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Zhang S, Zhou C, Dong Z, Feng K, Peng K, Wang Z, Jiang Y, Jin L, Zhang P, Wu Y. The diet-intestinal microbiota dynamics and adaptation in an elevational migration bird, the Himalayan bluetail ( Tarsiger rufilatus). Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11617. [PMID: 38952660 PMCID: PMC11214064 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Migratory birds experience changes in their environment and diet during seasonal migrations, thus requiring interactions between diet and gut microbes. Understanding the co-evolution of the host and gut microbiota is critical for elucidating the rapid adaptations of avian gut microbiota. However, dynamics of gut microbial adaptations concerning elevational migratory behavior, which is prevalent but understudied in montane birds remain poorly understood. We focused on the Himalayan bluetail (Tarsiger rufilatus) in the montane forests of Mt. Gongga to understand the diet-gut microbial adaptations of elevational migratory birds. Our findings indicate that elevational migratory movements can rapidly alter gut microbial composition and function within a month. There was a significant interaction between an animal-based diet and gut microbiota across migration stages, underscoring the importance of diet in shaping microbial communities. Furthermore, the gut microbial composition of T. rufilatus may be potentially altered by high-altitude acclimatization. An increase in fatty acid and amino acid metabolism was observed in response to low temperatures and limited resources, resulting in enhanced energy extraction and nutrient utilization. Moreover, microbial communities in distinct gut segments varied in relative abundance and responses to environmental changes. While the bird jejunum exhibited greater susceptibility to food and environmental fluctuations, there was no significant difference in metabolic capacity among gut segments. This study provides initial evidence of rapid diet-gut microbial changes in distinct gut segments of elevational migratory birds and highlights the importance of seasonal sample collection. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of the unique high-altitude adaptation patterns of the gut microbiota for montane elevational migratory birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangmingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐resources and Eco‐environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐resources and Eco‐environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhehan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐resources and Eco‐environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kaize Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐resources and Eco‐environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Kexin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐resources and Eco‐environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhengyang Wang
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyHarvard UniversityCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Administration of Gongga Mountain National Nature ReserveKangdingGanzi Tibetan Autonomous PrefectureChina
| | - Linyu Jin
- Chengdu Tianfu International Airport Branch of Sichuan Airport Group Limited CompanyChengduChina
| | - Ping Zhang
- Chengdu Tianfu International Airport Branch of Sichuan Airport Group Limited CompanyChengduChina
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio‐resources and Eco‐environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life SciencesSichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Zhu X, Gao K, Qi Y, Yang G, Liu H. Enzymolytic soybean meal improves growth performance, economic efficiency and organ development associated with cecal fermentation and microbiota in broilers offered low crude protein diets. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1293314. [PMID: 38046570 PMCID: PMC10693456 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1293314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of low crude protein (CP) diets containing increasing amounts of enzymolytic soybean meal (ESBM) on growth performance, economic benefit and organ development and the role of cecal fermentation and microbiota in broilers. A total of 360 one-day-old Arbor Acres chicks were randomly allocated into 6 groups with 6 replicates and 10 chicks each. The six dietary treatments consisted of a standard high-CP diet (PC), a low-CP diet (NC), and an NC diet with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5%, or 2.0% ESBM. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Compared to PC, NC showed decreased (p < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) in broilers from 22 to 42 days and from 1 to 42 days, while increasing levels of ESBM quadratically increased (p < 0.05) ADG from 1 to 42 days. Feed cost and total revenue in the NC were lower (p < 0.05) than that in the PC, while supplementation with ESBM in the NC linearly increased (p < 0.05) net profit and economic efficiency in broilers. