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Ningdong Granule Upregulates the Striatal DA Transporter and Attenuates Stereotyped Behavior of Tourette Syndrome in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:2980705. [PMID: 33005197 PMCID: PMC7509575 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2980705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the possible mechanism of Ningdong granule (NDG) for the treatment of Tourette syndrome (TS). The rats with stereotyped behavior were established by microinjection with TS patients' sera; then, the model rats were divided into NDG and haloperidol (Hal) group, and the nonmedication model rats were regarded as treatment control (TS group). The stereotyped behavior of the rats was recorded, the level of dopamine (DA) in striatum, and the content of homovanillic acid (HVA) in sera were tested, and dopamine transporter (DAT) expression was measured in the study. The experimental results showed that NDG effectively inhibited the stereotyped behavior (P < 0.01), decreased the levels of DA in the striatum (P < 0.05), increased the content of sera HVA (P < 0.01), and enhanced the protein and mRNA expression of DAT in the striatum (P < 0.01). Additionally, the results also revealed Hal could improve the stereotyped behavior as well but had no remarkable influence on DAT expression and DA metabolism. In conclusion, NDG attenuates stereotyped behavior, and its mechanism of action might be associated with the upregulation of DAT expression to regulate DA metabolism in the brain.
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Hsu CJ, Wong LC, Wang HP, Lee WT. The multimodality neuroimage findings in individuals with Tourette syndrome. Pediatr Neonatol 2020; 61:467-474. [PMID: 32284198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic tic disorder and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome are very common childhood-onset diseases. However, the pathophysiology underlying these disorders is not yet clear and most studies focus on the disinhibition of the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuit. Although dysfunction of this circuit is possible, routine clinical neuroimaging studies such as T1-weighted or T2-weighted MRI usually reveal normal results. Therefore, special neuroimaging techniques may be needed to investigate the possible microstructural or functional changes in the brain. Previous structural studies, such as those using diffusion tensor imaging, and volumetric MRI studies, revealed the main abnormalities to be located in the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuit and to be related to brain regions such as basal ganglion, thalamus, frontal cortex, and motor cortex. Some other potential regions, such as the amygdala, hippocampus or cerebellum, are also occasionally reported. Perfusion studies, such as those using positron emission tomography or functional MRI, also suggest hemodynamic changes over those brain regions related to the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuit. However, the results can be different in adult and pediatric groups, and neuroimaging findings are also inconsistent between different studies, which may reflect the high diversity of this disease or differences in enrolled patient groups with different comorbidities. Therefore, in this review article, we will focus on the neuroimaging findings relating to Tourette syndrome in different age groups using different imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jui Hsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei City Hospital, Yangming Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lee Chin Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Pei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Yunlin Branch, Yunlin, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Tso Lee
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wang Y, Li A. Regulatory effects of Ningdong granule on dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in a rat model of Tourette syndrome assessed by PET. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:191-197. [PMID: 31115527 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunctions in dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5‑HT) metabolism have been widely implicated in Tourette syndrome (TS); however, the exact nature of these dysfunctions remains unclear. The objective of the present study was to investigate the variation in DA and 5‑HT metabolism in a rat model of TS, and to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Ningdong granule (NDG), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparation used specifically for the treatment of TS. Rats were treated with 3,3'‑iminodipropionitrile for 7 days to induce the model of TS, and were then intragastrically administered NDG each day. After 8 weeks of treatment, micro‑positron emission tomography was used to measure the binding of DA D2 receptors (D2Rs), DA transporters (DATs), 5‑HT2A receptors (5‑HT2ARs) and 5‑HT transporters (SERTs) in brain regions of interest. The results indicated that NDG could significantly reduce the typical characteristics of TS in the rat model. Decreased D2R binding and increased DAT binding were detected in the striatum compared with the binding activities in untreated rats. The density of 5‑HT2AR was also significantly increased in the striatum following NDG treatment; however, SERT levels were decreased in certain brain regions, including the striatum, cortex, nucleus accumbens and amygdala. Taken together, the current results demonstrated that NDG may be effective in treating patients with TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Anyuan Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Maia TV, Conceição VA. Dopaminergic Disturbances in Tourette Syndrome: An Integrative Account. