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Dourron HM, Strauss C, Hendricks PS. Self-Entropic Broadening Theory: Toward a New Understanding of Self and Behavior Change Informed by Psychedelics and Psychosis. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:982-1027. [DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Gómez-Bujedo J, Lozano ÓM, Pérez-Moreno PJ, Lorca-Marín JA, Fernández-Calderón F, Diaz-Batanero C, Moraleda-Barreno E. Personality Traits and Impulsivity Tasks Among Substance Use Disorder Patients: Their Relations and Links With Retention in Treatment. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:566240. [PMID: 33101084 PMCID: PMC7506060 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.566240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various authors have described the elements of impulsive approach and inhibitory control in drug users. These two components have been studied in terms of personality traits, performance on tasks that measure impulsive behavior, and neurophysiology. However, few studies have analyzed the association between these constructs. Thus, the aim of the present study is to analyze the associations between personality traits and performance on impulsivity tasks. METHODS A follow-up study was conducted with a baseline assessment at the beginning and end of treatment. The sample was composed of 121 patients undergoing treatment in therapeutic communities. Personality domains were evaluated through the PID-5. The impulsivity tasks employed were the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), Delay Discounting Test (DDT), Go/No-Go and Stroop test. RESULTS A correlation was found between DDT scores and the domains of detachment (r = -.315; p<.01), antagonism (r = -.294; p<.01), and disinhibition (r = .215; p<.05). Performance on the Stroop task was significantly associated with psychoticism (r = .232; p<.05) and negative affect (r = .212; p<.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that IGT scores and negative affect predict retention in treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings partially support the hypothesized association between sensation-seeking personality traits and detachment with impulsive choice tasks; and the relationships between negative affect and psychoticism traits with performance on inhibitory control tasks. Further, impulsive choice task scores and negative affect are both shown to predict retention in treatment.
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Galioto R, O’Leary KC, Thomas JG, Demos K, Lipton RB, Gunstad J, Pavlović JM, Roth J, Rathier L, Bond DS. Lower inhibitory control interacts with greater pain catastrophizing to predict greater pain intensity in women with migraine and overweight/obesity. J Headache Pain 2017; 18:41. [PMID: 28357702 PMCID: PMC5371536 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-017-0748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain catastrophizing (PC) is associated with more severe and disabling migraine attacks. However, factors that moderate this relationship are unknown. Failure of inhibitory control (IC), or the ability to suppress automatic or inappropriate responses, may be one such factor given previous research showing a relationship between higher PC and lower IC in non-migraine samples, and research showing reduced IC in migraine. Therefore, we examined whether lower IC interacts with increased PC to predict greater migraine severity as measured by pain intensity, attack frequency, and duration. METHODS Women (n = 105) aged 18-50 years old (M = 38.0 ± 1.2) with overweight/obesity and migraine who were seeking behavioral treatment for weight loss and migraine reduction completed a 28-day smartphone-based headache diary assessing migraine headache severity. Participants then completed a modified computerized Stroop task as a measure of IC and self-report measures of PC (Pain Catastrophizing Scale [PCS]), anxiety, and depression. Linear regression was used to examine independent and joint associations of PC and IC with indices of migraine severity after controlling for age, body mass index (BMI) depression, and anxiety. RESULTS Participants on average had BMI of 35.1 ± 6.5 kg/m2and reported 5.3 ± 2.6 migraine attacks (8.3 ± 4.4 migraine days) over 28 days that produced moderate pain intensity (5.9 ± 1.4 out of 10) with duration of 20.0 ± 14.2 h. After adjusting for covariates, higher PCS total (β = .241, SE = .14, p = .03) and magnification subscale (β = .311, SE = .51, p < .01) scores were significant independent correlates of longer attack duration. IC interacted with total PCS (β = 1.106, SE = .001, p = .03) rumination (β = 1.098, SE = .001, p = .04), and helplessness (β = 1.026, SE = .001, p = .04) subscale scores to predict headache pain intensity, such that the association between PC and pain intensity became more positive at lower levels of IC. CONCLUSIONS Results showed that lower IC interacted with higher PC, both overall and specific subcomponents, to predict higher pain intensity during migraine attacks. Future studies are needed to determine whether interventions to improve IC could lead to less painful migraine attacks via improvements in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Galioto
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI USA
- Neuropsychology Program, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy St., Providence, RI 02903 USA
| | - Kevin C. O’Leary
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- The Miriam Hospital Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, Providence, RI USA
| | - J. Graham Thomas
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- The Miriam Hospital Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, Providence, RI USA
| | - Kathryn Demos
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- The Miriam Hospital Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, Providence, RI USA
| | - Richard B. Lipton
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - John Gunstad
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH USA
| | - Jelena M. Pavlović
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - Julie Roth
