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Acharya A, Devkota B, Basnet HB, Barsila SR. Effect of different synbiotic administration methods on growth, carcass characteristics, ileum histomorphometry, and blood biochemistry of Cobb-500 broilers. Vet World 2024; 17:1238-1250. [PMID: 39077438 PMCID: PMC11283621 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1238-1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim To combat enteric infections and antibiotic resistance in the poultry industry, researchers seek alternatives such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics as growth promoters. Synbiotics support probiotic growth through the supply of essential nutrients. The study's objectives were to assess the most effective delivery methods for synbiotics and evaluate their growth, histomorphometric, and hematological impacts on Cobb-500 broilers. Materials and Methods Two studies, independently conducted, employed a completely randomized design. One hundred and eighty viable eggs in the first trial were assigned to three groups: Control (T1), sterile water (T2), and synbiotic in sterile water (T3). On the 21st day of hatching, hatchability, day-old body weights, and ileum samples for histomorphometric analysis were recorded. In the second trial, out of 500 viable eggs, 200 eggs were fed in ovo with synbiotics (PoultryStar® sol, Biomin Singapore Pte Ltd, Singapore) on 17.5 days and 300 were set aside without in ovo injection. The treatments were control (T1), in water synbiotic (T2), in ovo synbiotic (T3), combination of in ovo synbiotic and synbiotic in feed (T4), and synbiotic in feed only (T5). On 21 and 42 days, blood, ileum, and visceral organ samples were collected for laboratory analysis. Data on weight gain, daily feed intake, and water consumption were recorded for 42 days. Results The initial experiment's results revealed a decrease in hatchability, slight weight increase, and significant intestinal morphological changes with the use of an in ovo synbiotic. Applying synbiotic through various methods in the second trial yielded better growth results, lower blood cholesterol, and significantly longer (p < 0.05) villi on 21 days. Conclusion Using the in ovo method to administer synbiotics lowered hatchability. Use of synbiotics with any method or in combination enhances growth, ileum structure, dressing yield, feed efficiency, and cholesterol levels in blood. Synbiotics enhance gut health and overall performance in broilers when used through diverse approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Acharya
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Fodder Production, Agriculture and Forestry University, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Rampur, Chitwan, 00977 Nepal
| | - Bhuminand Devkota
- Department of Theriogenology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Rampur Chitwan, 00977 Nepal
| | - Hom Bahadur Basnet
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Rampur Chitwan, 00977 Nepal
| | - Shanker Raj Barsila
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Fodder Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
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Hatipoglu D, Senturk G, Aydin SS, Kirar N, Top S, Demircioglu İ. Rye-grass-derived probiotics alleviate heat stress effects on broiler growth, health, and gut microbiota. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103771. [PMID: 38134538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to assess the impact of liquid (S-LAB) and lyophilized (L-LAB) probiotics sourced from Rye-Grass Lactic Acid Bacteria on broilers experiencing heat stress. The study involved 240 broiler chicks divided into six groups. These groups included a negative control (Control) with broilers raised at a normal temperature (24 °C) on a basal diet, and positive control groups (S-LAB and L-LAB) with broilers under normal temperature receiving a lactic acid bacteria supplement (0.5 mL/L) from rye-grass in their drinking water. The heat stress group (HS) comprised broilers exposed to cyclic heat stress (5-7 h per day at 34-36 °C) on a basal diet, while the heat stress and probiotic groups (S-LAB/HS and L-LAB/HS) consisted of broilers under heat stress supplemented with the rye-grass-derived lactic acid bacteria. Results indicated that heat stress without supplementation (HS) led to reduced body weight gain, T3 levels, citrulline, and growth hormone levels, along with an increased feed conversion ratio, serum corticosterone, HSP70, ALT, AST, and leptin levels. Heat stress also negatively impacted cecal microbiota, decreasing lactic acid bacteria (LABC) while increasing E. coli and coliform bacteria (CBC) counts. Probiotic supplements (S-LAB/HS and L-LAB/HS) mitigated these effects by enhancing broilers' resilience to heat stress. In conclusion, rye grass-derived S-LAB and L-LAB probiotics can effectively support broiler chickens under heat stress, promoting growth, liver function, hormonal balance, gut health, and cecal microbiome ecology. These benefits are likely mediated through improved gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durmus Hatipoglu
- Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, 42130, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Goktug Senturk
- Aksaray University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Sadik Serkan Aydin
- Harran University, Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 63200, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Kirar
- Harran University, Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 63200, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Sermin Top