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:332-344. [PMID: 29656800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is thought to involve dopaminergic disturbances, but the nature of those disturbances remains controversial. Existing hypotheses suggest that TS involves 1) supersensitive dopamine receptors, 2) overactive dopamine transporters that cause low tonic but high phasic dopamine, 3) presynaptic dysfunction in dopamine neurons, or 4) dopaminergic hyperinnervation. We review evidence that contradicts the first two hypotheses; we also note that the last two hypotheses have traditionally been considered too narrowly, explaining only small subsets of findings. We review all studies that have used positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computerized tomography to investigate the dopaminergic system in TS. The seemingly diverse findings from those studies have typically been interpreted as pointing to distinct mechanisms, as evidenced by the various hypotheses concerning the nature of dopaminergic disturbances in TS. We show, however, that the hyperinnervation hypothesis provides a simple, parsimonious explanation for all such seemingly diverse findings. Dopaminergic hyperinnervation likely causes increased tonic and phasic dopamine. We have previously shown, using a computational model of the role of dopamine in basal ganglia, that increased tonic dopamine and increased phasic dopamine likely increase the propensities to express and learn tics, respectively. There is therefore a plausible mechanistic link between dopaminergic hyperinnervation and TS via increased tonic and phasic dopamine. To further bolster this argument, we review evidence showing that all medications that are effective for TS reduce signaling by tonic dopamine, phasic dopamine, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago V Maia
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Vasco A Conceição
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Hartmann A, Deniau E, Czernecki V, Negovanska V, d’Harcourt S, Depienne C, Klein-Koerkamp Y, Worbe Y. Tic e sindrome di Gilles de la Tourette. Neurologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(18)89402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Che F, Zhang Y, Wang G, Heng X, Liu S, Du Y. The role of GRIN2B in Tourette syndrome: Results from a transmission disequilibrium study. J Affect Disord 2015; 187:62-5. [PMID: 26321256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have indicated that dopamine interacts with glutamatergic projection neurons and that N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors might be involved in the pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome (TS). In this study, we examined whether two functional polymorphisms (rs1805476 and rs1805502) in the 3'UTR of the NMDA receptor 2B subunit gene (GRIN2B) were associated with TS in Chinese Han trios. METHODS DNA samples collected from 261 TS nuclear families were genotyped by PCR and direct sequencing technology. Haplotype relative risk (HRR), transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and Haplotype-based haplotype relative risk (HHRR) analyses were performed on the genotype data. RESULTS We found an over-transmission of the A allele in rs1805476 and the T allele in rs1805502 from parents to their affected children, using the HRR (rs1805476: HRR=0.696, χ(2)=4.161, P=0.041, 95% CI: 0.491-0.986; rs1805502: HRR=0.697, χ(2)=3.954, P=0.047, 95% CI: 0.488-0.995). There was also strong evidence for a linkage between polymorphisms and TS using the TDT (rs1805476: TDT=5.447, df=1, P=0.024; rs1805502: TDT=5.233, df=1, P=0.027). LIMITATIONS The sample is small and the current population is just limited to the Chinese Han population. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that GRIN2B might play a major role in the pathogenesis of TS in Chinese Han trios. However, these results need to be replicated using larger datasets collected from different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Che
- Departmen of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated Shandong University, No. 44 wenhua west road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University No. 27 Jiefang Road, Linyi, Shandong 276003, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Child Healthcare Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Guiju Wang
- Child Healthcare Department, Rizhao people's Hospital, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xueyuan Heng
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University No. 27 Jiefang Road, Linyi, Shandong 276003, PR China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- Prenatal diagnosis center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Yifeng Du
- Departmen of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated Shandong University, No. 44 wenhua west road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
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Huang CK, Wu J, Cheng KY, Pan LK. Optimization of imaging parameters for SPECT scans of [99mTc]TRODAT-1 using Taguchi analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0113817. [PMID: 25790100 PMCID: PMC4366084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans using [99mTc]TRODAT-1 can image dopamine transporters and provide valuable diagnostic information of PD. In this study, we optimized the scanning parameters for [99mTc]TRODAT-1/SPECT using the Taguchi analysis to improve image quality. SPECT scans were performed on forty-five healthy volunteers according to an L9 orthogonal array. Three parameters were considered, including the injection activity, uptake duration, and acquisition time per projection. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated from the striatum/occipital activity ratio as an image quality index. Ten healthy subjects and fifteen PD patients were used to verify the optimal parameters. The estimated optimal parameters were 962 MBq for [99mTc]TRODAT-1 injection, 260 min for uptake duration, and 60 s/projection for data acquisition. The uptake duration and time per projection were the two dominant factors which had an F-value of 18.638 (38%) and 25.933 (53%), respectively. Strong cross interactions existed between the injection activity/uptake duration and injection activity/time per projection. Therefore, under the consideration of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) for radiation protection, we can decrease the injection activity to 740 MBq. The image quality remains almost the same for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kai Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Jay Wu
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kai-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Kwang Pan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406, Taiwan