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the liver, proventriculus and gizzard indices between the PC and NC groups, and supplementation with ESBM linearly increased (p < 0.05) the relative weights of liver, pancreas, proventriculus and gizzard in broilers at 42 days of age. The PC group had a higher cecal acetic acid concentration at 21 days and propionic acid concentration at both 21 and 42 days than the NC group (p < 0.05). Cecal acetic acid and propionic acid concentrations linearly increased (p < 0.05) with increasing levels of ESBM in broilers at 42 days of age. No significant differences in ACE, Chao1, Shannon and Simpson indices were observed among groups (p > 0.05), while the cecal abundances of Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium and Clostridium IV increased (p < 0.05) with the increasing level of ESBM in the low-CP diets. In conclusion, feeding ESBM improved economic efficiency, digestive organ development, cecal fermentation and microbial community composition, and up to 2.0% ESBM addition had no negative effect on the growth performance in broilers fed low CP diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Haiying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Sudah SY, Menendez ME. Classifications in Brief: The Instability Severity Index Score for Predicting Recurrent Shoulder Instability After Arthroscopic Bankart Repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2023; 481:382-386. [PMID: 36006660 PMCID: PMC9831186 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000002386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman Y. Sudah
- Department of Orthopedics, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, NJ, USA
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McCafferty KW, Choct M, Musigwa S, Morgan NK, Cowieson AJ, Moss AF. Protease supplementation reduced the heat increment of feed and improved energy and nitrogen partitioning in broilers fed maize-based diets with supplemental phytase and xylanase. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 10:19-25. [PMID: 35601255 PMCID: PMC9114623 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to explore the effects of digestible amino acid (dAA) concentrations and supplemental protease on live performance and energy partitioning in broilers. Ross 308 male broilers (n = 288) were distributed into 24 floor pens and offered 1 of 4 dietary treatments with 6 replicates from 1 to 35 d of age. Dietary treatments consisted of a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with dAA concentrations (standard and reduced [34 g/kg below standard]) and supplemental protease (without or with) as the main factors. At 1, 15, 28, and 35 d of age, feed and broilers were weighed to determine live performance. From 20 to 23 d of age, a total of 32 birds (2 birds/chamber, 4 replicates) were placed in closed-calorimeter chambers to determine respiratory exchange (heat production, HP), apparent metabolisable energy (AME), retained energy (RE), and net energy (NE). From 29 to 35 d of age, supplemental protease in the reduced-dAA diet decreased broiler feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 5.6 points, whereas protease supplementation in the standard-dAA diet increased FCR by 5.8 points. The indirect calorimetry assay revealed that supplemental protease decreased (P < 0.05) the heat increment of feed (HIF) by 0.22 MJ/kg. Also, from 20 to 23 d of age, broilers offered the reduced-dAA diet with supplemental protease had a higher daily body weight gain (BWG) (+10.4%), N intake (+7.1%), and N retention (+8.2%) than those offered the standard-dAA with supplemental protease. Broilers offered the reduced-dAA without supplemental protease exhibited a 3.6% higher AME-to-crude protein (CP) ratio than those offered other treatments. Protease supplementation in the standard- and reduced-dAA diets resulted in 2.7% and 5.6% lower AME intake-to-N retention ratios, respectively, compared with the unsupplemented controls. Reduced-dAA increased (P < 0.05) AME intake (+4.8%), RE (+9.8%), NE intake (+5.8%), NE intake-to-CP ratio (+3.0%), and RE fat-to-RE ratio (+8.6%). Protease supplementation increased (P < 0.05) respiratory quotient (+1.2%) and N retention-to-N intake ratio (+2.2%), NE-to-AME ratio (+1.9%), and reduced HP (−3.6%), heat increment (−7.4%), and NE intake-to-N retention (−2.5%). In conclusion, protease positively affected FCR and energy partitioning in broilers; responses were most apparent in diets with reduced-dAA concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klint W McCafferty
- USDA-ARS Poultry Research Unit, School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, Mississippi State, 39762, United States
| | - Mingan Choct
- University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Amy F Moss