- Harran University, Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 63200, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - İsmail Demircioglu
- Harran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, 63200, Sanliurfa, Turkey
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Li X, Bian J, Xing T, Zhao L, Li J, Zhang L, Gao F. Effects of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation on growth performance, hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, and immunity of broilers challenged with chronic heat stress. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103114. [PMID: 37826903 PMCID: PMC10571022 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress can cause systemic immune dysregulation and threaten the health of broilers. Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) has been shown to be effective against heat stress, but whether it is beneficial for immunity is unclear. Therefore, the effects of dietary GAA supplementation on the immunity of chronic heat-stressed broilers were evaluated. A total of 192 Arbor Acres male broilers (28-day old) were randomly allocated to 4 treatments: the normal control group (NC, 22°C, ad libitum feeding), the heat stress group (HS, 32°C, ad libitum feeding), the pair-fed group (PF, kept at 22°C and received food equivalent to that consumed by the HS group on the previous day), and the GAA group (HG, 32°C, ad libitum feeding; basal diet supplemented with 0.6 g/kg GAA). Samples were collected on d 7 and 14 after treatment. Results showed that broilers exposed to heat stress exhibited a decrease (P < 0.05) in ADG, ADFI, thymus and bursa of Fabricius indexes, and an increase (P < 0.05) in feed conversion ratio and panting frequency, compared to the NC group. Levels of corticotropin-releasing factor, corticosterone (CORT), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), IL-6, and TNF-α were elevated (P < 0.05) while lysozyme and IgG concentration was decreased (P < 0.05) in the HS group compared with the NC group after 7 d of heat exposure. The concentrations of IgG and IL-2 were decreased (P < 0.05) and CORT was increased (P < 0.05) in the HS group compared with the NC group after 14 d of heat exposure. Noticeably, GAA supplementation decreased the levels of CORT (P < 0.05) and increased the IL-2, IgG, and IgM concentrations (P < 0.05) compared with the HS group. In conclusion, chronic heat stress increased CORT release, damaged immune organs, and impaired the immunity of broilers. Dietary supplementation of 0.6 g/kg GAA can reduce the CORT level and improve the immune function of broilers under heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiawei Bian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Tong Xing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Liang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiaolong Li
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin Food Production and Safety Guarantee of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Wu F, Yang X, Wang F, Liu Y, Han S, Liu S, Zhang Z, Chen B. Dietary curcumin supplementation alleviates diquat-induced oxidative stress in the liver of broilers. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103132. [PMID: 37826902 PMCID: PMC10571021 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This study purposed to investigate the alleviating effect of dietary curcumin supplementation on oxidative stress in the liver of broilers induced by diquat. One-day-old Cobb broilers (400) were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups, with 8 replicates and 10 broilers per replicate. The control group and the diquat group were fed the basal diet, while the curcumin supplementation groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with different amounts of curcumin (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg). On d 21 of the test, 1 broiler was randomly selected from each replicate and intraperitoneally injected with 20 mg/mL of diquat solution at a dose of 1 mL/kg BW or equivalent physiological saline (for the control group). After 48 h of feeding, the selected broilers were slaughtered for analysis. The results show that diquat treatment reduced the antioxidant capacity of the liver, caused oxidative stress, and affected its lipid metabolism. However, diet supplementation using curcumin completely or partially reversed the effect of diquat on the liver of broilers. The blood alanine aminotransferase activity, total bilirubin and total protein levels, and liver Caspase-3 mRNA abundance in broilers were lower or significantly lower in the curcumin supplementation group than in the diquat group (P < 0.05). The curcumin supplementation groups had significantly higher total antioxidant capacity activity but significantly lower malondialdehyde in the liver of broilers than the diquat group (P < 0.05). The blood triglyceride level of broilers was lower or significantly lower in the curcumin supplementation groups than in the diquat group (P < 0.05). The activities of cetyl coenzyme A carboxylase in the liver were significantly lower in the 150 mg/kg curcumin supplementation groups than in the DQ group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary curcumin supplementation could ameliorate the effects of diquat-induced oxidative stress on the antioxidant capacity, tissue morphology, and lipid metabolism of the liver of broilers, thus protecting the liver. The recommended dosage for broiler diets is 100 to 150 mg/kg curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Fengxia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shuaijuan Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shudong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Baojiang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China.
