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Bella-Fernández M, Martin-Moratinos M, Li C, Wang P, Blasco-Fontecilla H. Differences in Ex-Gaussian Parameters from Response Time Distributions Between Individuals with and Without Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:320-337. [PMID: 36877328 PMCID: PMC10920450 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence. Differences in reaction times (RT) in cognitive tasks have been consistently observed between ADHD and typical participants. Instead of estimating means and standard deviations, fitting non-symmetrical distributions like the ex-Gaussian, characterized by three parameters (µ, σ, and τ), account for the whole RT distributions. A meta-analysis is performed with all the available literature using ex-Gaussian distributions for comparisons between individuals with ADHD and controls. Results show that τ and σ are generally greater for ADHD samples, while µ tends to be larger for typical groups but only for younger ages. Differences in τ are also moderated by ADHD subtypes. τ and σ show, respectively, quadratic and linear relationships with inter-stimulus intervals from Continuous Performance Test and Go/No Go tasks. Furthermore, tasks and cognitive domains influence the three parameters. Interpretations of ex-Gaussian parameters and clinical implications of these findings are also discussed. Fitting ex-Gaussian distributions to RT data is a useful way to explore differences between individuals with ADHD and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bella-Fernández
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Pontificia de Comillas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martin-Moratinos
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Chao Li
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ping Wang
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hilario Blasco-Fontecilla
- Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBERSAM Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- ITA Mental Health, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Canu D, Ioannou C, Müller K, Martin B, Fleischhaker C, Biscaldi M, Beauducel A, Smyrnis N, van Elst LT, Klein C. Evidence towards a continuum of impairment across neurodevelopmental disorders from basic ocular-motor tasks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16521. [PMID: 36192503 PMCID: PMC9530118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Findings of genetic overlap between Schizophrenia, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) contributed to a renewed conceptualization of these disorders as laying on a continuum based on aetiological, pathophysiological and neurodevelopmental features. Given that cognitive impairments are core to their pathophysiology, we compared patients with schizophrenia, ADHD, ASD, and controls on ocular-motor and manual-motor tasks, challenging crucial cognitive processes. Group comparisons revealed inhibition deficits common to all disorders, increased intra-subject variability in schizophrenia and, to a lesser extent, ADHD as well as slowed processing in schizophrenia. Patterns of deviancies from controls exhibited strong correlations, along with differences that posited schizophrenia as the most impaired group, followed by ASD and ADHD. While vector correlations point towards a common neurodevelopmental continuum of impairment, vector levels suggest differences in the severity of such impairment. These findings argue towards a dimensional approach to Neurodevelopmental Disorders’ pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Canu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Chara Ioannou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katarina Müller
- Psychotherapeutisches Wohnheim für Junge Menschen Leppermühle, Buseck, Germany
| | - Berthold Martin
- Psychotherapeutisches Wohnheim für Junge Menschen Leppermühle, Buseck, Germany
| | - Christian Fleischhaker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monica Biscaldi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- 2nd Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute «COSTAS STEFANIS», Athens, Greece
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Centre - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,2nd Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece. .,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Lazaridi M, Panagiotaropoulou G, Covanis P, Karantinos T, Aggelopoulos E, Klein C, Smyrnis N. Brain-Heart Link in Schizophrenia: Cognitive Inhibitory Control Deficit in Patients Is Specifically Related to Parasympathetic Dysregulation. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:1155-1163. [PMID: 35357485 PMCID: PMC9434444 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the connection between two prominent deficits in schizophrenia: the deficit in parasympathetic regulation and the deficit in cognitive inhibitory control, within the framework of the Neurovisceral Integration Model (NIM). STUDY DESIGN Thirty healthy controls and 30 patients with schizophrenia performed the internationally standardized antisaccade protocol while their electrocardiographic data were recorded. The interaction between the group, the cognitive inhibitory control as measured with error rate (ER) in the antisaccade task and parasympathetic activity as measured with the High Frequency power component of Heart Rate Variability (HF-HRV) was tested. STUDY RESULTS Findings confirmed that decreased HF-HRV was specifically related to increased ER in patients with schizophrenia. In contrast, patient deficits in other oculomotor function measures such as reaction time and reaction time variability related to volitional movement control and cognitive stability respectively were not linked to the deficit in parasympathetic regulation. CONCLUSIONS Our study validates the theory behind NIM proposing that cognitive inhibition has common physiological substrate with parasympathetic regulation. Future research could test this brain-heart link in other mental disorders especially those with a prominent deficit in inhibitory cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Lazaridi
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “COSTAS STEFANIS”, Athens, Greece,1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Panagiotaropoulou
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “COSTAS STEFANIS”, Athens, Greece,Department of Psychiatry, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Covanis
