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Soler-Gutiérrez AM, Pérez-González JC, Mayas J. Evidence of emotion dysregulation as a core symptom of adult ADHD: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280131. [PMID: 36608036 PMCID: PMC9821724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder, with an onset in childhood, that accompanies the person throughout their life, with prevalence between 3 and 5% in adults. Recent studies point towards a fourth core symptom of the disorder related to the emotional information processing that would explain the repercussions that ADHD has on the social, academic, and professional life of the people affected. This review aims to describe emotion dysregulation features as well as the brain activity associated in adults with ADHD. A search of the scientific literature was launched in specialized databases: PsycInfo, Medline, Eric, PsycArticle, Psicodoc and Scopus, following PRISMA guidelines. Twenty-two articles met the inclusion criteria: (a) an ADHD clinical diagnosis, (b) participants over 18 years old, (c) emotion regulation measurement, (d) empirical studies, and (c) in English. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies included, they were classified into three sections: measures and features of emotion regulation (ER) in people with ADHD, neurological and psychophysiological activity related to ER, and treatments. The studies found that meet the selection criteria are scarce and very heterogeneous both in aims and in sample features. Adults with ADHD show a more frequent use of non-adaptive emotion regulation strategies compared to people without ADHD symptoms. Moreover, emotion dysregulation was associated with symptom severity, executive functioning, psychiatric comorbidities, and even with criminal conviction. Different patterns of brain activity were observed when people with and without ADHD were compared. These results may suggest that psychopharmacological treatments as well as behavioral therapies could be useful tools for improving emotional difficulties in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-María Soler-Gutiérrez
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la UNED (EIDUNED), Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Julia Mayas
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Erlandsson SI, Hornborg C, Sorbring E, Dauman N. Is ADHD a way of conceptualizing long-term emotional stress and social disadvantage? Front Public Health 2022; 10:966900. [PMID: 36424967 PMCID: PMC9680974 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.966900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalent, neuropsychiatric, deficit perspective on children and youth diagnosed with ADHD prohibits a multidimensional approach where socio-economic status, family stress and relationships within the families are relevant factors to examine. Assessments of ADHD through the use of rating scales and short-term interventions may lead not only to overdiagnosis but also to a reductionistic approach in the psychiatric field. This literature review aims to address research outside the prevailing discourse on ADHD as an organic brain dysfunction and broaden the perspectives on children's behavioral difficulties. Methods The articles included in this applied, mixed-method, systematic review includes 26 peer-reviewed articles, both English and French, with a search focus on ADHD in children and youth related to Attachment styles and relationships. Results In the studies reported, researchers approached correlations between ADHD and attachment in different ways, and in most cases, there was a caution to address causality. The role of parents was found to be both buffering and aggravating for the appearance of ADHD. In the French case studies, the diagnosis was conceptualized as a relational phenomenon where the child's behavior was inseparable from family member's suffering. Discussion This review article illustrates how children's difficulties in terms of ADHD symptoms can be addressed through a paradigm where emotional and cognitive dysregulation is understood through psychosocial factors rather than as a neurological condition. In our view, to avoid an overly reductionistic and medicalized approach to children's behavioral difficulties, it is time to reiterate the value of the biopsychosocial perspective. Conclusion Professionals and researchers need to acknowledge that becoming diagnosed with ADHD has a strong connection to economic disadvantage, social status, and familial care. The academic discourse of addressing brain dysfunctions might serve the unintended purpose of masking emotional stress and social disadvantage that manifests across generations. A biopsychosocial approach to ADHD including family, emotional history, and socio-economic issues could imply a lesser focus on medical treatment as a first choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soly I. Erlandsson
- Department of Social and Behavioral Studies, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Hornborg
- Department of Sociology and Work Science, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Campus Västervik, Västervik, Sweden
| | - Emma Sorbring
- Department of Social and Behavioral Studies, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
- Campus Västervik, Västervik, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Dauman
- Department of Psychology, Université de Poitiers, Univ Rennes, Univ Angers, Univ Brest, RPPSY, Poitiers, France
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Abdel-Hamid M, Basilowski M, Schönfeld B, Bartels C, Anderson-Schmidt H, Hessmann P, Kownatka M, Dehghan-Vratonjic S, Krieger S, Scherbaum N, Wiltfang J, Kis B, Signerski-Krieger J. Sexual dysfunction in patients with adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A pilot study. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3138/cjhs.2020-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology, comorbid diseases, and pharmacological treatment with antidepressants can have a negative impact on sexual function, which in turn increases the likelihood of sexual dysfunction in people with ADHD. The objective of this pilot study was to differentiate and delineate possible sexual dysfunction in adults with ADHD. Adult ADHD patients (n = 32, cisgender / heterosexual) and healthy controls (n = 32, cisgender / heterosexual) filled out the DÄS-Zuf questionnaire with 59 items (Krieger, 2013). This questionnaire is divided into the scales “general contentment with life,” “anxiety/depression,” “sexual dysfunction” and “sexual satisfaction.” Patients with ADHD had significantly higher scores on single items measuring various aspects of sexual dysfunction as well as higher scores on the “anxiety/depression” scale and lower scores on the “general contentment with life” scale. Following repeated measures analyses of covariance in which the scale “anxiety/depression” was controlled as covariate, none of the previously differences for single items between ADHD patients and controls remained significant. ADHD patients with methylphenidate showed stronger physical sexual arousal compared to those without methylphenidate. The results of this pilot study suggest several explanations for sexual dysfunction among adults with ADHD and offer tentative routes for practical treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Abdel-Hamid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