- University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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Wu H, Wang S, Tian Y, Zhou N, Wu C, Li R, Xu W, Xu T, Gu L, Ji F, Xu L, Lu L. Effects of Hydroxylated Lecithin on Growth Performance, Serum Enzyme Activity, Hormone Levels Related to Lipid Metabolism and Meat Quality in Jiangnan White Goslings. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:829338. [PMID: 35296058 PMCID: PMC8920548 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.829338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of hydroxylated lecithin on growth performance, serum enzyme activity, hormone levels related to lipid metabolism and meat quality in Jiangnan White goslings. Six hundred 1-day-old goslings were randomly divided into five treatments with six replicates and 20 for each replicate. The control group (CG) was fed the basal diet, while the experimental group was fed the basal diet with 50, 100, 200 mg/kg hydroxylated lecithin and 100 mg/kg soy lecithin (HLG50, HLG100, HLG200, and LG100, respectively) in the form of powder. Feed and water were provided ad libitum for 32 days. Compared with the CG, (a) the average daily feed intake was higher (P < 0.05) in HLG100, the final body weight and average daily gain were higher (P < 0.05), and the feed conversion ratio was lower in the HLG200; (b) the alanine aminotransferase, malate dehydrogenase, leptin, glucagon, thyroid hormone, Triiodothyronine contents in the HLG200 were lower (P < 0.05); (c) The breast muscle water holding capacity was higher (P < 0.05) in groups with hydroxylated lecithin, the breast muscle shear force and fiber diameter were lower (P < 0.05) in the HLG100; (d) the inositic acid, intramuscular fat, phospholipid contents were higher (P < 0.05), the triglyceride content was lower (P < 0.05) in HLG100 of the breast muscle; (e) the relative expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 genes were higher (P < 0.05) in the treated groups of muscles, the phosphorylase kinase gamma subunit 1 gene expression was shown an opposite trend. In comparison with LG100, (a) the feed conversion ratio was lower (P < 0.05) in HLG200; (b) the alanine aminotransferase and adiponectin contents were higher (P < 0.05), the malondialdehyde and free fatty acid contents were lower (P < 0.05) in HLG200; (c) the water holding capacity and intramuscular fat contents in the breast and leg muscles were higher (P < 0.05) in HLG200. The hydroxylated lecithin concentration of 200 mg/kg improved the growth performance, serum enzyme activity, hormone levels related to lipid metabolism, and the meat quality of Jiangnan White goslings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Sibo Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunqin Wu
- Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ruiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tieshan Xu
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Lihong Gu
- Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Science, Haikou, China
| | - Fengjie Ji
- Tropical Crop Genetic Resource Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Li Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Li Xu
| | - Lizhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lizhi Lu
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Fortes BDA, de Carvalho Mello HH, Café MB, Arnhold E, Stringhini JH. Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids of protein sources associated with exogenous enzymes for broilers. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:1030-1038. [PMID: 34991202 PMCID: PMC9271388 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of enzyme complex (EC) on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in corn gluten meal (60%) (CGM), soy protein concentrate (SPC), dried bovine plasma (DBP) and poultry offal meal (POM). Experiments I and II were conducted with broilers in the pre-starter (1 to 7 days of age) and starter (1 to 21 days of age) phases, respectively. Methods The treatments consisted of a protein-free diet (PFD) containing feedstuffs either supplemented with EC (xylanase, amylase, and protease) or not. In Experiment I, a total of 360 one-day-old male Cobb-500® broiler chicks were randomly housed in 45 pens, resulting in five replicates with eight birds each, totalizing eight treatments and one PFD group. In Experiment II a total of 270 one-day-old male Cobb-500® broiler chicks were randomly housed in 45 pens, resulting in five replicates with six birds each, totalizing eight treatments and one PFD group. The PFD groups were used to assess the endogenous AA losses. The birds were slaughtered to collect the ileal content. Results In the pre-starter phase, the SID of arginine, branched chain-aminoacids, glycine, serine, aspartate, and glutamic acid increased with EC addition. The EC improved the SID of arginine and glutamic acid of CGM; the SID of valine and cystine of SPC; the SID of leucine, glycine, and aspartate of POM and the SID of isoleucine of DBP. In the starter phase, the SID of isoleucine, phenylalanine and glycine increased in EC-supplemented diets. The EC improved the SID of isoleucine of DBP; the SID of phenylalanine of CGM and POM. The SID of AA of SPC was not influenced by the EC. Conclusion The addition of an enzyme complex to broiler pre-starter and starter diets is efficient in increasing the SID of AA on SPC, POM and DBP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Arnhold
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
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Martínez Y, Paredes J, Avellaneda MC, Botello A, Valdivié M. Diets with Ganoderma lucidum Mushroom Powder and Zinc-Bacitracin on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, Lymphoid Organ Weights and Intestinal Characteristics in Broilers. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2021-1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A Botello