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Liu Y, Zhang X, Yao Y, Huang X, Li C, Deng P, Jiang G, Dai Q. The effect of epigallocatechin gallate on laying performance, egg quality, immune status, antioxidant capacity, and hepatic metabolome of laying ducks reared in high temperature condition. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-11. [PMID: 37921498 PMCID: PMC11003483 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2280041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a main component in green tea extract, which possesses multiple bioactivities. The present research studied the effects of EGCG on the laying performance, egg quality, immune status, antioxidant capacity, and hepatic metabolome of Linwu laying ducks reared under high temperature. A total of 180 42-w-old healthy Linwu laying ducks were allocated into control or EGCG-treated groups. Each treatment had 6 replicates with 15 ducks in each replicate. Diets for the two groups were basal diets supplemented with 0 or 300 mg/kg EGCG, respectively. All ducks were raised in the high temperature condition (35 ± 2 °C for 6 h from 10:00 to 16:00, and 28 ± 2 °C for the other 18 h from 16:00 to 10:00 the next day) for 21 days. Results showed that EGCG increased the egg production rate (p = 0.014) and enhanced the immunocompetence by improving serum levels of immunoglobulin A (p = 0.008) and immunoglobulin G (p = 0.006). EGCG also fortified the antioxidant capacity by activating superoxide dismutase (p = 0.012), catalase (p = 0.009), and glutathione peroxidase (p = 0.021), and increasing the level of heat-shock protein 70 (p = 0.003) in laying ducks' liver. At the same time, hepatic metabolomics result suggested that EGCG increased the concentration of several key metabolites, such as spermidine (p = 0.031), tetramethylenediamine (p = 0.009), hyoscyamine (p = 0.026), β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (p = 0.038), and pantothenic acid (p = 0.010), which were involved in the metabolic pathways of glutathione metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, β-alanine metabolism, and tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis. In conclusion, 300 mg/kg dietary EGCG showed protection effects on the laying ducks reared in high temperature by improving the immune and antioxidant capacities, which contributed to the increase of laying performance of ducks. The potential mechanism could be that EGCG modulate the synthesis of key metabolites and associated metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Yaling Yao
- Huaihua Animal Husbandry and Aquatic Transaction Center, Huaihua, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Chuang Li
- Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Guitao Jiang
- Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuzhong Dai
- Hunan Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China
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Oluwagbenga EM, Fraley GS. Heat stress and poultry production: a comprehensive review. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103141. [PMID: 37852055 PMCID: PMC10591017 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of global warming on poultry production has gained significant attention over the years. However, our current knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms through which heat stress (HS) resulting from global warming affects the welfare, behavior, immune response, production performance, and even transgenerational effects in poultry are still incomplete. Further research is needed to delve deeper into these mechanisms to gain a comprehensive understanding. Numerous studies have investigated various biomarkers of stress in poultry, aiming to identify reliable markers that can accurately assess the physiological status and well-being of birds. However, there is a significant amount of variation and inconsistency in the results reported across different studies. This inconsistency highlights the need for more standardized methods and assays and a clearer understanding of the factors that influence these biomarkers in poultry. This review article specifically focuses on 3 main aspects: 1) the neuroendocrine and behavioral responses of poultry to HS, 2) the biomarkers of HS and 3) the impact of HS on poultry production that have been studied in poultry. By examining the neuroendocrine and behavioral changes exhibited by poultry under HS, we aim to gain insights into the physiological impact of elevated temperatures in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G S Fraley
- Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA.