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI USA
| | - Lucille Rathier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- The Miriam Hospital Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, Providence, RI USA
| | - Dale S. Bond
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- The Miriam Hospital Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center, Providence, RI USA
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Galioto R, O'Leary KC, Gunstad J, Thomas JG, Lipton RB, Pavlović JM, Roth J, Rathier L, Bond DS. The role of migraine headache severity, associated features and interactions with overweight/obesity in inhibitory control. Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:63-70. [PMID: 28796589 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1366474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY While migraine and obesity are related and both conditions are associated with reduced executive functioning, no study has examined whether obesity exacerbates executive dysfunction in migraine. This cross-sectional study examined whether overweight/obesity moderated associations of migraine severity and associated features with inhibitory control, one aspect of executive function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Women (n = 124) aged 18-50 years old with overweight/obesity body mass index (BMI) = 35.1 ± 6.4 kg/m2 and migraine completed a 28-day smartphone-based headache diary assessing migraine headache severity (attack frequency, pain intensity) and frequency of associated features (aura, photophobia, phonophobia, nausea). They then completed computerized measures of inhibitory control during an interictal (headache-free) period. RESULTS Participants with higher migraine attack frequency performed worse on the Flanker test (accuracy and reaction time; p < .05). Migraine attack frequency and pain intensity interacted with BMI to predict slower Stroop and/or Flanker Reaction Time (RT; p < .05). More frequent photophobia, phonophobia and aura were independently related to slower RT on the Stroop and/or Flanker tests (p < .05), and BMI moderated the relationship between the occurrence of aura and Stroop RT (p = .03). CONCLUSIONS Associations of migraine severity and presence of associated features with inhibitory control varied by BMI in overweight/obese women with migraine. These findings warrant consideration of weight status in clarifying the role of migraine in executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Galioto
- a Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Kevin C O'Leary
- b Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University/The Miriam Hospital Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center , Providence , RI , USA
| | - John Gunstad
- c Department of Psychological Sciences , Kent State University , Kent , OH , USA
| | - J Graham Thomas
- b Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University/The Miriam Hospital Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Richard B Lipton
- d Department of Neurology and the Montefiore Headache Center , Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Jelena M Pavlović
- d Department of Neurology and the Montefiore Headache Center , Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Julie Roth
- e Department of Neurology , Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Lucille Rathier
- a Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University/Rhode Island Hospital , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Dale S Bond
- b Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School of Brown University/The Miriam Hospital Weight Control and Diabetes Research Center , Providence , RI , USA
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Anandakumar T, Connaughton E, Coltheart M, Langdon R. Belief-bias reasoning in non-clinical delusion-prone individuals. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 56:71-78. [PMID: 28318497 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES It has been proposed that people with delusions have difficulty inhibiting beliefs (i.e., "doxastic inhibition") so as to reason about them as if they might not be true. We used a continuity approach to test this proposal in non-clinical adults scoring high and low in psychometrically assessed delusion-proneness. High delusion-prone individuals were expected to show greater difficulty than low delusion-prone individuals on "conflict" items of a "belief-bias" reasoning task (i.e. when required to reason logically about statements that conflicted with reality), but not on "non-conflict" items. METHODS Twenty high delusion-prone and twenty low delusion-prone participants (according to the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory) completed a belief-bias reasoning task and tests of IQ, working memory and general inhibition (Excluded Letter Fluency, Stroop and Hayling Sentence Completion). RESULTS High delusion-prone individuals showed greater difficulty than low delusion-prone individuals on the Stroop and Excluded Letter Fluency tests of inhibition, but no greater difficulty on the conflict versus non-conflict items of the belief-bias task. They did, however, make significantly more errors overall on the belief-bias task, despite controlling for IQ, working memory and general inhibitory control. LIMITATIONS The study had a relatively small sample size and used non-clinical participants to test a theory of cognitive processing in individuals with clinically diagnosed delusions. CONCLUSIONS Results failed to support a role for doxastic inhibitory failure in non-clinical delusion-prone individuals. These individuals did, however, show difficulty with conditional reasoning about statements that may or may not conflict with reality, independent of any general cognitive or inhibitory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Anandakumar
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia; Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - E Connaughton
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - M Coltheart
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - R Langdon