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “COSTAS STEFANIS”, Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Karantinos
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute “COSTAS STEFANIS”, Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Aggelopoulos
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoph Klein
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; 2nd Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, University General Hospital “ATTIKON”, 1 Rimini St., Athens GR-12462, Greece; tel: +302105832426, fax: 2106528354, e-mail:
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4
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Canu D, Ioannou C, Müller K, Martin B, Fleischhaker C, Biscaldi M, Beauducel A, Smyrnis N, van Elst LT, Klein C. Visual search in neurodevelopmental disorders: evidence towards a continuum of impairment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1-18. [PMID: 33751240 PMCID: PMC9343296 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01756-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disorders with neurodevelopmental aetiology such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Schizophrenia share commonalities at many levels of investigation despite phenotypic differences. Evidence of genetic overlap has led to the concept of a continuum of neurodevelopmental impairment along which these disorders can be positioned in aetiological, pathophysiological and developmental features. This concept requires their simultaneous comparison at different levels, which has not been accomplished so far. Given that cognitive impairments are core to the pathophysiology of these disorders, we provide for the first time differentiated head-to-head comparisons in a complex cognitive function, visual search, decomposing the task with eye movement-based process analyses. N = 103 late-adolescents with schizophrenia, ADHD, ASD and healthy controls took a serial visual search task, while their eye movements were recorded. Patients with schizophrenia presented the greatest level of impairment across different phases of search, followed by patients with ADHD, who shared with patients with schizophrenia elevated intra-subject variability in the pre-search stage. ASD was the least impaired group, but similar to schizophrenia in post-search processes and to schizophrenia and ADHD in pre-search processes and fixation duration while scanning the items. Importantly, the profiles of deviancy from controls were highly correlated between all three clinical groups, in line with the continuum idea. Findings suggest the existence of one common neurodevelopmental continuum of performance for the three disorders, while quantitative differences appear in the level of impairment. Given the relevance of cognitive impairments in these three disorders, we argue in favour of overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Canu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Chara Ioannou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katarina Müller
- Psychotherapeutisches Wohnheim für junge Menschen Leppermühle, Buseck, Germany
| | - Berthold Martin
- Psychotherapeutisches Wohnheim für junge Menschen Leppermühle, Buseck, Germany
| | - Christian Fleischhaker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Monica Biscaldi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- 2nd Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- 2nd Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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5
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Eleni P, Georgia P, Constantine P, Efstratios K, Georgios V, Nikolaos K, Christoph K, Nikolaos S. Functional brain imaging of speeded decision processing in Parkinson's disease and comparison with Schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2021; 314:111312. [PMID: 34111721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether Parkinson's disease (PD1) and schizophrenia (SCZ2) share a hypo dopaminergic dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex leading to cognitive impairments in decision processing. 24 medicated PD patients and 28 matched controls performed the Eriksen flanker two-choice reaction time (RT3) task while brain activity was measured throughout, using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI4). Results were directly compared to those of 30 SCZ patients and 30 matched controls. Significant differences between SCZ and PD were found, through directly comparing the z-score deviations from healthy controls across all behavioral measures, where only SCZ patients showed deviances from controls. Similarly a direct comparison of z-score activation deviations from controls indicated significant differences in prefrontal and cingulate cortical activation between SCZ and PD, where only SCZ patients showed hypo-activation of these areas compared to controls. The hypo-activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was related to larger RT variability (ex-Gaussian tau) in SCZ but not PD patients. Overall, the concluding evidence does not support a shared neural substrate of cognitive dysfunction, since the deficit in speeded decision processing and the related cortical hypo-activation observed in SCZ were absent in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pappa Eleni
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece; 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotaropoulou Georgia
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece; 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Potagas Constantine
- Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Karavasilis Efstratios
- Second Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, University General Hospital 'Attikon', Athens, Greece
| | - Velonakis Georgios
- Second Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, University General Hospital 'Attikon', Athens, Greece
| | - Kelekis Nikolaos
- Second Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, University General Hospital 'Attikon', Athens, Greece
| | - Klein Christoph
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Smyrnis Nikolaos
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece; 2nd Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, University General Hospital "Attikon", Athens, Greece..