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Tabashsum Z, Scriba A, Biswas D. Alternative approaches to therapeutics and subtherapeutics for sustainable poultry production. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102750. [PMID: 37207572 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The world population is growing rapidly and thus its demand for food is growing as well. To meet the demand of the ever-increasing number of consumers, the poultry industry and both of its main sectors-conventional and organic/cage-free farming-are expanding in parallel. Due to increasing demand of poultry products and higher mortality rate of chicks (an average 0.3% increase of mortality over last 5 yr), both conventional and organic poultry farming systems struggle with various issues; animal welfare, environmental sustainability, and antibiotic resistance of the prevailing zoonotic/enteric pathogens are common issues for conventional farming whereas slow growth rate, higher costs, inefficient land use, different diseases of the chicken, and cross-contamination with bacterial pathogens into the final products are the major issues for organic poultry farming. On top of these issues, the use of subtherapeutic antibiotics was recently banned in conventional farming systems and by definition the organic farming system cannot use the antibiotics/synthetic chemicals even for therapeutic use. In conventional farming system, use of therapeutic antibiotics may result in residuals antibiotics in the final products. As a result, sustainable alternatives are in demand to mitigate the prevailing issues for both conventional and organic farming. Potential alternatives may include bacteriophages, vaccination, probiotics, plant-derived prebiotics, and synbiotics. These alternatives have beneficial attributes and shortcomings of their use in both conventional and organic poultry production system. In this review, we'll discuss the scope of these potential alternatives as therapeutics and subtherapeutics in sustainable poultry production and ways to improve their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zajeba Tabashsum
- Biological Sciences Program-Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Aaron Scriba
- Biological Sciences Program-Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Biological Sciences Program-Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Sun S, Li B, Wu M, Deng Y, Li J, Xiong Y, He S. Effect of dietary supplemental vitamin C and betaine on the growth performance, humoral immunity, immune organ index, and antioxidant status of broilers under heat stress. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:96. [PMID: 36823253 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) has become one of the important factors affecting the development of animal husbandry. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate whether vitamin C (Vc) and betaine (Bet) improve immune organ index and humoral immunity by enhancing the antioxidant status of immune organs, thus protecting broilers from HS-induced injuries. A total of 200 28-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n = 4 replicates/group, 10 broilers/replicate) which were reared at different ambient temperatures (24 ± 1°C or 33 ± 1°C). The control group fed basal diet, while high-temperature groups were either fed a basal diet (HS group) or a basal diet supplemented with 250-mg Vc/kg diet (HSVc group), 1000-mg Bet/kg diet (HSBet group), and 250-mg Vc plus 1000 mg Bet/kg diet (HSVcBet group), respectively. On day 42, growth performance, humoral immune function, immune organ index, and antioxidant capacity were measured. HS reduced the productive performance of broilers, antibody potency against the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC), indices of thymus and bursa, and antioxidant capacity of immune organs. Adding Vc alone or in combination with Bet improved performance, NDV and SRBC antibody potency, thymus and bursa indices, and antioxidant capacity of immune organs in heat-stressed broilers, with the most effective being combination. In summary, HS reduces the antioxidant capacity and immune organ development status of broiler immune organs. Vc and/or Bet can improve the development of immune organs and restore part of the production performance by regulating the antioxidant status of immune organs, among which the combined addition of Vc and Bet has the best effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiang Sun
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Bing Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Mingming Wu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Yafei Deng
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Yongjie Xiong
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, Anhui, China
| | - Shaojun He
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, Anhui, China.
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Balakrishnan KN, Ramiah SK, Zulkifli I. Heat Shock Protein Response to Stress in Poultry: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020317. [PMID: 36670857 PMCID: PMC9854570 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to other animal species, production has dramatically increased in the poultry sector. However, in intensive production systems, poultry are subjected to stress conditions that may compromise their well-being. Much like other living organisms, poultry respond to various stressors by synthesising a group of evolutionarily conserved polypeptides named heat shock proteins (HSPs) to maintain homeostasis. These proteins, as chaperones, play a pivotal role in protecting animals against stress by re-establishing normal protein conformation and, thus, cellular homeostasis. In the last few decades, many advances have been made in ascertaining the HSP response to thermal and non-thermal stressors in poultry. The present review focuses on what is currently known about the HSP response to thermal and non-thermal stressors in poultry and discusses the factors that modulate its induction and regulatory mechanisms. The development of practical strategies to alleviate the detrimental effects of environmental stresses on poultry will benefit from detailed studies that describe the mechanisms of stress resilience and enhance our understanding of the nature of heat shock signalling proteins and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Production and Biodiversity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Suriya Kumari Ramiah
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Production and Biodiversity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Idrus Zulkifli
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Production and Biodiversity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-9769-4882
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Yilmaz E, Gul M. Effects of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) essential oil and chronic heat stress on growth performance, carcass characteristics, serum biochemistry, antioxidant enzyme activity, and intestinal microbiology in broiler chickens. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:861-875. [PMID: 36580224 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted on 600 one-day-old male broiler chicks, using a 2 × 6 factorial design (ambient temperature, A x feed additive, F), for a period of 42 days. The chicks assigned to different groups were exposed to thermoneutral (TN, 24 ± 1 °C) and constant heat stress (HT, 36 ± 1 °C) conditions, and were only fed on a basal diet, and a basal diet supplemented with either 100 mg/kg chloramphenicol, 50 IU/kg α-tocopherol, or 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of cumin essential oil (CEO). The results showed that heat stress adversely affected performance and carcass characteristics, and increased both the mortality rate and footpad lesions. Moreover, constant chronic heat stress showed negative effects on serum biochemistry and the intestinal microbiota, increased antioxidant activity in both the plasma and breast meat, and increased counts of the pathogenic microorganisms in the small intestine. On the other hand, dietary CEO supplementation positively affected these parameters. CEO had a slight effect on performance, carcass characteristics, mortality rate and the incidence of footpad lesions. When compared to the control group, it was determined that CEO generally had a positive effect on lipid peroxidation in the plasma and tissues and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity. Furthermore, CEO positively affected serum biochemistry and counts of beneficial microorganisms in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Yilmaz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gul
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey.