- LVR Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Miriam Basilowski
- LVR Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- WIR Center for Sexual Health and Medicine, St. Elisabeth-Hospital Bochum, Catholic Hospitals Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Claudia Bartels
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heike Anderson-Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Hessmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Kownatka
- LVR Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sonja Dehghan-Vratonjic
- LVR Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Simone Krieger
- LVR Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- LVR Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
- LVR Hospital Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, St. Elisabeth-Hospital Niederwenigern, Contilia Group, Hattingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Signerski-Krieger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Göttingen, Germany
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Houtepen JABM, Sijtsema JJ, Van der Lem R, Van Hooydonk ICJ, Bogaerts S. Social support, attachment and externalizing behavior in forensic patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2019; 64:106-116. [PMID: 31122620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to provide more insight into the relationship between social support and externalizing behavior in forensic patients with ADHD. Because ADHD is highly associated with psychosocial impairment, we expected poor social support and attachment insecurity (i.e., preoccupied, fearful, and dismissive attachment) to be associated with higher levels of externalizing behaviors in forensic patients with ADHD. Self-reports of 32 forensic male outpatients with ADHD (M age = 35.34) were compared with self-reports of healthy (n = 32; M age = 33.84), and 'at risk' control males with (a history of) psychological problems (n = 30; M age = 36.47) from the general population. In addition, associations between social support, attachment and externalizing behaviors (i.e., aggression, antisociality, anger and hostility) were examined within the sample as a whole. Analyses of variance showed that forensic patients with ADHD had higher levels of externalizing behaviors and insecure attachment, and lower levels of secure attachment compared to both healthy and at risk controls. Multivariate regression analyses showed that social support was not associated with any of the externalizing behaviors, after accounting for attachment. In contrast, insecure attachment was associated with higher levels of all externalizing behaviors examined. Finally, insecure attachment best explained antisociality and hostility, suggesting that attachment is more important than other psychopathological risk factors that distinguish the different groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A B M Houtepen
- Tilburg University, Department of Developmental Psychology, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands; Fivoor Research and Treatment Innovation, and Forensic Outpatient Center Rotterdam, Diergaardesingel 69-73, 3014 AE Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - J J Sijtsema
- Tilburg University, Department of Developmental Psychology, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands; Fivoor Research and Treatment Innovation, and Forensic Outpatient Center Rotterdam, Diergaardesingel 69-73, 3014 AE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Van der Lem
- Fivoor Research and Treatment Innovation, and Forensic Outpatient Center Rotterdam, Diergaardesingel 69-73, 3014 AE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I C J Van Hooydonk
- Tilburg University, Department of Developmental Psychology, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - S Bogaerts
- Tilburg University, Department of Developmental Psychology, Warandelaan 2, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands; Fivoor Research and Treatment Innovation, and Forensic Outpatient Center Rotterdam, Diergaardesingel 69-73, 3014 AE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Moon JR, Song J, Huh J, Kang IS, Park SW, Chang SA, Yang JH, Jun TG. The Relationship between Parental Rearing Behavior, Resilience, and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents with Congenital Heart Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2017; 4:55. [PMID: 28944224 PMCID: PMC5596069 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2017.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Parental rearing behavior is one factor that influences the strength of resilience. In turn, resilience influences depression. However, it is unclear whether resilience has a mediating effect on the relationship between parental rearing and depression in adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD). Therefore, the associations between parental rearing behavior and resilience and between rearing behavior and symptoms of depression were investigated with respect to age, gender and disease severity. Subjects and methods Patients completed a parental rearing behavior questionnaire, a resilience scale and the Children’s Depression Inventory during a routine clinic visit. Structural equation modeling with maximum likelihood estimation was used to analyze the data. Results The median age of the 180 patients included in the study was 17.8 years, and 64% were male. Lower resilience was found to be associated with overprotection, punishment, rejection, and control. There was a strong relationship between resilience and symptoms of depression. Resilience varied according to gender, age group, and disease severity. Conclusion Parental rearing behaviors such as emotional warmth, rejection, punishment, control, and overprotection have a significant influence on adolescent’s resilience. When developing intervention programs to increase resilience and reduce depression in adolescents with CHD, parenting attitudes, gender, age, and CHD severity should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Ryoung Moon