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Abi-Jaoude E, Segura B, Obeso I, Cho SS, Houle S, Lang AE, Rusjan P, Sandor P, Strafella AP. Similar striatal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability in adults with Tourette syndrome compared with healthy controls: A [(11) C]-(+)-PHNO and [(11) C]raclopride positron emission tomography imaging study. Hum Brain Mapp 2015; 36:2592-601. [PMID: 25788222 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological and anatomical evidence implicates striatal dopamine receptors in Tourette syndrome (TS). Nevertheless, results of positron emission tomography (PET) studies of the dopamine system in TS have been inconsistent. We investigated striatal D2/3 dopamine receptors in TS using the radioligands [(11) C]raclopride and [(11) C]-(+)-PHNO, an agonist that binds preferentially to D3 receptors, thus allowing higher sensitivity and measurement of receptors in a high affinity state. Eleven adults with TS and 11 matched healthy control (HC) participants underwent [(11) C]raclopride and [(11) C]-(+)-PHNO PET scans. General linear model was used for voxelwise contrasts of striatal binding potentials (BPND ) between TS and HC participants. Analysis of variance was performed to investigate main effect of radioligand. In addition, BPND values were extracted for ventral, motor, and associative striatum. Finally, we examined the relationship between BPND measures and symptom severity in TS participants. Main effects analyses showed that [(11) C]-(+)-PHNO BPND was higher in ventral striatum, whereas [(11) C]raclopride BPND was higher in motor and associative striatum. There were no significant group differences between TS and HC. Furthermore, TS and HC participants had similar [(11) C]-(+)-PHNO and [(11) C]raclopride BPND in the three striatal subregions. Moreover, there was no significant correlation between BPND and symptom severity. TS and HC participants had similar striatal D2/3 receptor availability measures. These results challenge the assumption that striatal dopamine receptors have a major role in the pathophysiology of TS. Consistent with previous findings, [(11) C]-(+)-PHNO localized preferentially to ventral striatal, D3 receptor-rich regions, in contrast to [(11) C]raclopride, which localized preferentially in the dorsal striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elia Abi-Jaoude
- Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barbara Segura
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Obeso
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Cognitive Sciences, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Sang Soo Cho
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit & Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pablo Rusjan
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Sandor
- Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Youthdale Treatment Centers, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Brain, Imaging and Behaviour-Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, UHN, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Unit & Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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van Velzen LS, Vriend C, de Wit SJ, van den Heuvel OA. Response inhibition and interference control in obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:419. [PMID: 24966828 PMCID: PMC4052433 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, motor response inhibition and interference control have received considerable scientific effort and attention, due to their important role in behavior and the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Results of neuroimaging studies indicate that motor response inhibition and interference control are dependent on cortical–striatal–thalamic–cortical (CSTC) circuits. Structural and functional abnormalities within the CSTC circuits have been reported for many neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette’s syndrome, and trichotillomania. These disorders also share impairments in motor response inhibition and interference control, which may underlie some of their behavioral and cognitive symptoms. Results of task-related neuroimaging studies on inhibitory functions in these disorders show that impaired task performance is related to altered recruitment of the CSTC circuits. Previous research has shown that inhibitory performance is dependent upon dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin signaling, neurotransmitters that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of these disorders. In this narrative review, we discuss the common and disorder-specific pathophysiological mechanisms of inhibition-related dysfunction in OCD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S van Velzen
- GGZ InGeest , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Chris Vriend
- GGZ InGeest , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Stella J de Wit
- GGZ InGeest , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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Buse J, Schoenefeld K, Münchau A, Roessner V. Neuromodulation in Tourette syndrome: Dopamine and beyond. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1069-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Segura B, Strafella AP. Functional Imaging of Dopaminergic Neurotransmission in Tourette Syndrome. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2013; 112:73-93. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411546-0.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Dichter GS, Damiano CA, Allen JA. Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings. J Neurodev Disord 2012; 4:19. [PMID: 22958744 PMCID: PMC3464940 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-4-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes evidence of dysregulated reward circuitry function in a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and genetic syndromes. First, the contribution of identifying a core mechanistic process across disparate disorders to disease classification is discussed, followed by a review of the neurobiology of reward circuitry. We next consider preclinical animal models and clinical evidence of reward-pathway dysfunction in a range of disorders, including psychiatric disorders (i.e., substance-use disorders, affective disorders, eating disorders, and obsessive compulsive disorders), neurodevelopmental disorders (i.e., schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, Tourette's syndrome, conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder), and genetic syndromes (i.e., Fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Williams syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Rett syndrome). We also provide brief overviews of effective psychopharmacologic agents that have an effect on the dopamine system in these disorders. This review concludes with methodological considerations for future research designed to more clearly probe reward-circuitry dysfunction, with the ultimate goal of improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Dichter
