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Nguyen STT, Tran TA, Vo GV. Severe Pneumonia Caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Adenovirus in Children from 2 to 24 Months at Children's Hospital 1 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Viruses 2024; 16:410. [PMID: 38543775 PMCID: PMC10975604 DOI: 10.3390/v16030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In Vietnam, due to the lack of facilities to detect respiratory viruses from patients' specimens, there are only a few studies on the detection of viral pathogens causing pneumonia in children, especially respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenovirus (Adv). Here, we performed a cross-sectional descriptive prospective study on 138 children patients from 2 to 24 months old diagnosed with severe pneumonia hospitalized at the Respiratory Department of Children's Hospital 1 from November 2021 to August 2022. The number of patients selected in this study was based on the formula n = ([Z(1 - α/2)]2 × P [1 - P])/d2, with α = 0.05, p = 0.5, and d = 9%, and the sampling technique was convenient sampling until the sample size was met. A rapid test was used to detect RSV and Adv from the nasopharyngeal swabs and was conducted immediately after the patient's hospitalization. Laboratory tests were performed, medical history interviews were conducted, and nasotracheal aspirates were collected for multiplex real-time PCR (MPL-rPCR) to detect viral and bacterial pathogens. The results of the rapid test and the MPL-rPCR in the detection of both pathogens were the same at 31.9% (44/138) for RSV and 8.7% (7/138) for Adv, respectively. Using MPL-rPCR, the detection rate was 21% (29/138) for bacterial pathogens, 68.8% (95/138) for bacterial-viral co-infections, and 6.5% (9/138) for viral pathogens. The results showed few distinctive traits between RSV-associated and Adv-associated groups, and the Adv group children were more prone to bacterial infection than those in the RSV group. In addition, the Adv group experienced a longer duration of treatment and a higher frequency of re-hospitalizations compared to the RSV group. A total of 100% of Adv infections were co-infected with bacteria, while 81.82% of RSV co-infected with bacterial pathogens (p = 0.000009). This study might be one of the few conducted in Vietnam aimed at identifying viral pathogens causing severe pneumonia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suong Thi Thu Nguyen
- School of Medicine, Vietnam National University—Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City 710000, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University—Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Anh Tran
- School of Medicine, Vietnam National University—Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City 710000, Vietnam
- Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City 710000, Vietnam
| | - Giau Van Vo
- School of Medicine, Vietnam National University—Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City 710000, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University—Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Research Center for Genetics and Reproductive Health (CGRH), School of Medicine, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
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Alemu T, Ayele B, Sorato MM. Determinants of under-five pneumonia in randomly selected health facilities at Aleta Wondo Woreda, Sidama Region Ethiopia: Case-control study. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2024; 18:e13725. [PMID: 38098208 PMCID: PMC10775889 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Under-five mortality reduction due to pneumonia is not Signiant, particularly in developing countries. Pneumonia contributed to 27.5% to 31.3% of health facility visits by children 2 to 59 months in Aleta Wondo Woreda. Previous studies have shown inconclusive evidence on determinants of pneumonia in children. METHODS An institution-based unmatched case-control study was conducted to assess determinants of pneumonia among under-five children at Aleta Wondo Woreda, Sidama Region. RESULT One-hundred forty-five cases and 290 controls of children aged 2 to 59 months participated in the study. The mean ± (SD) age of the children was 18.81 months (2.1 ± 11.43) and 28.26 months (2.1 ± 16.007) for cases and controls, respectively. Only 56% (n = 145) of cases open house windows daily, whereas most 68.6% (n = 290) of controls house windows open daily. Ninety five (62.8%) of cases and 68.6% of controls were exclusively breastfed for 6 months. Household income ≥1500 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 0.45, 95% CI, 0.017-0.120, p < 0.000), child location outside of cooking house during cooking (AOR = 0.101, 95% CI, 0.43-0.238, p < 0.000), no formal education of the mother (AOR = 2.398, 95% CI, 1.082-5.316, p < 0.031), and presence of history of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in last 2 weeks (AOR = 2.183, 95% CI, 1.684-5.273, P < 0.049) were determinants of pneumonia. CONCLUSION Determinants of pneumonia in under-five children were multifactorial (socioeconomic, nutritional, and environmental). Addressing these factors by involving all relevant stakeholders is important to reduce pneumonia-related morbidity and mortality among under-five children in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsegaye Alemu
- School of Public HealthHawassa UniversityHawassaEthiopia
| | | | - Mende Mensa Sorato
- Department of Pharmacy, School of MedicineKomar University of Science and TechnologySulaimaniyahIraq
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Nguyen PTK, Robinson PD, Fitzgerald DA, Marais BJ. The dilemma of improving rational antibiotic use in pediatric community-acquired pneumonia. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1095166. [PMID: 36846166 PMCID: PMC9945262 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1095166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is the number one cause of disease and deaths in children under five years old, outside the neonatal period, with the greatest number of cases reported from resource-limited settings. The etiology is variable, with not much information on the local etiology drug resistance profile in many countries. Recent studies suggest an increasing contribution from respiratory viruses, also in children with severe pneumonia, with an increased relative contribution in settings that have good vaccine coverage against common bacterial pathogens. Respiratory virus circulation was greatly reduced during highly restrictive measures to contain the spread of COVID-19 but rebounded once COVID-19 restrictions were relaxed. We conducted a comprehensive literature review of the disease burden, pathogens, case management and current available prevention of community acquired childhood pneumonia, with a focus on rational antibiotic use, since the treatment of respiratory infections is the leading cause of antibiotic use in children. Consistent application of revised World Health Organisation (WHO) guidance that children presenting with coryzal symptoms or wheeze can be managed without antibiotics in the absence of fever, will help to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use, as will increased availability and use of bedside inflammatory marker tests, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) in children with respiratory symptoms and fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong T K Nguyen
