-8+ T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, suggesting that the infiltration of immune cells could be associated with a good prognosis due to increased PKHD1L1 expression. Gene ontology (GO) analysis also revealed the relationship between PKHD1L1-co-altered genes and the activation of lymphocytes, including B and T cells. Collectively, this study shows that PKHD1L1 expression is positively correlated with a good prognosis via the induction of immune infiltration, suggesting that PKHD1L1 has potential prognostic value in SKCM and LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kang
- Department of Health Industry, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Jisun Yang
- Department of Cosmetic Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea;
| | - Haeryung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea; (H.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea; (H.L.); (S.P.)
| | - Minchan Gil
- Department of Health Industry, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Kyung Eun Kim
- Department of Health Industry, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.K.); (M.G.)
- Department of Cosmetic Sciences, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea;
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4
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Cazzato G, Lettini T, Colagrande A, Trilli I, Ambrogio F, Laface C, Parente P, Maiorano E, Ingravallo G. Immunohistochemical Expression of Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) in Human Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma: A Narrative Review with Historical Perspectives. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1252. [PMID: 37372432 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is the primary ligand of the receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1) which is constitutively expressed or activated in myeloid, lymphoid (T, B and NK), normal epithelial cells, and cancer. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction is crucial for the physiological development of immunological tolerance but also in the development of the cancer. Among these, malignant melanoma represents a tumour in which the immunohistochemical expression of PD-L1 is important to guide future therapeutic choices based on the presence/absence of expression. Various clones have been used over time for immunohistochemical determination, and different results and heterogeneity remain among the various studies in the literature. We perform a narrative review of the present studies in order to discuss and take stock of what certain achievements have been made in this field, what challenges remain, and what possible solutions can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Teresa Lettini
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Colagrande
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Irma Trilli
- Odontomatostologic Clinic, Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesca Ambrogio
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Carmelo Laface
- Medical Oncology, Dario Camberlingo Hospital, 72021 Francavilla Fontana, BR, Italy
| | - Paola Parente
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Eugenio Maiorano
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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The Association of CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells and Granzyme B+ Lymphocytes with Immunosuppressive Factors, Tumor Stage and Prognosis in Cutaneous Melanoma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123209. [PMID: 36551965 PMCID: PMC9775436 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of suppressive cells producing a variety of immunomodulatory proteins, such as programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Although granzyme B (GrB) is known to convey the cytolytic activities of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes, it is also expressed by other cells, such as regulatory T and B cells, for immunosuppressive purposes. The role of GrB+ lymphocytes in melanoma has not been examined extensively. In this study, benign, premalignant, and malignant melanocytic tumors were stained immunohistochemically for CD8 and GrB. PD-L1 was also stained from malignant samples that had accompanying clinicopathological data. The association of CD8+ and GrB+ lymphocytes with PD-L1 expression, tumor stage, prognosis, and previously analyzed immunosuppressive factors were evaluated. Our aim was to obtain a more comprehensive perception of the immunosuppressive TME in melanoma. The results show that both CD8+ and GrB+ lymphocytes were more abundant in pT4 compared to pT1 melanomas, and in lymph node metastases compared to primary melanomas. Surprisingly, a low GrB/CD8 ratio was associated with better recurrence-free survival in primary melanomas, which indicates that GrB+ lymphocytes might represent activated immunosuppressive lymphocytes rather than cytotoxic T cells. In the present study, CD8+ lymphocytes associated positively with both tumor and stromal immune cell PD-L1 and IDO expression. In addition, PD-L1+ tumor and stromal immune cells associated positively with IDO+ stromal immune and melanoma cells. The data suggest that IDO and PD-L1 seem to be key immunosuppressive factors in CD8+ lymphocyte-predominant tumors in CM.
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Lassalle S, Nahon-Esteve S, Frouin E, Boulagnon-Rombi C, Josselin N, Cassoux N, Barnhill R, Scheller B, Baillif S, Hofman P. PD-L1 Expression in 65 Conjunctival Melanomas and Its Association with Clinical Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239147. [PMID: 33266349 PMCID: PMC7731195 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctival melanoma (CM) iss a rare and aggressive tumour that is increasing in frequency. The prognostic value of PD-L1 expression, alone or in combination with CD8 and PD-1 expression and the BRAF and NRAS status, has not been determined in CM to date. We evaluated the expression of PD-L1, CD8, PD-1 in CM and investigated whether there was an association between the expression of these markers and the BRAF and NRAS molecular profile as well as some clinico-pathological criteria. A total of sixty-five CM were assessed for PD-L1, PD-1, and CD8 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and for BRAF and NRAS genomic alterations using molecular biology techniques and anti-BRAF and anti-NRAS antibodies. PD-L1 expression in tumour cells (TC) was very low or absent but detected in tumour-infiltrating immune cells (IC). A correlation was observed between the expression of PD-L1, CD8, and PD-1 in IC. No correlation between PD-L1 expression (in tumour and/or immune cells) and BRAF or NRAS mutations was observed. PD-L1 expression in IC correlated with a higher pTNM stage and PD-L1 expression in TC with worse disease-specific survival. PD-L1 expression is a potential prognostic biomarker that correlates with poor prognosis in CM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Lassalle
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, University Côte d’Azur, Pasteur 1 Hospital, 30 avenue de la voie Romaine CS 51069, 06001 Nice CEDEX 1, France;
- Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), INSERM U1081/CNRS UMR7284, Medical School 28, Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice CEDEX 2, France
- FHU OncoAge, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, University Côte d’Azur, Pasteur Hospital, 30 avenue de la voie Romaine CS 51069, 06001 Nice CEDEX 1, France
- Hospital-Integrated Biobank (BB 0033-00025), Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur 1 Hospital, 30 avenue de la voie Romaine CS 51069, 06001 Nice CEDEX 1, France
| | - Sacha Nahon-Esteve
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pasteur 2 Hospital, 30 avenue de la voie Romaine CS 51069, 06001 Nice CEDEX 1, France; (S.N.-E.); (S.B.)
| | - Eric Frouin
- Laboratory of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, 2 rue de la Milétrie, CS 90577, 86021 Poitiers CEDEX, France;
| | - Camille Boulagnon-Rombi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, avenue du Général Koenig, 51092 Reims CEDEX, France;
| | - Nicolas Josselin
- Institut d’Histo-Pathologie, 55 rue Amiral du Chaffault, CS 50424, 44104 Nantes CEDEX 4, France;
| | - Nathalie Cassoux
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institut Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 5, France;
| | - Raymond Barnhill
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris CEDEX 5, France;
- Faculty of Medicine University of Paris Descartes, 15 rue de l’École de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Boris Scheller
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CLCC CAL, 33 avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice CEDEX 2, France;
| | - Stéphanie Baillif
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pasteur 2 Hospital, 30 avenue de la voie Romaine CS 51069, 06001 Nice CEDEX 1, France; (S.N.-E.); (S.B.)
| | - Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, University Côte d’Azur, Pasteur 1 Hospital, 30 avenue de la voie Romaine CS 51069, 06001 Nice CEDEX 1, France;
- Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging of Nice (IRCAN), INSERM U1081/CNRS UMR7284, Medical School 28, Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice CEDEX 2, France
- FHU OncoAge, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, University Côte d’Azur, Pasteur Hospital, 30 avenue de la voie Romaine CS 51069, 06001 Nice CEDEX 1, France
- Hospital-Integrated Biobank (BB 0033-00025), Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Pasteur 1 Hospital, 30 avenue de la voie Romaine CS 51069, 06001 Nice CEDEX 1, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-92-03-88-55; Fax: +33-4-92-03-87-50
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