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Anandakumar T, Connaughton E, Coltheart M, Langdon R. Belief-bias reasoning in non-clinical delusion-prone individuals. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 54:211-218. [PMID: 27614050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES It has been proposed that people with delusions have difficulty inhibiting beliefs (i.e., "doxastic inhibition") so as to reason about them as if they might not be true. We used a continuity approach to test this proposal in non-clinical adults scoring high and low in psychometrically assessed delusion-proneness. High delusion-prone individuals were expected to show greater difficulty than low delusion-prone individuals on "conflict" items of a "belief-bias" reasoning task (i.e. when required to reason logically about statements that conflicted with reality), but not on "non-conflict" items. METHODS Twenty high delusion-prone and twenty low delusion-prone participants (according to the Peters et al. Delusions Inventory) completed a belief-bias reasoning task and tests of IQ, working memory and general inhibition (Excluded Letter Fluency, Stroop and Hayling Sentence Completion). RESULTS High delusion-prone individuals showed greater difficulty than low delusion-prone individuals on the Stroop and Excluded Letter Fluency tests of inhibition, but no greater difficulty on the conflict versus non-conflict items of the belief-bias task. They did, however, make significantly more errors overall on the belief-bias task, despite controlling for IQ, working memory and general inhibitory control. LIMITATIONS The study had a relatively small sample size and used non-clinical participants to test a theory of cognitive processing in individuals with clinically diagnosed delusions. CONCLUSIONS Results failed to support a role for doxastic inhibitory failure in non-clinical delusion-prone individuals. These individuals did, however, show difficulty with conditional reasoning about statements that may or may not conflict with reality, independent of any general cognitive or inhibitory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Anandakumar
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia; Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - E Connaughton
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - M Coltheart
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - R Langdon
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this paper, we argue for a novel account of one cognitive factor implicated in delusional cognition. According to the erotetic theory of delusion we present, the central cognitive factor in delusion is impaired endogenous question raising. METHOD After presenting the erotetic theory, we draw on it to model three distinct patterns of reasoning exhibited by delusional and schizophrenic patients, and contrast our explanations with Bayesian alternatives. RESULTS We argue that the erotetic theory has considerable advantages over Bayesian models. Specifically, we show that it offers a superior explanation of three phenomena: the onset and persistence of the Capgras delusion; recent data indicating that schizophrenic subjects manifest superior reasoning with conditionals in certain contexts; and evidence that schizophrenic and delusional subjects have a tendency to "jump to conclusions." Moreover, since the cognitive mechanisms we appeal to are independently motivated, we avoid having to posit distinct epistemic states that are intrinsically irrational in order to fit our model to the variety of data. CONCLUSION In contrast to Bayesian models, the erotetic theory offers a simple, unified explanation of a range of empirical data. We therefore conclude that it offers a more plausible framework for explaining delusional cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Parrott
- a Department of Philosophy , King's College London , The Strand, London WC2R 2LS , UK
| | - Philipp Koralus
- b Faculty of Philosophy and Laboratory for the Philosophy and Psychology of Rationality and Decision , University of Oxford, ROQ , Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG , UK
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Schjolberg TK, Dodd M, Henriksen N, Asplund K, Cvancarova Småstuen M, Rustoen T. Effects of an educational intervention for managing fatigue in women with early stage breast cancer. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2014; 18:286-94. [PMID: 24629504 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This randomized controlled trial of outpatients with breast cancer (stage I or II) evaluated the effects of a 3-week educational intervention on patient levels of fatigue. METHODS Norwegian outpatients were randomized into an intervention group (n = 79) and a control group (n = 81). Women with fatigue (>2.5 on a 0-10 numeric rating scale, NRS) completed the Fatigue Questionnaire (FQ) and the Lee Fatigue Scale (LFS) at baseline (after treatment) (T1), immediately after intervention (T2) and 3 months after intervention (T3). RESULTS The mean fatigue score (NRS) at study entry was 6.1 (SD 1.7) and 36% (n = 57) had a score ≥7. There were no statistically significant differences between the fatigue measures of women in the intervention and control group at T2 or T3 in the overall sample after the intervention. Using an NRS cut-off of 5, there was a borderline difference for women who scored <5 for chronic fatigue on FQ (p = 0.062) and a significant difference for energy on LFS (p = 0.042) where the women in the intervention group had less fatigue. Using an NRS cut-off score of 6, there was a borderline difference for women who scored <6 for fatigue on FQ (p = 0.062) and a significant difference for energy on LFS (p = 0.021) where women in the intervention group had more energy than those in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to identify psycho-educational interventions to reduce levels of fatigue and to tailor an intervention based on the level of fatigue. Fatigue measurements should be chosen more carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Kr Schjolberg
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Nursing, Norway.