- Department of General Medicine, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul D Robinson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Dominic A Fitzgerald
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital Westmead, NSW, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben J Marais
- The University of Sydney, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Wang J, Xu ZH, Lu J. Hospitalization costs for children with pneumonia in Shanghai, China from 2019 to 2020. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2081459. [PMID: 35653718 PMCID: PMC9620989 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2081459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia is the leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age worldwide. In this study, we primarily analyzed the hospitalization costs for children diagnosed with pneumonia in one of the leading public hospitals in Shanghai, China. Furthermore, factors affecting the hospitalization costs for children with pneumonia were evaluated. Data on case diagnosis, hospitalization time, age and various hospitalization expenses were collected. Total hospitalization expense for the 149 cases was $177,750, with an average total cost of $1,193 per person and an average out-of-pocket cost of $642. The highest per capita expenses included fees for laboratory diagnosis ($418), general medical service ($235), western medicine ($253), and antibacterial drugs ($158). The leading diagnosis was bronchopneumonia, with 68 (46%) cases, an average hospital stays of 7.4 days, and average hospitalization expenses of $1,068. Considering the high burden of pneumonia in children, hospitals and governments must make more reasonable use of limited resources of the medical system. At the same time, various types of medical insurance should be added into the children’s medical security system, encourage vaccination with pneumonia vaccines (13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine), and ensure that more children benefit from the vaccine by including it in the national immunization program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Immunization Program, Huangpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Hui Xu
- Department of Immunization Program, Huangpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Department of Immunization Program, Huangpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Srivastava K, Yadav R, Pelly L, Hamilton E, Kapoor G, Mishra AM, Anis P, Crockett M. Risk factors for childhood illness and death in rural Uttar Pradesh, India: perspectives from the community, community health workers and facility staff. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2027. [PMID: 34742283 PMCID: PMC8572490 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uttar Pradesh (UP), India continues to have a high burden of mortality among young children despite recent improvement. Therefore, it is vital to understand the risk factors associated with under-five (U5) deaths and episodes of severe illness in order to deliver programs targeted at decreasing mortality among U5 children in UP. However, in rural UP, almost every child has one or more commonly described risk factors, such as low socioeconomic status or undernutrition. Determining how risk factors for childhood illness and death are understood by community members, community health workers and facility staff in rural UP is important so that programs can identify the most vulnerable children. METHODS This qualitative study was completed in three districts of UP that were part of a larger child health program. Twelve semi-structured interviews and 21 focus group discussions with 182 participants were conducted with community members (mothers and heads of households with U5 children), community health workers (CHWs; Accredited Social Health Activists and Auxiliary Nurse Midwives) and facility staff (medical officers and staff nurses). All interactions were recorded, transcribed and translated into English, coded and clustered by theme for analysis. The data presented are thematic areas that emerged around perceived risk factors for childhood illness and death. RESULTS There were key differences among the three groups regarding the explanatory perspectives for identified risk factors. Some perspectives were completely divergent, such as why the location of the housing was a risk factor, whereas others were convergent, including the impact of seasonality and certain occupational factors. The classic explanatory risk factors for childhood illness and death identified in household surveys were often perceived as key risk factors by facility staff but not community members. However, overlapping views were frequently expressed by two of the groups with the CHWs bridging the perspectives of the community members and facility staff. CONCLUSION The bridging views of the CHWs can be leveraged to identify and focus their activities on the most vulnerable children in the communities they serve, link them to facilities when they become ill and drive innovations in program delivery throughout the community-facility continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Srivastava
- India Health Action Trust, 404 - 4th Floor, 20-A Ratan Square, Vidhan Sabha Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Ranjana Yadav
- India Health Action Trust, 404 - 4th Floor, 20-A Ratan Square, Vidhan Sabha Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Lorine Pelly
- University of Manitoba, Institute for Global Public Health, R070 Med Rehab Building, 771 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T6, Canada.
