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Monteiro Belo Santos S, Corion M, De Ketelaere B, Lammertyn J, Spasic D. Allantoic Fluid-Based qPCR for Early Onset In Ovo Sexing. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38613504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The day-old male chick culling remains a welfare issue in the poultry industry. Several governments have prohibited this practice, pushing hatcheries to seek alternatives. Although different solutions exist for solving this problem, sex determination during the embryo's incubation (in ovo sexing) is considered the most suitable one among the consumers and industry. However, to be industrialized, in ovo sexing technologies must meet several requirements: compatibility with all egg colors and early developmental stages while maintaining a high hatchability rate and accuracy at low cost and high throughput. To meet these requirements, we studied the use of the sexual genes HINTW (female-specific) and DMRT-1 (both sexes) at incubation days 6-9. By utilizing the quantitative polymerase chain reaction in allantoic fluid (AF) samples, our study confirmed female-specific HINTW detection on all days without any significant detrimental effects on embryo development. We achieved 95% sexing accuracy using the HINTW cycle threshold (Ct) alone and 100% accuracy rate when using Δλ values (difference between the HINTW and DMRT-1 Ct). In conclusion, the developed assay can provide information about AF as a sample for in ovo sexing and open new industrial possibilities for faster and cheaper assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Corion
- Department of Biosystems─Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Ketelaere
- Department of Biosystems─Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- Department of Biosystems─Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dragana Spasic
- Department of Biosystems─Biosensors Group, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Ahmed MW, Hossainy SJ, Khaliduzzaman A, Emmert JL, Kamruzzaman M. Non-destructive optical sensing technologies for advancing the egg industry toward Industry 4.0: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:4378-4403. [PMID: 37602873 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The egg is considered one of the best sources of dietary protein, and has an important role in human growth and development. With the increase in the world's population, per capita egg consumption is also increasing. Ground-breaking technological developments have led to numerous inventions like the Internet of Things (IoT), various optical sensors, robotics, artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and cloud computing, transforming the conventional industry into a smart and sustainable egg industry, also known as Egg Industry 4.0 (EI 4.0). The EI 4.0 concept has the potential to improve automation, enhance biosecurity, promote the safeguarding of animal welfare, increase intelligent grading and quality inspection, and increase efficiency. For a sustainable Industry 4.0 transformation, it is important to analyze available technologies, the latest research, existing limitations, and prospects. This review examines the existing non-destructive optical sensing technologies for the egg industry. It provides information and insights on the different components of EI 4.0, including emerging EI 4.0 technologies for egg production, quality inspection, and grading. Furthermore, drawbacks of current EI 4.0 technologies, potential workarounds, and future trends were critically analyzed. This review can help policymakers, industrialists, and academicians to better understand the integration of non-destructive technologies and automation. This integration has the potential to increase productivity, improve quality control, and optimize resource management toward sustainable development of the egg industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Wadud Ahmed
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sahir Junaid Hossainy
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Alin Khaliduzzaman
- Graduate School of Information Science, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jason Lee Emmert
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Mohammed Kamruzzaman
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Weiss L, Saller AM, Werner J, Süß SC, Reiser J, Kollmansperger S, Anders M, Potschka H, Fenzl T, Schusser B, Baumgartner C. Nociception in Chicken Embryos, Part I: Analysis of Cardiovascular Responses to a Mechanical Noxious Stimulus. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2710. [PMID: 37684974 PMCID: PMC10486618 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is assumed that chicken embryos acquire the capacity for nociception while developing in the egg, an exact time point has not yet been specified. The present research was an exploratory study aiming to determine when the capacity of nociception emerges during embryonic development in chickens. Changes in blood pressure and heart rate (HR) in response to a noxious mechanical stimulus at the base of the beak versus a light touch on the beak were examined in chicken embryos between embryonic days (EDs) 7 and 18. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was the most sensitive parameter for assessing cardiovascular responses. Significant changes in MAP in response to a noxious stimulus were detected in embryos at ED16 to ED18, whereas significant changes in HR were observed at ED17 and ED18. Infiltration anesthesia with the local anesthetic lidocaine significantly reduced the response of MAP on ED18, so the measured cardiovascular changes may be interpreted as nociceptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Weiss
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Anna M. Saller
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Julia Werner
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Stephanie C. Süß
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Judith Reiser
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
| | - Sandra Kollmansperger
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.K.); (M.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Malte Anders
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.K.); (M.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Thomas Fenzl
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (S.K.); (M.A.); (T.F.)
| | - Benjamin Schusser
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Christine Baumgartner
- Center for Preclinical Research, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (L.W.); (A.M.S.); (J.W.); (S.C.S.); (J.R.)
- Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Mankad A, Hobman EV, Carter L, Tizard M. Ethical Eggs: Can Synthetic Biology Disrupt the Global Egg Production Industry? FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.915454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial egg production relies on the industry-accepted practice of culling day-old male chicks, which are a live by-product of the egg production industry. Researchers are exploring the use of a transgenic marker gene to allow early identification of male embryos in ovo at the point of lay, rather than upon hatching. Here we examine social acceptability of this biotechnology-enabled solution to sex selection, which addresses the key ethical issue of culling and improved sustainability of food systems. A national online survey (N = 1148) measured psychological factors influencing public support for the development of the technology and willingness to purchase eggs derived from the novel process. Most participants expressed at least a moderate intention to support the development of gene marking technology, with 1 in 5 people expressing strong support. Participants expressed moderate to high agreement that gene marking of chickens would: (a) help reduce or eliminate the practice of culling male chicks in the egg-laying industry (response efficacy), and; (b) that this new synbio approach to sex selection may be better than current methods of identifying and removing male chicks during egg production (relative advantage). Of those participants who consumed eggs, almost 60% reported they would be moderately to strongly willing to purchase eggs derived from the gene marking process. A partially-mediated path model comprising both intention to support and willingness to buy eggs (R2 = 0.78) showed that key factors involved in decision-making, in addition to response efficacy and relative advantage, were evaluative attitudes toward the technology (e.g., was the technology bad/good, risky/safe, unethical/ethical) and emotional reactions. These results suggest that consumers may be primarily basing their decisions and behavioral choices on how valuable they perceive the novel gene marking solution, reflecting on how it compares favorably to current culling practices, yielding a range of benefits such as higher animal welfare, improved sustainability, and reduced waste.
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de Haas EN, Oliemans E, van Gerwen MAAM. The Need for an Alternative to Culling Day-Old Male Layer Chicks: A Survey on Awareness, Alternatives, and the Willingness to Pay for Alternatives in a Selected Population of Dutch Citizens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:662197. [PMID: 34222395 PMCID: PMC8248538 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.662197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A concerning by-product of producing laying hen chicks are the hatched male layer chicks. As a consequence of their inability to lay eggs, these male chicks are culled as day-old chicks in the hatchery. To find an alternative for this ethical dilemma (generally), three alternatives are under study, namely, in ovo sex determination, using dual-purpose breeds, and the rearing of layer cockerels. In order to assess the awareness of this practice and preference for one of the alternatives, we conducted an online survey of the Dutch public. Most of the 259 respondents completing the survey were highly educated woman (HEW, n = 143) versus others (REST, n = 86). The questionnaire was divided into six topics: (1) general knowledge of the poultry industry, (2) awareness of culling male layer chicks (CMC), and (3) its acceptability, (4) alternatives to CMC, (5) willingness to pay (WTP) for eggs without CMC, and (6) WTP for cockerel meat. Awareness about CMC was 52%, and its acceptability was rejected by 78% (HEW) and 67% (REST). The level of acceptability increased when more salient facts were given, and almost all respondents agreed that an alternative was needed (90% HEW, 84% REST). For both groups of respondents, more than 50% preferred in ovo sex determination over keeping the current practice or using dual-purpose breeds or male layers. Furthermore, the majority of respondents were willing to pay more than double the price for eggs without CMC being involved. Roughly 40% would not buy processed cockerel meat burgers, most likely due to their vegan or vegetarian diet. Of the remaining respondents, half were willing to pay the current price or 1 euro more for processed cockerel meat burgers. The most important factors when buying poultry meat or eggs without CMC were food safety, animal friendliness (welfare), and the environment; price was the least important factor. Despite the skewed respondents' background, the results of our survey show that consumers are willing to pay more for poultry products that do not require culling day-old male chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elske N de Haas
- Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Animal Welfare, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Melle, Belgium
| | - Eva Oliemans
- Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maite A A M van Gerwen
- Animals in Science and Society, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Centre for Sustainable Animal Stewardship (CenSAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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