- Universidad Técnica “Luis Vargas Torres” de Esmeraldas, Ecuador
| | - M Valdivié
- Centro Nacional para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio, Cuba
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Li X, White S, Campbell YL, Ruiz AA, To KV, Zhai W, Schilling MW. Cecal microbiota contribute to the development of woody breast myopathy. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101124. [PMID: 33951593 PMCID: PMC8113783 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the bacterial diversity of cecal microbiota in broilers related to breast phenotype, diet, and genetic strain. Broilers from 2 genetic strains (120 birds/strain) were fed a control diet (15 birds/pen) and an amino acid reduced diet (15 birds/pen, digestible lysine, total sulfur amino acids, and threonine reduced by 20% compared to the control diet). At 8 wk of age, 4 male broilers with normal breast (NB, 1 chick per pen) and 4 male broilers with woody breast (WB, 1 chick per pen) were selected for each treatment (strain × diet). The DNA of cecal samples was extracted and the 16S rRNA genes were sequenced and analyzed. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in the alpha diversity of gut microbiota between 2 phenotypes (NB vs. WB), 2 strains, or 2 diets (control vs. reduced). However, principal coordinate analysis plots (beta diversity) revealed that there were composition differences in samples between the 2 phenotypes (P = 0.001) and the 2 diets (P = 0.024). The most abundant phyla in all samples were Firmicutes, followed by Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. There were differences (false discovery rate, FDR < 0.05) in bacterial relative abundance between phenotypes and between diet treatments, but not (FDR > 0.05) between the 2 genetic strains. Selenomonas bovis (12.6%) and Bacteroides plebeius (12.3%) were the top 2 predominant bacteria in the ceca of WB birds; however, the relative abundances of these 2 bacteria were only 5.1% and 1.2% in NB birds, respectively. Function analysis predicted that the metabolic activities differed (q < 0.05) only between phenotypes. The microbiota of WB birds was characterized as reduced glycolysis and urea cycle but increased tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycles, sugar degradation, and purine and pyrimidine nucleotides biosynthesis. Further studies are needed to investigate if WB incidence could be reduced by regulating gut microbiota and the potential mechanism that leads to decreased WB incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Shecoya White
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Yan L Campbell
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Angelica Abdallah Ruiz
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Kezia V To
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Wei Zhai
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - M Wes Schilling
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Wang A, Lin J, Zhong Q. Spray-coating as a novel strategy to supplement broiler feed pellets with probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius NRRL B-30514. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Effects of broiler genetic strain and dietary amino acid reduction on meat yield and quality (part II). Poult Sci 2021; 100:101033. [PMID: 33684650 PMCID: PMC7938232 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic selection and advances in nutrition have improved broiler growth performance. However, meat quality issues have gained preference over increased growth rate. These meat quality issues may be reduced by lowering dietary amino acid (AA) content. In the present study, 5 common commercial broiler strains were fed either a control or an AA-reduced diet. The control diet was formulated to contain the highest digestible AA (lysine, total sulfur AA, and threonine) levels recommended for the 5 strains. The AA-reduced diet was formulated to contain 20% lower levels of these 3 digestible AA than in the control diet. This resulted in a 5 (strains) × 2 (AA levels) factorial arrangement. A total of 1,280 straight run broilers were randomly allocated to 8 replicate blocks. The AA reduction decreased absolute breast weights of 3 strains on day 42 and 2 strains on day 56, and decreased absolute weights of tender, wing, drumstick, and thigh on both day 42 and 56 for all 5 strains. However, the absolute fat pad weight and relative fat pad and thigh weights to BW were increased in the AA reduction treatments on both day 42 and 56. The AA reduction contributed to the lower breast meat pH on both day 42 and 56, which may have been directly related to decreased severe woody breast myopathy (WBM) incidence on day 42 and moderate WBM incidence on day 56. The severity of WBM was positively related to breast weight in all 10 treatments on both day 42 and 56, with the exception of birds in strain 3 on day 56 that were fed the AA-reduced diet. At the same time, AA reduction was more cost-effective when WBM incidence was considered in a theoretical model. In conclusion, WBM severity was associated with higher breast weight in birds of most strains fed either a control or AA-reduced diet. Dietary AA reduction decreased processing yields but decreased WBM incidence, which may be more economical.