| | - Marylin Dodd
- Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nils Henriksen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Care Sciences, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kenneth Asplund
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health and Care Sciences, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | - Milada Cvancarova Småstuen
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Nursing, Norway
| | - Tone Rustoen
- Department of Research and Development, Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
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Ettinger U, Meyhöfer I, Steffens M, Wagner M, Koutsouleris N. Genetics, cognition, and neurobiology of schizotypal personality: a review of the overlap with schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2014; 5:18. [PMID: 24600411 PMCID: PMC3931123 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizotypy refers to a set of temporally stable traits that are observed in the general population and that resemble the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Here, we review evidence from studies on genetics, cognition, perception, motor and oculomotor control, brain structure, brain function, and psychopharmacology in schizotypy. We specifically focused on identifying areas of overlap between schizotypy and schizophrenia. Evidence was corroborated that significant overlap exists between the two, covering the behavioral brain structural and functional as well molecular levels. In particular, several studies showed that individuals with high levels of schizotypal traits exhibit alterations in neurocognitive task performance and underlying brain function similar to the deficits seen in patients with schizophrenia. Studies of brain structure have shown both volume reductions and increase in schizotypy, pointing to schizophrenia-like deficits as well as possible protective or compensatory mechanisms. Experimental pharmacological studies have shown that high levels of schizotypy are associated with (i) enhanced dopaminergic response in striatum following administration of amphetamine and (ii) improvement of cognitive performance following administration of antipsychotic compounds. Together, this body of work suggests that schizotypy shows overlap with schizophrenia across multiple behavioral and neurobiological domains, suggesting that the study of schizotypal traits may be useful in improving our understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Ettinger
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Inga Meyhöfer
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Maria Steffens
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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Ming-Tak Chung D, Jerram MW, Lee JK, Katz H, Gansler DA. Convergence and divergence of neuroanatomic correlates and executive task performance in healthy controls and psychiatric participants. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214:221-8. [PMID: 24148911 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The associations between brain matter volume in the cerebral cortex and set shifting and attentional control as operationalized by the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) and Condition Three of the Delis-Kaplan version of the Color Word Interference Test (CWIT) were investigated in 15 healthy controls and 16 heterogeneously diagnosed psychiatric patients with self-control problems using voxel based morphometry. Both groups underwent standardized magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychological assessment. WCST and CWIT variables, and a composite, were regressed across the whole brain. Although CWIT performance levels were the same in both groups, neuroanatomic correlates for the psychiatric participants invoked the left hemisphere language system, but the bilateral dorsal attention system in the healthy controls. On its own, no neuroanatomic correlates were observed for the WCST. But when part of a composite with CWIT, neuroanatomic correlates in the dorsal attention system emerged for the psychiatric participants. Psychometric combinations of manifest executive task variables may best represent higher level latent neuro-cognitive control systems. Factor analytic studies of neuropsychological test performances suggest the constructs being measured are the same across psychiatric and non-diagnosed participants, however, imaging modalities indicate the relevant neural architecture can vary by group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Ming-Tak Chung
- Department of Psychology, Suffolk University, 41 Temple Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Tsuchida A, Fellows LK. Are core component processes of executive function dissociable within the frontal lobes? Evidence from humans with focal prefrontal damage. Cortex 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kim MS, Oh SH, Jang KM, Che H, Im CH. Electrophysiological correlates of cognitive inhibition in college students with schizotypal traits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpsych.2012.21010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kaplan O, Lubow RE. Ignoring irrelevant stimuli in latent inhibition and Stroop paradigms: the effects of schizotypy and gender. Psychiatry Res 2011; 186:40-5. [PMID: 20797796 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Latent inhibition (LI), poor evidence of learning following preexposure to a task-irrelevant stimulus, reflects the ability to ignore inconsequential events. Stroop interference represents a failure to inhibit processing of a task-irrelevant word when it is incongruent with the required naming of the word's print color. The apparent commonality between the two effects is in contradiction to the literature, which indicates that LI is affected by schizotypy and schizophrenia, and perhaps gender, while Stroop interference generated by the trial-to-trial procedure is unaltered by those variables. In the present experiment, low schizotypal healthy males, but not females, exhibited LI. The same groups did not differ on Stroop interference. The results are discussed in terms of different processing requirements for task-irrelevant stimuli that are an integral part of the task-relevant target stimulus (as in Stroop) or separated from it in space (as in LI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Kaplan
- School of Business, The College of Management, Rishon Lezion 75490, Israel.
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