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Athanasopoulos F, Saprikis OV, Margeli M, Klein C, Smyrnis N. Towards Clinically Relevant Oculomotor Biomarkers in Early Schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:688683. [PMID: 34177483 PMCID: PMC8222521 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.688683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, psychiatric research has focused on the evaluation and implementation of biomarkers in the clinical praxis. Oculomotor function deviances are among the most consistent and replicable cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and have been suggested as viable candidates for biomarkers. In this narrative review, we focus on oculomotor function in first-episode psychosis, recent onset schizophrenia as well as individuals at high risk for developing psychosis. We critically discuss the evidence for the possible utilization of oculomotor function measures as diagnostic, susceptibility, predictive, monitoring, and prognostic biomarkers for these conditions. Based on the current state of research we conclude that there are not sufficient data to unequivocally support the use of oculomotor function measures as biomarkers in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Athanasopoulos
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
| | - Orionas-Vasilis Saprikis
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
| | - Myrto Margeli
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
| | - Christoph Klein
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Athens, Greece.,Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
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7
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Effects of different types of sensory signals on reaching performance in persons with chronic schizophrenia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234976. [PMID: 32579579 PMCID: PMC7314021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported movement abnormalities in persons with schizophrenia. This study aimed to examine the differences between persons with chronic schizophrenia and healthy control participants in reaching movement and the effects of sensory signals on reaching performance in persons with chronic schizophrenia. A counter-balanced repeated-measures design was employed. Twenty persons with schizophrenia and 20 age- and gender-matched control participants were recruited in this study. Reaching performance was measured in three types of sensory signal conditions (visual, auditory, and no signal), i.e., two externally triggered and one self-initiated movement were assessed in reaction time/inter-response interval, movement time, peak velocity, percentage of time in which peak velocity occurred, and movement units. The results revealed significant main effects of group in reaction time/inter-response interval (p = 0.003), movement time (p < 0.001), peak velocity (p < 0.001), and movement units (p < 0.001). The persons with chronic schizophrenia demonstrated slower response to signals and in self-initiated movement, increased movement time, and less forceful and less smooth movement compared to healthy control participants when performing the reaching task. The interaction effect between group and signal in reaction time/inter-response interval was also significant (p < 0.001). The inter-response interval for self-initiated reaching was the shortest in healthy controls. Conversely, the inter-response interval for self-initiated reaching was the longest in persons with schizophrenia. The main effect of the signal on movement time was significant (p < 0.001). The movement time of reaching was longer in response to the auditory signal than in response to visual or self-initiated. The differences in percentages of time in which peak velocity occurred between persons with schizophrenia and healthy controls (p > 0.01) and across the three conditions (p > 0.01) were non-significant. Neither duration of illness nor antipsychotic dosage was significantly associated with reaching performance (all p > 0.01). In conclusion, these findings indicate that reaching movement in persons with chronic schizophrenia is slower, less forceful, and less coordinated compared to healthy control participants. In addition, persons with chronic schizophrenia also had shorter inter-response interval for self-initiated movement and shorter movement time in auditory signal condition, independent of duration of illness and antipsychotic dosage.