- Department of Nursing, Grown-Up Congenital Heart Clinic, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Grown-Up Congenital Heart Clinic, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - June Huh
- Department of Pediatrics, Grown-Up Congenital Heart Clinic, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - I-Seok Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Grown-Up Congenital Heart Clinic, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Woo Park
- Division of Cardiology, Grown-Up Congenital Heart Clinic, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-A Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Grown-Up Congenital Heart Clinic, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyuk Yang
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Grown-Up Congenital Heart Clinic, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Gook Jun
- Department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Grown-Up Congenital Heart Clinic, Heart Vascular and Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Chen L, Xu K, Fu L, Xu S, Gao Q, Wang W. Development of a structure-validated Family Relationship Questionnaire (FRQ) with Chinese university students. Bull Menninger Clin 2015; 79:232-54. [PMID: 26366981 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2015.79.3.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Consistent results have shown a relationship between the psychological world of children and their perceived parental bonding or family attachment style, but to date there is no single measure covering both styles. The authors designed a statement matrix with 116 items for this purpose and compared it with the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in a study with 718 university students. After exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, five factors (scales)--namely, Paternal/Maternal Encouragement (5 items each), Paternal/Maternal Abuse (5 items each), Paternal/Maternal Freedom Release (5 items each), General Attachment (5 items), and Paternal/Maternal Dominance (4 items each)--were defined to form a Family Relationship Questionnaire (FRQ). The internal alphas of the factors ranged from .64 to .83, and their congruency coefficients were .93 to .98 in samples regarding father and mother. Women scored significantly higher on FRQ General Attachment and Maternal Encouragement and lower on Paternal Abuse than men did; only children scored significantly higher on Paternal and Maternal Encouragements than children with siblings did. Women also scored significantly higher on PBI Paternal Autonomy Denial; only children scored significantly higher on Paternal and Maternal Cares and Maternal Autonomy Denial. All intercorrelations between FRQ scales were low to medium, and some correlations between FRQ and PBI scales were medium to high. This study demonstrates that the FRQ has a structure of five factors with satisfactory discriminant and convergent validities, which might help to characterize family relationships in healthy and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Wang
- The Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Koemans RG, van Vroenhoven S, Karreman A, Bekker MHJ. Attachment and autonomy problems in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2015; 19:435-46. [PMID: 22956713 DOI: 10.1177/1087054712453170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attachment security and autonomy were examined in adults with ADHD. Insecure attachment and autonomy problems were expected to be negatively associated with general psychological functioning. METHOD Questionnaires were administered (Relationship Questionnaire, Autonomy-Connectedness Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory) in 84 late-diagnosed adults with ADHD. RESULTS Only 18% of participants were securely attached, as opposed to 59% in the normal population. Concerning autonomy, participants scored below average on self-awareness, above average on sensitivity to others, and average on capacity to manage new situations compared with the normal population. The preoccupiedly attached group reported more problems in psychological functioning than the secure and dismissive group. Sensitivity to others and capacity to manage new situations were associated with psychological functioning; self-awareness was not. Attachment security and autonomy contributed to general psychological functioning. CONCLUSION Attachment and autonomy problems do exist in adults with ADHD and contribute negatively to their psychological functioning.
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Maternal psychiatric history is associated with the symptom severity of ADHD in offspring. Psychiatry Res 2015; 226:507-12. [PMID: 25747683 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists about the role of parent psychopathology in persistence and severity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in their children. Here we aimed to analyse the potential association between the severity of ADHD symptoms in children and the presence of psychiatric and ADHD symptoms in their biological parents. Seventy-three triads of children and their parents who were in active treatment for their diagnosed ADHD were evaluated in our Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centers. The mental health of the parents was also assessed. The general psychopathology of the parents was evaluated using the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R), and symptoms of hyperactivity were examined using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS v.1.1). The severity of symptoms in children was assessed using the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ADHD-RS-IV). Variables that could have affected the clinical development of ADHD such as sex, evolution time, age, academic level and the presence of comorbidities were controlled. The severity of the symptoms in children with ADHD was significantly related to the psychiatric history of their mother, the younger age of the child and the presence of a comorbid conduct disorder in the child. We discussed the importance of screening for parental psychopathology in clinical practice.