| | - Elisabeth Hamilton
- University of Manitoba, Institute for Global Public Health, R070 Med Rehab Building, 771 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T6, Canada
| | - Gaurav Kapoor
- India Health Action Trust, 404 - 4th Floor, 20-A Ratan Square, Vidhan Sabha Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Aman Mohan Mishra
- India Health Action Trust, 404 - 4th Floor, 20-A Ratan Square, Vidhan Sabha Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Parwez Anis
- India Health Action Trust, 404 - 4th Floor, 20-A Ratan Square, Vidhan Sabha Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
| | - Maryanne Crockett
- University of Manitoba, Institute for Global Public Health, R070 Med Rehab Building, 771 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0T6, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics and Child Health, Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Motamed S, Khalvati F. Inception-GAN for Semi-supervised Detection of Pneumonia in Chest X-rays. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:3774-3778. [PMID: 34892057 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in Deep Learning have led to the development of supervised models to detect anomalies in medical images such as pneumonia in chest X-rays. Automatic detection of such anomalies can help clinicians with faster decision making and treatment planning for patients. Nonetheless, supervised models require complete labeled training data with all possible labels (i.e., positive and negative), which are cumbersome and expensive to obtain. We propose an adversarial learning-based semi-supervised algorithm for anomaly detection, which requires training data only with a single class (positive or negative). We applied our proposed Generative Adversarial Network architecture to detect anomalies and score pneumonia in chest X-rays and achieved statistically significant improvements compared to previous state-of-the-art generative network and one-class classifiers for anomaly detection.
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Hoang VT, Dao TL, Minodier P, Nguyen DC, Hoang NT, Dang VN, Gautret P. Risk Factors for Severe Pneumonia According to WHO 2005 Criteria Definition Among Children <5 Years of Age in Thai Binh, Vietnam: A Case-Control Study. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2020; 9:274-280. [PMID: 31854169 PMCID: PMC7310799 DOI: 10.2991/jegh.k.191009.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vietnam is one of the 15 countries where the prevalence of child pneumonia is highest. It is a major cause of admission in pediatric hospitals. However, little is known on the burden of severe pneumonia and their risk factors in children <5 years of age in Vietnam. A case–control study was conducted among children aged 2–59 months presenting with pneumonia at the Pediatric Provincial Hospital of Thai Binh. Cases were children with severe pneumonia while controls included those with non-severe pneumonia as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of 2005. Eighty-three cases and 83 controls were included. Sex ratio was 2.19. Children with severe pneumonia were significantly less likely to receive antibiotics preadmission compared to children with non-severe pneumonia [odds ratio (OR) = 0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.06–0.42]. The main risk factors of severe pneumonia were a lack of immunization (OR = 4.77, 95% CI = 1.80–12.65), an exposure to cigarette smoke (OR = 3.87, 95% CI = 1.62–9.23), and having a mother with a low level of education. Children with severe pneumonia were 25 times more likely to present with associated measles with p < 0.0001 and five times more likely to present with diarrhea than children with non-severe pneumonia (p < 0.0001). Improving immunization coverage, educating parents about the risks of passive smoking and the recognition of respiratory distress signs, and facilitating early antibiotic access for infants with acute pulmonary disease should reduce the burden of such illnesses. To implement a national, multicenter study about pneumonia in children, more precise inclusion criteria should be chosen, including radiological and/or biological assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Thuan Hoang
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Loi Dao
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Viet Nam
| | - Philippe Minodier
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nord, Marseille, France.,Groupe de Pathologie Infectieuse Pédiatrique, Paris, France
| | - Duy Cuong Nguyen
- Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Viet Nam
| | - Nang Trong Hoang
- Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Viet Nam
| | - Van Nghiem Dang
- Thai Binh University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thai Binh, Viet Nam
| | - Philippe Gautret
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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8
