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Valente Junior DT, Genova JL, Kim SW, Saraiva A, Rocha GC. Carbohydrases and Phytase in Poultry and Pig Nutrition: A Review beyond the Nutrients and Energy Matrix. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:226. [PMID: 38254395 PMCID: PMC10812482 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to clarify the mechanisms through which exogenous enzymes (carbohydrases and phytase) influence intestinal health, as well as their effects on the nutrients and energy matrix in diets fed to poultry and pigs reared under sanitary challenging conditions. Enzyme supplementation can positively affect intestinal microbiota, immune system, and enhance antioxidant status. Although enzymes have been shown to save energy and nutrients, their responses under sanitary challenging conditions are poorly documented. Immune system activation alters nutrient partitioning, which can affect the matrix values for exogenous enzymes on commercial farms. Notably, the carbohydrases and phytase supplementation under sanitary challenging conditions align with energy and nutritional valorization matrices. Studies conducted under commercial conditions have shown that matrices containing carbohydrases and phytase can maintain growth performance and health in poultry and pigs. However, these studies have predominantly focused on assessing a single level of reduction in energy and/or available phosphorus and total calcium, limiting our ability to quantify potential energy and nutrient savings in the diet. Future research should delve deeper into determining the extent of energy and nutrient savings and understanding the effects of alone or blended enzymes supplementation to achieve more specific insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Teixeira Valente Junior
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Jansller Luiz Genova
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
| | - Alysson Saraiva
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Gabriel Cipriano Rocha
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-900, MG, Brazil; (D.T.V.J.); (J.L.G.); (A.S.)
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Tang D, Du B, Wang X, Nian F, Shi Z. Supplementation of amylase or amylase + xylanase improves performance and metabolism of broilers fed with diets containing newly harvested maize. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:4316-4336. [PMID: 36691753 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2149544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
How supplementation with amylase or amylase + xylanase in newly harvested maize-based diets affects broiler nutrient metabolism and performance is unclear. Thus, this study evaluated whether the supplementation of amylase (CN) or amylase + xylanase (CAX) improves performance and metabolism of broilers fed with newly harvested maize-based diets during a 6-week production. The results showed that the body weight gain of broilers fed with CA or CAX diet was higher than that with the control (CN) diet at 1-21 d of age; however, an opposite trend was observed for feed/gain (p < 0.05). Furthermore, 150, 64 and 35 different metabolites were found between CA/CN, CAX/CN and CAX/CA, respectively. Overall, amylase supplementation improved broiler growth performance at 1-21 d of age, and the positive effects of amylase on nutrient utilization were mostly related to nicotinate, retinol and glutathione metabolism improvement. Moreover, CAX diet increased apparent metabolizable energy and growth performance of broilers at 22-42 d of age, and the difference might be related to sphingolipid, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism regulation. The findings prove amylase + xylanase supplementation is an effective method to improve the nutritional value of newly harvested maize for broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defu Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Baolong Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fang Nian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoguo Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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Perz K, Kaczmarek SA, Nowaczewski S, Cowieson AJ, Hejdysz M. The Effect of Exogenous Amylase Supplementation on the Nutritional Value of Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) for Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13050816. [PMID: 36899673 PMCID: PMC10000111 DOI: 10.3390/ani13050816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether the exogenous addition of amylase enhances the nutritional value of pea seeds for broiler chickens. In total, 84 1-day-old male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were used for the experimental study. During the first phase of the experiment (1-16 d), all birds in each treatment were fed with a corn-soybean meal reference diet. After this time, the first treatment (control) was still fed the reference diet. In the second and third treatment, 50% of the reference diet was replaced with 50% pea seeds. In addition, the third treatment was supplemented with exogenous amylase. Animal excreta were collected on 21 d and 22 d of the experiment. The birds were sacrificed at the end of the experiment (23 d), and samples of ileum content were collected. The experimental results showed that the exogenous addition of amylase significantly improved (p < 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of the crude protein (CP), starch, and dry matter (DM) of pea. In addition, an improvement in the AID of essential amino acids in pea seeds (except Phe) was observed. The trend in the AMEN values was also noted (p = 0.076). It can be concluded that supplementation with exogenous amylase improves the nutritional value of pea seeds in broiler chicken nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Perz
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Słoneczna 1, 62-002 Suchy Las, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (M.H.)
| | | | - Sebastian Nowaczewski
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Słoneczna 1, 62-002 Suchy Las, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Hejdysz
- Department of Animal Breeding and Product Quality Assessment, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Słoneczna 1, 62-002 Suchy Las, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (M.H.)