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Kubiś M, Kołodziejski P, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Sassek M, Konieczka P, Górka P, Flaga J, Katarzyńska-Banasik D, Hejdysz M, Wiśniewska Z, Kaczmarek SA. Emulsifier and Xylanase Can Modulate the Gut Microbiota Activity of Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122197. [PMID: 33255285 PMCID: PMC7760159 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Modern broiler nutrition, due to widely accepted goals of sustainable production, is concerned with the improvement of nutrient utilization. To achieve this, in our study, we used feed additives that improve the value of feed components. Due to the significant amounts of non-starch polysaccharides (which are not digested under broiler intestinal tract conditions and negatively affect broilers performance) in popular feed components like wheat, enzymes are needed. Furthermore, the use of emulsifiers to improve fat digestion is necessary, as young birds do not secrete sufficient enzyme and bile salts. Previous studies have shown that an additional increase in carbohydrate digestibility can be obtained by using an emulsifier containing xylanase in the feed. Presumably, the increase in carbohydrate digestibility occurred after adding the emulsifier. In our study, we aimed to investigate the effect of xylanase, emulsifier, and a combination of both in wheat diets with high level of tallow on the gastrointestinal tract microbiota activity of 480 one-day-old male ROSS 308 broiler chickens. The simultaneous usage of both additives in wheat-based diets with beef tallow reduces the ileum microbiota activity and enhances cecum microbiota activity. Presumably, the addition of both additives results in a cumulative effect on the gut microbiota activity. Abstract In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of xylanase (XYL), emulsifier (EMU), and a combination of both (XYL + EMU) in wheat diet with a high level of tallow on gastrointestinal tract microbiota activity, excretion of sialic acids, and selected gut segments morphology of 480 one-day-old male ROSS 308 broiler chickens. The activities of bacterial enzymes in the ileal digesta were lower in experimental groups compared to the control (CON) group. Enzyme activity in the cecum was significantly higher than in the ileum. The additives did not affect the excretion of sialic acid. The number of duodenum goblet cells on the villi decreased in all of the experimental groups (p < 0.05). The simultaneous use of XYL + EMU deepened the ileum crypts (p < 0.05). The total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration in the cecal digesta was higher in experimental groups. The abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Escherichia coli did not change among experimental groups. The relative abundance of Clostridium was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in groups with emulsifier addition. In conclusion, the simultaneous usage of EMU and XYL in wheat-based diets with beef tallow reduces the ileum microbiota activity and enhances cecum microbiota activity. Presumably, the addition of both additives results in a cumulative effect on the gut microbiota activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kubiś
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (Z.W.)
| | - Paweł Kołodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostrructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (P.K.); (E.P.-O.); (M.S.)
| | - Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostrructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (P.K.); (E.P.-O.); (M.S.)
| | - Maciej Sassek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostrructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (P.K.); (E.P.-O.); (M.S.)
| | - Paweł Konieczka
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jablonna, Poland;
| | - Paweł Górka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (P.G.); (J.F.)
| | - Jadwiga Flaga
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (P.G.); (J.F.)
| | - Dorota Katarzyńska-Banasik
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Marcin Hejdysz
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (Z.W.)
- Department of Animal Breeding and Animal Product Quality Assessment, University of Life Sciences, Słoneczna 1, 62-002 Złotniki, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Wiśniewska
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (Z.W.)
| | - Sebastian A. Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (M.K.); (M.H.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhang X, Zhai W, Li S, Suman SP, Chen J, Zhu H, Antonelo DS, Schilling MW. Early Postmortem Proteome Changes in Normal and Woody Broiler Breast Muscles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11000-11010. [PMID: 32786856 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Early postmortem changes in the whole muscle proteome from normal broiler (NB) and woody broiler (WB) breasts at 0 min, 15 min, 4 h, and 24 h after slaughter were analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Elongation factor 2, EH domain-containing protein 2, phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1), and T-complex protein 1 subunit gamma were differentially abundant in both NB and WB muscles during the early postmortem storage. Twenty additional proteins were differentially abundant among four postmortem time points in either NB or WB muscles. In the postmortem WB, changes in protein degradation were observed, including the degradation of desmin fragments, ovotransferrin chain A, and troponin I chain I. Additionally, a few glycolytic proteins in the WB might have undergone post-translational modification, including enolase, phosphoglucomutase-1, PGAM1, and pyruvate kinase. These changes in protein biomarkers highlight the impact of WB myopathy on postmortem proteome changes and increase our understanding of the relationship between WB conditions, postmortem biochemistry, and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Wei Zhai
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Shuting Li
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Surendranath P Suman
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Haining Zhu
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Daniel S Antonelo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, Sao Paulo 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Mark Wesley Schilling
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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