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Kuo TJ, Hsu CL, Liao PH, Huang SJ, Hung YM, Yin CH. Nomogram for pneumonia prediction among children and young people with cerebral palsy: A population-based cohort study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235069. [PMID: 32628682 PMCID: PMC7337291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children and young people (CYP) with severe cerebral palsy (CP). Only a few studies used nomogram for assessing risk factors and the probability of pneumonia. Therefore, we aimed to identify risk factors and devise a nomogram for identifying the probability of severe pneumonia in CYP with severe CP. METHODS This retrospective nationwide population-based cohort study examined CYP with newly diagnosed severe CP before 18 years old between January 1st, 1997 and December 31st, 2013 and followed them up through December 31st, 2013. The primary endpoint was defined as the occurrence of severe pneumonia with ≥ 5 days of hospitalization. Logistic regression analysis was used for determining demographic factors and comorbidities associated with severe pneumonia. These factors were assigned integer points to create a scoring system to identify children at high risk for severe pneumonia. RESULTS Among 6,356 CYP with newly diagnosed severe CP, 2,135 (33.59%) had severe pneumonia. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that seven independent predictive factors, namely age <3 years, male sex, and comorbidities of pressure ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux, asthma, seizures, and perinatal complications. A nomogram was devised by employing these seven significant predictive factors. The prediction model presented favorable discrimination performance. CONCLUSIONS The nomogram revealed that age, male sex, history of pressure ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux, asthma, seizures, and perinatal complications were potential risk factors for severe pneumonia among CYP with severe CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu Jen Kuo
- Department of Stomatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Lin Hsu
- Center of Health Management, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsun Liao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ju Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Min Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal United Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Yuhing Junior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YMH); (CHY)
| | - Chun-Hao Yin
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YMH); (CHY)
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Bakare OO, Fadaka AO, Klein A, Keyster M, Pretorius A. Diagnostic approaches of pneumonia for commercial-scale biomedical applications: an overview. ALL LIFE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2020.1826363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Olanrewaju Bakare
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
- Department of Science and Technology/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Bio-labels Node, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Ashwil Klein
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Marshall Keyster
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Ashley Pretorius
- Bioinformatics Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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Getaneh S, Alem G, Meseret M, Miskir Y, Tewabe T, Molla G, Belay YA. Determinants of pneumonia among 2-59 months old children at Debre Markos referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a case-control study. BMC Pulm Med 2019; 19:147. [PMID: 31409333 PMCID: PMC6693257 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-019-0908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumonia is a significant public health problem globally. The early identification and management of the determinants of pneumonia demands clear evidence. But, there is a limited data on this issue in the current study area. Thus, this study aimed to identify the determinants of pneumonia among 2-59 months old children at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A Hospital based unmatched case-control study was conducted among 334 (167 Cases and 167 Controls) children at Debre Markos Referral Hospital from February 1 to March 30, 2018. Consecutive sampling technique was employed and data were collected with a pre-tested interviewer administered questionnaire. Data were entered into Epi-Data version 4.2, and analyzed using SPSS version 25 software. Bi-variable and multi-variable logistic regression analyses were fitted. Variables having p-value < 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 328(164 cases and 164 controls) 2-59 months old children were included in this study. Not opening windows daily [AOR:6.15(2.55,14.83)], household near to the street [AOR:4.23(1.56,11.44)], child care by the house workers and relatives [AOR:2.97 (1.11,7.93)], using only water for hand washing before child feeding [AOR:3.81 (1.51, 9.66)], mixed feeding practice from birth to six months [AOR: 7.62 (2.97, 19.55)], having upper respiratory tract infection in the last 2 weeks for the child [AOR: 5.33 (2.16, 13.19)] and children with history of co- residence with URTI family [AOR: 6.17 (2.36,16.15)] were found to be determinants of pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS The main contributing factors for pneumonia in this study are preventable with no or minimal cost. Therefore, we recommend appropriate and adequate health education regarding pneumonia prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Girma Alem
- Collegeof Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Maru Meseret
- Collegeof Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Yihun Miskir
- Collegeof Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.
