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Navarro J, Osiurak F, Ha S, Communay G, Ferrier-Barbut E, Coatrine A, Gaujoux V, Hernout E, Cegarra J, Volante W, Hancock PA. Development of the Smart Tools Proneness Questionnaire (STP-Q): an instrument to assess the individual propensity to use smart tools. ERGONOMICS 2022; 65:1639-1658. [PMID: 35243968 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2022.2048895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Humans have developed a prolonged and special relationship with their tools, which themselves exhibit the propensity to become ever more intelligent across the years. A 'smart tool' is defined as to representing any entity, machine, or device that can complete an informational, mechanical, or electronic work. This work explains the development of the Smart Tool Proneness Questionnaire (STP-Q), which is designed to measure an individual's propensity to use smart tools. Data collection was designed to (1) identify the psychological dimensions underlying smart tool use (2) establish the questionnaire's reliability (3) validity, (4) propose a normalisation, and (5) provide an English translation of the French original. The work therefore implements a reliable and valid questionnaire, sensitive to inter-individual differences regarding the propensity to use smart tools. Statistical analysis reveals that the individual self-reported propensity for smart tool use rests on three factors (1) utilitarian use, (2) hedonic and social use, and (3) proneness to delegate. From a theoretical perspective, this individual propensity to use smart tools might be considered key to our species development. In practical terms, measuring an individual's propensity to use smart tools can be of considerable benefit to the design of future smart tools in both professional and non-professional settings. Practitioner summary: The STP-Q, a self-reported measure of an individual's propensity to use smart tools, was developed. STP-Q offers practitioners a measure of individual propensity to use smart tools along three dimensions: utilitarian use, hedonic and social use, and proneness to task delegate. Individual results can easily be interpreted from normalizations that STP-Q provides. Abbreviations: CFI: comparative fit index; GFI: goodness of fit index; IFI: incremental fit index; ISO: International Standardization Organization; IRB: institutional review board of the university of central Florida; IT: information technology; MATB: multi-attribute task battery; NMP-Q: no more phone phobia; RMSEA: root mean square error of approximation; STP-Q: smart tools proneness questionnaire; TAM: technology acceptance model; TRI: technology readiness index; UTAUT: unified theory of acceptance and use of technology; WAIS IV: Wechsler adult intelligence scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Navarro
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), University Lyon 2, Bron, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - F Osiurak
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), University Lyon 2, Bron, France
| | - S Ha
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), University Lyon 2, Bron, France
| | - G Communay
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), University Lyon 2, Bron, France
| | - E Ferrier-Barbut
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), University Lyon 2, Bron, France
| | - A Coatrine
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), University Lyon 2, Bron, France
| | - V Gaujoux
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), University Lyon 2, Bron, France
| | - E Hernout
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), University Lyon 2, Bron, France
| | - J Cegarra
- Laboratoire Sciences de la Cognition, Technologie, Ergonomie (SCoTE EA 7420), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - W Volante
- Minds in Technology, Machines in Thought (MIT2) Laboratory, Department of Psychology, and Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - P A Hancock
- Minds in Technology, Machines in Thought (MIT2) Laboratory, Department of Psychology, and Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Bar-Hen-Schweiger M, Henik A. The transition of object to mental manipulation: beyond a species-specific view of intelligence. Anim Cogn 2020; 23:691-701. [PMID: 32236754 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to classify and evaluate the nature of intelligence in humans and other species (referred to as the 'g' factor in the former and the G factor in the latter). The search for this essential structure of mental life has generated various models and definitions, yet open questions remain. Specifically, referring to intelligence by overemphasizing the anthropocentric terminology and its ethnocentric overlay is insufficient to account for individual differences and limits its generalizability in biological and cultural contexts. The present work is an attempt to adopt a different perspective on the 'g/G' factor and its measurement. We suggest that intelligence, or g/G, is reflected in a biological capacity that evolved from object manipulation in animals, into mental manipulation in humans, in response to various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Bar-Hen-Schweiger
- Department of Psychology, and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Avishai Henik
- Department of Psychology, and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Osiurak F, Navarro J, Reynaud E. How Our Cognition Shapes and Is Shaped by Technology: A Common Framework for Understanding Human Tool-Use Interactions in the Past, Present, and Future. Front Psychol 2018; 9:293. [PMID: 29563891 PMCID: PMC5845892 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the evolution, humans have constantly developed and improved their technologies. This evolution began with the use of physical tools, those tools that increase our sensorimotor abilities (e.g., first stone tools, modern knives, hammers, pencils). Although we still use some of these tools, we also employ in daily life more sophisticated tools for which we do not systematically understand the underlying physical principles (e.g., computers, cars). Current research is also turned toward the development of brain-computer interfaces directly linking our brain activity to machines (i.e., symbiotic tools). The ultimate goal of research on this topic is to identify the key cognitive processes involved in these different modes of interaction. As a primary step to fulfill this goal, we offer a first attempt at a common framework, based on the idea that humans shape technologies, which also shape us in return. The framework proposed is organized into three levels, describing how we interact when using physical (Past), sophisticated (Present), and symbiotic (Future) technologies. Here we emphasize the role played by technical reasoning and practical reasoning, two key cognitive processes that could nevertheless be progressively suppressed by the proficient use of sophisticated and symbiotic tools. We hope that this framework will provide a common ground for researchers interested in the cognitive basis of human tool-use interactions, from paleoanthropology to neuroergonomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Osiurak
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Institut de Psychologie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Jordan Navarro
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Institut de Psychologie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Emanuelle Reynaud
- Laboratoire d’Etude des Mécanismes Cognitifs (EA 3082), Institut de Psychologie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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