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8
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Krukow P, Jonak K, Karpiński R, Karakuła-Juchnowicz H. Abnormalities in hubs location and nodes centrality predict cognitive slowing and increased performance variability in first-episode schizophrenia patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9594. [PMID: 31270391 PMCID: PMC6610093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introducing the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) algorithms to neural networks science eliminated the problem of arbitrary setting of the threshold for connectivity strength. Despite these advantages, MST has been rarely used to study network abnormalities in schizophrenia. An MST graph mapping a network structure is its simplification, therefore, it is important to verify whether the reconfigured network is significantly related to the behavioural dimensions of the clinical picture of schizophrenia. 35 first-episode schizophrenia patients and 35 matched healthy controls underwent an assessment of information processing speed, cognitive inter-trial variability modelled with ex-Gaussian distributional analysis of reaction times and resting-state EEG recordings to obtain frequency-specific functional connectivity matrices from which MST graphs were computed. The patients’ network had a more random structure and star-like arrangement with overloaded hubs positioned more posteriorly than it was in the case of the control group. Deficient processing speed in the group of patients was predicted by increased maximal betweenness centrality in beta and gamma bands, while decreased consistency in cognitive processing was predicted by the betweenness centrality of posterior nodes in the gamma band, together with duration of illness. The betweenness centrality of posterior nodes in the gamma band was also significantly correlated with positive psychotic symptoms in the clinical group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Krukow
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Kamil Jonak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland.,Chair and I Clinic of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Karpiński
- Department of Machine Design and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
| | - Hanna Karakuła-Juchnowicz
- Chair and I Clinic of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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9
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Lai HY, Saavedra-Pena G, Sodini CG, Sze V, Heldt T. Measuring Saccade Latency Using Smartphone Cameras. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2019; 24:885-897. [PMID: 31056528 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2019.2913846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accurate quantification of neurodegenerative disease progression is an ongoing challenge that complicates efforts to understand and treat these conditions. Clinical studies have shown that eye movement features may serve as objective biomarkers to support diagnosis and tracking of disease progression. Here, we demonstrate that saccade latency-an eye movement measure of reaction time-can be measured robustly outside of the clinical environment with a smartphone camera. METHODS To enable tracking of saccade latency in large cohorts of patients and control subjects, we combined a deep convolutional neural network for gaze estimation with a model-based approach for saccade onset determination that provides automated signal-quality quantification and artifact rejection. RESULTS Simultaneous recordings with a smartphone and a high-speed camera resulted in negligible differences in saccade latency distributions. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the constraint of chinrest support can be removed when recording healthy subjects. Repeat smartphone-based measurements of saccade latency in 11 self-reported healthy subjects resulted in an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.76, showing our approach has good to excellent test-retest reliability. Additionally, we conducted more than 19 000 saccade latency measurements in 29 self-reported healthy subjects and observed significant intra- and inter-subject variability, which highlights the importance of individualized tracking. Lastly, we showed that with around 65 measurements we can estimate mean saccade latency to within less-than-10-ms precision, which takes within 4 min with our setup. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE By enabling repeat measurements of saccade latency and its distribution in individual subjects, our framework opens the possibility of quantifying patient state on a finer timescale in a broader population than previously possible.
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10
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Panagiotaropoulou G, Thrapsanioti E, Pappa E, Grigoras C, Mylonas D, Karavasilis E, Velonakis G, Kelekis N, Smyrnis N. Hypo-activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex relates to increased reaction time variability in patients with schizophrenia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 23:101853. [PMID: 31096180 PMCID: PMC6520565 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased reaction time intra-subject variability (RT-ISV) in fast decision tasks has been confirmed in patients with schizophrenia and has been hypothesized to result from a deficit in the control of attention. Here, an attentional task and functional brain imaging were used to probe the neural correlates of increased RT-ISV in schizophrenia. Thirty patients and 30 age and sex matched controls performed the Eriksen flanker spatial attention task with concurrent measurement of brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The behavioral measures included accuracy, mean, standard deviation of RT (RTSD), coefficient of variation of RT (RTCV) and ex-Gaussian model of RT distribution parameters (mu, sigma and tau). Larger mean RT and Ex-Gaussian mu was observed for patients compared to controls. The group difference was larger for incongruent (attentionally demanding) versus congruent trials confirming a deficit in the control of spatial attention for patients. Significant increase in RT-ISV measures (RTSD, sigma and tau) for patients compared to controls was observed and was not modulated by trial congruency. Attention modulation (congruency effect) resulted in activation of bilateral frontal and parietal areas that was not different between patients and controls. Right middle frontal, right superior temporal and bilateral cingulate areas were more active in controls compared to patients independent of congruency. Activation in ROIs extracted from attention (congruency) and group related areas correlated with RT-ISV measures (especially RTCV and tau). Hypo-activation of the right middle frontal area correlated with increased tau specifically in patients. Hypo-activity of the right prefrontal cortex predicted increased RT-ISV in schizophrenia. This effect was unrelated to the effects of spatial attention and might be linked to a deficit in the inhibitory control of action for these patients. Schizophrenia patients show increased reaction time intra-subject variability (RT-ISV). fMRI of patients and aged matched controls while performing a spatial attention task. RT-ISV measures were increased in patients independent of spatial attention load. Activity of the right middle frontal cortex predicted RT-ISV increase in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Panagiotaropoulou
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
| | - E Thrapsanioti
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
| | - E Pappa
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
| | - C Grigoras
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece
| | - D Mylonas
- MGH/HST Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E Karavasilis
- Second Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, University General Hospital 'Attikon', Athens, Greece
| | - G Velonakis
- Second Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, University General Hospital 'Attikon', Athens, Greece
| | - N Kelekis
- Second Department of Radiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, University General Hospital 'Attikon', Athens, Greece
| | - N Smyrnis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health, Neurosciences and Precision Medicine Research Institute "COSTAS STEFANIS", Athens, Greece.