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, CB# 7255, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 275997255, USA
| | - Cara A Damiano
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John A Allen
- Neuroscience Research Unit Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Hartmann A, van Meerbeeck P, Deniau E, Béhar C, Czernecki V, Depienne C, Worbe Y. Tic e sindrome di Gilles de la Tourette. Neurologia 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(11)70624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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14
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Evaluation of Tourette’s syndrome by 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT/CT imaging. Ann Nucl Med 2010; 24:515-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-010-0389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Rickards H. Functional neuroimaging in Tourette syndrome. J Psychosom Res 2009; 67:575-84. [PMID: 19913661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging of neuropsychiatric disorders is a complex discipline requiring skills in medical science, philosophy, and technical physics. This review first examines the broad categories of functional imaging studies that have been utilized in this area, comparing the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. This review then looks at much of the available literature on functional imaging in Tourette syndrome (TS) and provides a synthesis of data. The review will also examine the different methodologies employed and will suggest which methodologies are most likely to lead to elucidation of the pathophysiology of TS and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Rickards
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Birmingham University and BSMHFT, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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16
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Nikolaus S, Antke C, Müller HW. In vivo imaging of synaptic function in the central nervous system: II. Mental and affective disorders. Behav Brain Res 2009; 204:32-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Garcia-Lopez R, Perea-Milla E, Garcia CR, Rivas-Ruiz F, Romero-Gonzalez J, Moreno JL, Faus V, Aguas GDC, Diaz JCR. New therapeutic approach to Tourette Syndrome in children based on a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind phase IV study of the effectiveness and safety of magnesium and vitamin B6. Trials 2009; 10:16. [PMID: 19284553 PMCID: PMC2660319 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-10-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurological condition presenting chronic motor and phonic tics, and important degree of comorbidity. Considered an uncommon illness, it first becomes apparent during childhood. Current standard treatment only achieves partial control of the condition, and provokes frequent, and sometimes severe, side effects. Methods and design Main aim: To show that, with respect to placebo treatment, the combination of 0.5 mEq/Kg magnesium and 2 mg/Kg vitamin B6 reduces motor and phonic tics and incapacity in cases of exacerbated TS among children aged 7–14 years, as measured on the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS). Secondary aims: Assess the safety of the treatment. Describe metabolic changes revealed by PET. Measure the impact of the experimental treatment on family life. Methodology Randomized, blinded clinical trials. Phase IV study (new proposal for treatment with magnesium and vitamin B6). Scope: children in the geographic area of the study group. Recruitment of subjects: to include patients diagnosed with TS, in accordance with DSM-IV criteria (307.23), during a period of exacerbation, and provided none of the exclusion criteria are met. Instrumentation: clinical data and the YGTSS score will be obtained at the outset of a period of exacerbation (t0). The examinations will be made after 15 (t1), 30 (t2), 60 (t3) and 90 days (t4). PET will be performed at the t0 and t4. We evaluated decrease in the overall score (t0, t1, t2, t3, t4), PET variations, and impact made by the treatment on the patient's life (Psychological General Well-Being Index). Discussion Few clinical trials have been carried out on children with TS, but they are necessary, as current treatment possibilities are insufficient and often provoke side effects. The difficulty of dealing with an uncommon illness makes designing such a study all the more complicated. The present study seeks to overcome possible methodological problems by implementing a prior, phase II study, in order to calculate the relevant statistical parameters and to determine the safety of the proposed treatment. Providing a collateral treatment with magnesium and vitamin B6 could improve control of the illness and help reduce side effects. This protocol was approved by the Andalusian Government Committee for Clinical Trials (Spain). This study was funded by the Health Department of the Andalusian Regional Government and by the Healthcare Research Fund of the Carlos III Healthcare Institute (Spanish Ministry of Health). Trial Registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN41082378
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Garcia-Lopez
- Department of Anaesthesia and Reanimation, Hospital Costa del Sol, Ctra Nacional 340, km 187, 29603 Marbella, Spain.
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