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Bassi LS, Hejdysz M, Pruszyńska-Oszmalek E, Wolc A, Cowieson AJ, Sorbara JOB, Svihus B, Kaczmarek SA. The effect of amylase supplementation on individual variation, growth performance, and starch digestibility in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102563. [PMID: 36871332 PMCID: PMC9995474 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the variance of starch digestibility in broilers individually fed diets without or with supplemental exogenous amylase. A total of 120 d-of-hatch male chicks were individually reared from 5 to 42 d in metallic cages and fed maize-based basal diets or diets containing 80 kilo-novo-α-amylase units/kg (60 birds or replicates per treatment). Beginning on d 7, feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were recorded; partial excreta collection was conducted every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday until 42 d, when all birds were sacrificed for individual collection of duodenal and ileal digesta. Lower feed intake (4,675 vs. 4,815 g) and feed conversion ratio (1.470 vs. 1.508) were observed in amylase-fed broilers during the overall period (7-43 d; P < 0.01), whereas body weight gain was not affected. Amylase supplementation improved total tract starch (TTS) digestibility (P < 0.05) on each day of excreta collection (except for d 28, where no difference was found), averaging 0.982 vs. 0.973 compared to basal-fed broilers from d 7 to 42. Both apparent ileal starch (AIS) digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy (AMEN) were increased (P <0.05) from 0.968 to 0.976 and from 3,119 to 3,198 kcal/kg, respectively, with enzyme supplementation. Activity of amylase in the duodenum was higher (18.6 vs. 50.1 IU/g of digesta) in supplemented birds. Amylase supplementation led to a reduced coefficient of variation for both TTS (averaged 2.41 vs. 0.92% from 7 to 42 d) and AIS digestibilities (1.96 vs. 1.03%), as well as AMEN (0.49 vs. 0.35%), when compared to the nonsupplemented group, indicating lower individual heterogenity. An age effect was detected for TTS digestibility, as both groups saw an increase during the first weeks (slightly more pronounced in the supplemented group); older birds (d 30 onwards) presented a lower TTS digestibility compared to ages between 7 and 25 d. In conclusion, amylase supplementation in maize diets for broilers can attenuate individual bird variation for starch and energy utilization by increasing amylase activity and enhancing starch digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas S Bassi
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland; Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås 1430, Norway
| | - Marcin Hejdysz
- Department of Animal Breeding and Animal Product Quality Assessment, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| | - Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmalek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland
| | - Anna Wolc
- Department of Animal Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA
| | | | | | - Birger Svihus
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås 1430, Norway
| | - Sebastian A Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań 60-637, Poland.
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Stefanello C, Vieira SL, Rios HV, Soster P, Simoes CT, Godoy G, Fascina V. Research Note: Corn energy and nutrient utilization by broilers as affected by geographic areas and carbohydrases. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102366. [PMID: 36565629 PMCID: PMC9800293 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments (Exp.) were conducted to evaluate the effects of exogenous carbohydrases on nutrient and energy utilization of corn with different compositions by broilers. In Exp. 1, a total of 448 Cobb 500 male chicks were distributed in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (corn from regions geographically located in the North or South of Brazil × 4 carbohydrases supplementation), with 8 replicate cages of 7 birds each. In Exp. 2, 672 Cobb 500 male chicks were fed 12 experimental feeds, in a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement [3 corn endosperm compositions (waxy, semi-dent, or semi-flint) × 4 carbohydrases], with 8 replicate cages of 7 birds. Birds were fed semi-purified test diets with 95.9% corn from d 14 to 24 in both studies. In Exp. 1, α-amylase, β-xylanase, or carbohydrase complex (cellulase, glucanase, and xylanase) were added to the diet. In Exp. 2, α-amylase, β-xylanase, or α-amylase + β-xylanase were supplemented. Digestibility of DM, N, ether extract (EE), Ca, and P as well as AME, AMEn, and IDE were determined. In Exp. 2, jejunal starch digestibility was determined on d 24. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test (P ≤ 0.05). Corn from the North origin had higher AME, AMEn, and digestibility of DM and N compared to the South (P ≤ 0.05). Amylase supplementation led to increases of 3% in AME and 2% in N digestibility when compared to the non-supplemented feeds (P ≤ 0.01). In Exp. 2, the highest ME values and EE digestibility were observed in the semi-flint corn compared to the waxy, whereas the semi-dent presented the highest digestibility of N and starch. Corn diets supplemented with amylase + xylanase had improvements of 2.5% AMEn and 3% starch digestibility. In conclusion, energy and nutrient utilization of corn by broilers depend on the region where it was grown. Corn genetics, expressed by the endosperm composition, and carbohydrase supplementation influenced energy and nutrient utilization by broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Stefanello