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11
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Salum GA, Sato JR, Manfro AG, Pan PM, Gadelha A, do Rosário MC, Polanczyk GV, Castellanos FX, Sonuga-Barke E, Rohde LA. Reaction time variability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: is increased reaction time variability specific to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Testing predictions from the default-mode interference hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 11:47-58. [PMID: 30927230 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-018-0257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased reaction time variability (RTV) is one of the most replicable behavioral correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, this may not be specific to ADHD but a more general marker of psychopathology. Here we compare RT variability in individuals with ADHD and those with other childhood internalizing and externalizing conditions both in terms of standard (i.e., the standard deviation of reaction time) and alternative indices that capture low-frequency oscillatory patterns in RT variations over time thought to mark periodic lapses of attention in ADHD. A total of 667 participants (6-12 years old) were classified into non-overlapping diagnostic groups consisting of children with fear disorders (n = 91), distress disorders (n = 56), ADHD (n = 103), oppositional defiant or conduct disorder (ODD/CD; n = 40) and typically developing controls (TDC; n = 377). We used a simple two-choice reaction time task to measure reaction time. The strength of oscillations in RTs across the session was extracted using spectral analyses. Higher RTV was present in ADHD compared to all other disorder groups, effects that were equally strong across all frequency bands. Interestingly, we found that lower RTV to characterize ODD/CD relative to TDC, a finding that was more pronounced at lower frequencies. In general, our data support RTV as a specific marker of ADHD. RT variation across time in ADHD did not show periodicity in a specific frequency band, not supporting that ADHD RTV is the product of spontaneous periodic lapses of attention. Low-frequency oscillations may be particularly useful to differentiate ODD/CD from TDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A Salum
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Clinical Research Center, 6th Floor, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - João R Sato
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur G Manfro
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil. .,ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Clinical Research Center, 6th Floor, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Pedro M Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C do Rosário
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme V Polanczyk
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco X Castellanos
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | | | - Luis A Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Clinical Research Center, 6th Floor, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Güven A, Altinkaynak M, Dolu N, Demirci E, Özmen S, İzzetoğlu M, Pektaş F. Effects of Methylphenidate on Reaction Time in Children with Attention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2019; 56:27-31. [PMID: 30911234 DOI: 10.29399/npa.22873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a broad range of neuropsychological impairments that are attenuated with methylphenidate (MPH) treatment. The aim of this study was to determine how MPH effects attentional functioning in terms of reaction time (RT) in ADHD. METHODS Eighteen pre-medicated ADHD children (7 to 12 years old) and eighteen gender matched normal controls (7 to 12 years old) were included in the study. Participants performed an auditory attention task and the RT of participants to each target response was calculated automatically. The same test was repeated 3 months after OROS-MPH administration for ADHD group. RT, RT standard deviation (RTSD), and response errors (omission and commission errors) were compared between control and pre-MPH ADHD groups, and between Pre-MPH and post-MPH ADHD groups. RESULTS Relative to control subjects, significantly longer RTs, higher RTSD and more errors of omission were observed in unmedicated ADHD children during auditory attention task. Analyses revealed significant effects of medication across all measures except commission errors. After treatment RTs were faster, RTSD values were lower, and errors of omission were attenuated compared to pre-medication condition in ADHD group. There were no significant differences in terms of commission errors between groups. CONCLUSION In this study it was observed that MPH reduced RTs to stimuli, attenuated omission errors during the task in ADHD group and after 3 months of treatment ADHD children showed similar patterns in RT as compared to controls. Results suggest that when treating ADHD, it might help clinicians to evaluate objective and non-invasive cognitive outcomes such as RT, RTSD and response errors to evaluate the effects of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayşegül Güven
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Miray Altinkaynak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nazan Dolu
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey (retired)
| | - Esra Demirci
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Özmen
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Meltem İzzetoğlu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Villanova University, USA
| | - Ferhat Pektaş
- Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Altınbaş University, Turkey
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13