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Edel MA, Edel S, Krüger M, Assion HJ, Juckel G, Brüne M. Attachment, recalled parental rearing, and ADHD symptoms predict emotion processing and alexithymia in adults with ADHD. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2015; 14:43. [PMID: 26633990 PMCID: PMC4667529 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-015-0082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the aricle is to study the relationship between attachment, parental rearing behavior, and (infant and current) ADHD symptoms with emotion processing and alexithymia in adults with ADHD. METHODS Attachment, parental behavior, and ADHD variables were tested for predictive value regarding emotion processing and alexithymia in the total sample, the pooled ADHD groups (with inattentive type and combined type, each with n = 26) and a control group (n = 26). Comparisons were performed between the pooled ADHD groups and the control group, and between the ADHD subtype groups regarding all emotion processing and alexithymia, and attachment-related measures. RESULTS Emotion processing/alexithymia parameters were mainly predicted by early or current attachment-related features, and, to a lesser extent, by childhood or current ADHD symptoms, primarily in the ADHD groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest partly specific and possibly causal relationships between attachment-related features and current emotion processing/alexithymia in adults with ADHD. The results confirm the necessity for further study of the multiple interactions between infant and parental ADHD symptoms, aversive parenting, and attachment with respect to emotional functioning in adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Andreas Edel
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstraße 1-3, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Susanne Edel
- Psychiatry Clinic, St. Marien Hospital Eickel, Marienstr. 2, 44651 Herne, Germany
| | - Marie Krüger
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstraße 1-3, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Assion
- Psychiatry Clinic, LWL Hospital Dortmund, Marsbruchstr. 179, 44287 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstraße 1-3, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Brüne
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstraße 1-3, 44791 Bochum, Germany
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Johnston C, Mash EJ, Miller N, Ninowski JE. Parenting in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clin Psychol Rev 2012; 32:215-28. [PMID: 22459785 PMCID: PMC4838457 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the validity of adult ADHD is well established and research has identified a variety of impairments associated with the condition in adults, study of how ADHD impacts an adult's ability to parent has been relatively neglected. Parenting is a particularly important domain of functioning given the familial nature of the disorder and emerging evidence that parenting behaviors play a role in the development or maintenance of child ADHD symptoms, comorbid psychopathologies, and other associated difficulties. In this paper, we focus on three broad categories of cognitive dysfunction proposed across models of ADHD - cognitive processes (e.g., working memory, planning, and inhibitory control), self-regulation deficits (e.g., self-monitoring of performance to detect errors or the need for regulation of behavior and/or emotions), and motivational or arousal difficulties (e.g., response to incentives, delay aversion). We consider how these deficits may lead to impairments in the parenting behaviors of effective behavioral control and emotional responsiveness, and review the available evidence regarding parenting in adults with ADHD symptoms. We conclude by noting the limitations in existing studies, and argue for further research that is theoretically grounded in how core deficits of ADHD may be related to dimensions of parenting. The implications of an improved understanding of how ADHD impacts parenting for the development of early intervention or prevention programs are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Johnston
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Glatz T, Stattin H, Kerr M. Parents' reactions to youths' hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention problems. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2012; 39:1125-35. [PMID: 21748550 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-011-9541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention problems (HIA) in children and adolescents are stressful for parents. In this study, we used theories of parents' perceived power and attributions for youths' behaviors to develop a model to understand parents' reactions to their youths' HIA. We followed 706 youths (376 boys and 330 girls, aged 10-12 years at T1) and their parents in a community-based project over 5 years. Measures of youths' HIA, youths' unresponsiveness to correction, parents' feelings of powerlessness, parental monitoring, and parents' negative behaviors toward their youths, were used. HIA in youths predicted increases in parents' perceptions that their youths were unresponsive to correction, which in turn prompted parents to feel more powerless over time. Further, parents' feelings of powerlessness were associated with increases in negative parenting behaviors over time. These results indicate a movement to more negative parenting practices over time as a result of youths' HIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terese Glatz
- Center for Developmental Research at JPS, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
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Mitchell J, Read J. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug companies and the internet. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2012; 17:121-39. [PMID: 21429977 DOI: 10.1177/1359104510396432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of drug-company funding on websites about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Websites in the top 60 for either Google or Yahoo!Xtra with information about causation and treatment were analysed. Likert scales, based on those used in previous similar studies, were developed to rate aetiological explanations and recommended treatment approaches, on a dimension from psycho-social to biological. Overall, the quality of information on websites was poor with a strong bias towards bio-genetic aetiological explanations of ADHD. Twenty-one of the 57 websites (37%) were funded by drug companies. The drug-company funded (DCF) websites were significantly more likely than non-DCF websites to recommend medication rather than psycho-social treatments. The selective lack of consideration of psycho-social treatments by DCF websites is discussed in relation to the relevant research literature, including the evidence in favour of a multimodal approach. The findings, which are consistent with previous similar studies in relation to websites about adult mental health problems, confirm that the pharmaceutical industry is seeking to influence public opinion via the internet.
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