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil,Corresponding author:
| | - Sergio Luiz Vieira
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Heitor Vieira Rios
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Soster
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Tonial Simoes
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Godoy
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Fascina
- DSM Nutritional Products S.A., São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Chen P, Li S, Zhou Z, Wang X, Shi D, Li Z, Li X, Xiao Y. Liver fat metabolism of broilers regulated by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL via stimulating IGF-1 secretion and regulating the IGF signaling pathway. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958112. [PMID: 35966703 PMCID: PMC9363834 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens TL (B.A-TL) is well-known for its capability of promoting protein synthesis and lipid metabolism, in particular, the abdominal fat deposition in broilers. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In our study, the regulations of lipid metabolism of broilers by B.A-TL were explored both in vivo and in vitro. The metabolites of B.A-TL were used to simulate in vitro the effect of B.A-TL on liver metabolism based on the chicken hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (i.e., LMH cells). The effects of B.A-TL on lipid metabolism by regulating insulin/IGF signaling pathways were investigated by applying the signal pathway inhibitors in vitro. The results showed that the B.A-TL metabolites enhanced hepatic lipid synthesis and stimulated the secretion of IGF-1. The liver transcriptome analysis revealed the significantly upregulated expressions of four genes (SI, AMY2A, PCK1, and FASN) in the B.A-TL treatment group, mainly involved in carbohydrate digestion and absorption as well as biomacromolecule metabolism, with a particularly prominent effect on fatty acid synthase (FASN). Results of cellular assays showed that B.A-TL metabolites were involved in the insulin/IGF signaling pathway, regulating the expressions of lipid metabolism genes (e.g., FASN, ACCα, LPIN, and ACOX) and the FASN protein, ultimately regulating the lipid metabolism via the IGF/PI3K/FASN pathway in broilers.
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Zhou H, Wu Y, Sun X, Yin D, Wang Y, Mahmood T, Yuan J. Effects of exogenous α-(1,4)-amylase on the utilisation of corn starch and glucose metabolism in broiler chickens. Animal 2021; 15:100396. [PMID: 34773866 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is the most important energy source in corn-based diets for broiler chickens, however, some proportion of dietary starch may be partially digested, leading to a decrease in feed utilisation. Therefore, supplementing exogenous amylase might be a feasible way to improve the utilisation of dietary starch for poultry. This study investigated the effects of exogenous α-(1,4)-amylase supplementation on the utilisation of corn starch and glucose metabolism in broiler chickens. A total of 560, 4-d-old Arbour Acres plus male broiler chicks were randomly divided into five treatment groups and fed a corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with 0, 400, 600, 800 and 1 200 U/kg α-(1,4)-amylase to evaluate growth. The growth performance, nutrient digestibility coefficients, digestive enzyme activity, glucose transporter transcription and cecal microbiota composition were evaluated in this study. Starch digestibility coefficient showed a quadratic response to α-(1,4)-amylase at 14 d and 42 d (P < 0.05). However, the endogenous α-amylase activity in jejunal content was linearly decreased (P = 0.045). Also, exogenous α-(1,4)-amylase linearly decreased ileal Na+-dependent glucose and galactose transporter 1 mRNA expression at 42 d (P < 0.001). Exogenous α-(1,4)-amylase generated higher insulin and glucagon serum concentrations in fasted birds (P < 0.05) and following re-feeding for 2 h (P < 0.001). BW gain and feed intake were strongly positively correlated with starch digestibility coefficient at both 14 d (r = 0.87) and 42 d (r = 0.91); whereas, the relative weight of the gizzard was weakly negatively correlated with starch digestibility coefficient (r = -0.35). The relative abundance of Unclassified_Bacillaceae was moderately positively correlated (r > 0.50) while Oscillospira, Ornithobacterium and Unclassified_Barnesiellaceae were moderately negatively correlated (-0.50 < r -0.39) with starch digestibility coefficient. In conclusion, exogenous α-amylase modulates metabolic function by increasing insulin and glucagon concentrations, influenced gut microbiota which may impact starch digestibility in the jejunum and ileum. The results of this study showed that excessive addition of exogenous α-(1,4)-amylase was not beneficial for the utilisation of starch in broiler chickens. Supplement more than 600 U/kg α-(1,4)-amylase inhibited glucose transporters, decreases the coefficients of starch and organic matter digestibility in the small intestine to a varying degree, thereby limiting the growth performance of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - X Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - D Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - T Mahmood
- Adisseo Animal Nutrition Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - J Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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