| | - Tilahun Tewabe
- Collegeof Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Gebeyaw Molla
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Zhao W, Pan F, Wang B, Wang C, Sun Y, Zhang T, Shi Y, Zhang H. Epidemiology Characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae From Children With Pneumonia in Shanghai: A Retrospective Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:258. [PMID: 31380301 PMCID: PMC6657011 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common pathogen causing death in children under 5 years old. This retrospective surveillance aimed to analyze serotype distribution, drug resistance, virulence factors, and molecular characteristics of pneumonia isolates from children in Shanghai, China. Methods: A total of 287 clinical pneumococcal isolates were collected from January to December in 2018 and were divided into community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and healthcare-associated pneumonia (HAP) two groups according to where someone contracts the infection. All isolates were serotyped by multiplex sequential PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using E-test or disk diffusion method. The molecular epidemiology was analyzed using multilocus sequence typing and seven housekeeping genes were sequenced to identified the sequence types (STs). In addition, we investigated the presence of virulence genes via PCR. Results: The most common serotypes were 19F, 6A, 19A, 23F, 14, and 6B, and the coverage rates of the 7-, 10- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were 58.9, 58.9, and 80.5%, respectively. More PCV13/non-PCV7 serotypes and higher rate of penicillin non-susceptible S. pneumoniae were seen in HAP. Molecular epidemiological typing showed a high level of diversity and five international antibiotic-resistant clones were found, including Taiwan19F-14, Spain23F-1, Spain6B-2, Taiwan23F-15 and Sweden15A-25. No significant difference was observed in the presence of virulence genes among the isolates obtained from CAP and HAP. All of the S. pneumoniae isolates carried lytA, ply, psaA, pavA, spxB, htrA, and clpP, and the carriage rate of nanA and piaA were 96.2 and 99.0%. Conversely, cps2A, cbpA, and pspA were present in 33.8-44.3% of the isolates. Conclusions: Serotype changes and emerging multidrug-resistant international clones were found in current study. lytA, ply, psaA, pavA, spxB, htrA, and clpP may be good protein vaccine candidates. Long-term high-quality surveillance should be conducted to assess impact and effectiveness brought by vaccines, and provide a foundation for prevention strategies and vaccine policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantong Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fen Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiandong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Luong LMT, Sly PD, Thai PK, Phung D. Impact of ambient air pollution and wheeze-associated disorders in children in Southeast Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2019; 34:125-139. [PMID: 30753165 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2018-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several systematic reviews have been conducted so far to examine the effect of air pollution on respiratory diseases, but there has not been a corresponding meta-analysis to estimate the effect sizes for wheeze-associated diseases/disorders, which is one of the leading causes of emergency department visits and hospitalizations for children worldwide. The aim of this review is to systematically evaluate the relationship between air pollution and risk of wheeze-associated disorders in children in Southeast Asia. We searched the relevant computerized databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane library) for indexed publications up to July 2018. Finally, eight studies were qualified for performing a random-effect meta-analysis to compute the pooled effect sizes. The results show that each increase of 10 μg/m3 in concentrations of PM2.5, PM1 was associated with 1-2% increase in risk of wheeze-associated disorders. Positive associations were found for PM10, SO2, NO2, NOx but no association was found for CO and O3. We confirmed the strong effect of fine particulate matters on respiratory health and recommend an updated meta-analysis should be done when more studies are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ly M T Luong
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, VNU University of Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Peter D Sly
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Children's Health and Environment Program, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dung Phung
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Abstract
Pneumonia is a type of acute lower respiratory infection that is common and severe. The outcome of lower respiratory infection is determined by the degrees to which immunity is protective and inflammation is damaging. Intercellular and interorgan signaling networks coordinate these actions to fight infection and protect the tissue. Cells residing in the lung initiate and steer these responses, with additional immunity effectors recruited from the bloodstream. Responses of extrapulmonary tissues, including the liver, bone marrow, and others, are essential to resistance and resilience. Responses in the lung and extrapulmonary organs can also be counterproductive and drive acute and chronic comorbidities after respiratory infection. This review discusses cell-specific and organ-specific roles in the integrated physiological response to acute lung infection, and the mechanisms by which intercellular and interorgan signaling contribute to host defense and healthy respiratory physiology or to acute lung injury, chronic pulmonary disease, and adverse extrapulmonary sequelae. Pneumonia should no longer be perceived as simply an acute infection of the lung. Pneumonia susceptibility reflects ongoing and poorly understood chronic conditions, and pneumonia results in diverse and often persistent deleterious consequences for multiple physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Quinton