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Administration of a Multi-Genus Synbiotic to Broilers: Effects on Gut Health, Microbial Composition and Performance. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010113. [PMID: 36611722 PMCID: PMC9817898 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the applicability of prebiotics, probiotics and their mixtures, defined as synbiotics, in poultry production has received considerable attention. Following the increasing regulation of antibiotic use, these nutraceuticals are seen as an alternative way to sustain production efficiency and resistance to pathogens and stressors by modulating birds' gut health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits provided under field conditions by administering the multi-species synbiotic PoultryStar® sol to broilers in drinking water. To this purpose, three Ross 308 broiler flocks, representing separate progenies of a breeder flock which was treated with the same synbiotic, were housed in separate farms, divided into treatment and control groups, and followed throughout the productive cycle. Synbiotic administration was shown to improve gut health even in absence of a challenge, with limited changes in terms of macroscopic intestinal lesions and more overt differences related to histopathological scores and villi length. Synbiotic-fed chickens performed consistently better in terms of body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and survivability. Lastly, the evaluation of the caecal microbiome through next-generation sequencing highlighted the effects of synbiotic supplementation on the composition of the bacterial population, the implications of which will, however, require further studies to be better comprehended.
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Effects of synbiotic supplementation as an antibiotic growth promoter replacement on cecal Campylobacter jejuni load in broilers challenged with C. jejuni. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Akinyemi F, Adewole D. Effects of brown seaweed products on growth performance, plasma biochemistry, immune response, and antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens challenged with heat stress. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102215. [PMID: 36288626 PMCID: PMC9593180 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) is an exceptional bioactive substance known for its excellent antioxidant ability. Given the potential benefits of brown seaweed, the current study was conducted to determine its efficacy on growth performance, blood biochemistry, immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), and the antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens challenged with heat stress (HS). A total of 336 mixed-sex Ross 308 broiler chicks (one-day-old) were randomly assigned into two groups; The thermoneutral group (TN, broilers were raised at 24 ± 1°C); and the heat stress group (HS; broilers were exposed to 32°C to 34°C, 8 h/d from day 21 to 27; the temperature in the remaining time was same as TN group). All birds in each group were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments—Negative control (NC) (without seaweed), NC + 1 mL seaweed extract (SWE) in drinking water, NC + 2 mL SWE in drinking water, and NC + 2% seaweed meal (SWM) in feed. Each treatment was assigned to six replicates with 7 broilers/replicate. Average body weight gain (ABWG), average feed intake (AFI), average water intake (AWI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality were determined weekly. On day 28, two male birds/cage were euthanized to collect blood and immune organs for subsequent biochemical, antioxidant, and immune status analysis. Data were analyzed as a 4 × 2 factorial analysis of variance using the GLM procedure of Minitab software. Overall, 2% SWM inclusion significantly increased (P < 0.05) the AFI, ABWG, and AWI of broiler chickens irrespective of HS. HS significantly reduced (P < 0.05) AFI and increased (P < 0.05) the bird's rectal temperature, plasma concentrations of sodium, chloride, glucose, amylase, and uric acid compared to TN birds. HS increased (P < 0.05) serum IgM and IgG and decreased plasma glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase compared to TN birds, while the activity of superoxide dismutase was not affected by HS and dietary treatments. 1 mL SWE in water and 2% SWM in feed significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the plasma activity of alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase of heat-stressed broilers, respectively compared to other treatments. Conclusively, dietary supplementation of brown seaweed improved the growth performance of birds irrespective of HS and may help to reduce the negative effects of HS by improving the plasma enzyme activities of heat-stressed birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fisayo Akinyemi
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Deborah Adewole
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada.
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