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Allan J Walkey
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph P Mizgerd
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Li B, Zheng J, Zhang X, Hong S. Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota improves efficacy of amoxicillin-sulbactam against childhood fast breathing pneumonia in a randomized placebo-controlled double blind clinical study. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 63:233-237. [PMID: 30487675 PMCID: PMC6252301 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.17-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of oral administration of probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota and amoxicillin-sulbactam in treating childhood fast breathing pneumonia. 518 children diagnosed of fast breathing pneumonia were enrolled and randomly assigned to be administered either amoxicillin-sulbactam + Lactobacillus casei Shirota or amoxicillin-sulbactam + placebo. Primary outcome was defined as treatment failure before day 3, and secondary outcome was defined as treatment failure during follow-ups on day 6 and 12. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ were also examined at the end of day 3. Treatment failure rate before day 3 was significantly reduced in amoxicillin-sulbactam + Lactobacillus casei Shirota group compared to amoxicillin-sulbactam + placebo group. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ were both significantly reduced in amoxicillin-sulbactam + placebo group on day 3. On day 6 and 12, although treatment failure rates were higher than on day 3 in both groups, it was still significantly reduced in amoxicillin-sulbactam + Lactobacillus casei Shirota group. No severe adverse effects were observed in either treatment group. In conclusion, Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota, in combination with amoxicillin-sulbactam, is more effective in treating childhood fast breathing pneumonia, which supports the potential clinical application of Lactobacillus casei Shirota as a safe supplement to amoxicillin-sulbactam therapy against childhood fast breathing pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, No.2 Jianguoxiaojingsan Road, Jinan City 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Junqing Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, No.2 Jianguoxiaojingsan Road, Jinan City 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Jinan Maternity and Child Care Hospital, No.2 Jianguoxiaojingsan Road, Jinan City 250001, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Hospital of Xiamen, No.101 Min'An Road, Xiang'An District, Xiamen City 361101, Fujian, China
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15
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X-pert MTB/RIF ® Diagnosis of Twin Infants with Tuberculosis in Da Nang, Viet Nam. J Clin Med 2017; 6:jcm6100096. [PMID: 29039758 PMCID: PMC5664011 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Phuong NT, Hoang TT, Foster K, Roberts CL, Marais BJ. Exploring pneumonia risk factors in Vietnamese infants: a survey of new mothers. BMJ Paediatr Open 2017; 1:e000155. [PMID: 29637159 PMCID: PMC5862220 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2017-000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the prevalence of pneumonia risk factors and perceived barriers to risk factor reduction among Vietnamese infants. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional survey of mothers in the postnatal wards of Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children in central Vietnam from 10 February 2017 to 24 February 2017. RESULTS Of 286 mothers surveyed, 259 (91%) initiated breast feeding and 207 (72%) intended to continue exclusive breast feeding for 6 months. No mother smoked cigarettes, but 42% of fathers did. Mothers' decision not to smoke was motivated by concerns for their own health and that of their baby. Households rarely used wood or coal for cooking (6%). Mothers indicated near universal (99%) uptake of the National Expanded Program of Immunization vaccinations. Few (64; 22%) mothers knew about the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; 56/64 (88%) indicated that they would purchase it for their infants. Family members rarely influenced mothers' decisions about breast feeding or vaccination, except in two instances where fathers were concerned about vaccine-related adverse effects. CONCLUSION Modifiable pneumonia risk factors were uncommon among newborn babies in central Vietnam, apart from paternal cigarette smoke exposure. Successful local implementation of the WHO Essential Newborn Care package as well as high levels of maternal education and decision autonomy was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tk Phuong
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Tran T Hoang
- Da Nang Hospital for Women and Children, Da Nang, Vietnam.,Da Nang University of Medical Technology and Pharmacy, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Kirsty Foster
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Medical Education, Northern Clinical School & Kolling Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christine L Roberts
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Clinical and Population Perinatal Health Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ben J Marais
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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