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Popov T, Kustermann T, Popova P, Miller GA, Rockstroh B. Oscillatory brain dynamics supporting impaired Stroop task performance in schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Schizophr Res 2019; 204:146-154. [PMID: 30158065 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Stroop color-word interference task, prompting slower response to color-incongruent than to congruent items, is often used to study neural mechanisms of inhibitory control and dysfunction in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Inconsistent findings of an augmented Stroop effect limit identification of relevant dysfunctional mechanism(s) in schizophrenia. The present study sought to advance understanding of normal and impaired neural oscillatory dynamics by distinguishing interference detection and response preparation during the Stroop task in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders via analysis of behavioral performance and 4-7 Hz (theta) and 10-30 Hz (alpha/beta) EEG oscillations in 40 patients (SZ) and 27 healthy comparison participants (HC). SZ responded more slowly and showed less dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) theta enhancement during INC trials, less enhancement of dACC-sensorimotor cortex connectivity (theta phase synchrony) during INC trials, more alpha/beta suppression though less enhancement of that suppression during INC trials, and slower post-response alpha/beta rebound than did HC. Reaction time distributions showed larger group and Stroop effects during the 25% of trials with the slowest responses. Poorer theta phase coherence in patients indicates impaired communication between regions associated with interference processing (dACC) and response preparation (sensorimotor cortex). Results suggest a failure cascade in which compromised behavioral Stroop effects are driven at least in part by dysfunctional interference processing (less theta power increase) prompting dysfunctional motor response preparation (less alpha/beta power suppression). Inconsistent Stroop effects in past studies of schizophrenia may result from differing task parameters sampling different degrees of Stroop task difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzvetan Popov
- Department of Psychology, PO Box 905, University Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Kustermann
- Department of Psychology, PO Box 905, University Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany; Laboratoire de Recherche en Neuroimagerie (LREN), Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University and University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petia Popova
- Department of Psychology, PO Box 905, University Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gregory A Miller
- Department of Psychology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, 1257D Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - Brigitte Rockstroh
- Department of Psychology, PO Box 905, University Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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14
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Fish S, Toumaian M, Pappa E, Davies TJ, Tanti R, Saville CWN, Theleritis C, Economou M, Klein C, Smyrnis N. Modelling reaction time distribution of fast decision tasks in schizophrenia: Evidence for novel candidate endophenotypes. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:212-220. [PMID: 30153599 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Increased reaction time (RT) and variability of RT in fast decision tasks is observed in patients with schizophrenia and their first degree relatives. This study used modelling of the RT distribution with the aim of identifying novel candidate endophenotypes for schizophrenia. 20 patients with schizophrenia, 15 siblings of patients and 25 healthy controls performed an oddball task of varying working memory load. Increases in mean and standard deviation (SD) of RT were observed for both patients and siblings compared to controls and they were again independent of working memory load. Ex-Gaussian modelling of the RT distribution confirmed that parameters μ, σ and τ increased significantly in patients and siblings compared to controls. The Drift Diffusion Model was applied on RT distributions. A decrease in the diffusion drift rate (v) modeling the accumulation of evidence for reaching the decision to choose one stimulus over the other, was observed in patients and siblings compared to controls. The mean time of the non-decisional sensorimotor processes (t0) and it's variance (st0) was also increased in patients and siblings compared to controls. In conclusion modeling of the RT distribution revealed novel potential cognitive endophenotypes in the quest of heritable risk factors for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fish
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Maida Toumaian
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Pappa
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Timothy J Davies
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Ruth Tanti
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christos Theleritis
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Economou
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece; Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece.
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15
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Pinar A, Hawi Z, Cummins T, Johnson B, Pauper M, Tong J, Tiego J, Finlay A, Klein M, Franke B, Fornito A, Bellgrove MA. Genome-wide association study reveals novel genetic locus associated with intra-individual variability in response time. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:207. [PMID: 30287865 PMCID: PMC6172232 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-individual response time variability (IIRTV) is proposed as a viable endophenotype for many psychiatric disorders, particularly attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we assessed whether IIRTV was associated with common DNA variation genome-wide and whether IIRTV mediated the relationship between any associated loci and self-reported ADHD symptoms. A final data set from 857 Australian young adults (489 females and 368 males; Mage = 22.14 years, SDage = 4.82 years) who completed five response time tasks and self-reported symptoms of ADHD using the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale was used. Principal components analysis (PCA) on these response time measures (standard deviation of reaction times and the intra-individual coefficient of variation) produced two variability factors (labelled response selection and selective attention). To understand the genetic drivers of IIRTV we performed a genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) on these PCA-derived indices of IIRTV. For the selective attention variability factor, we identified one single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) attaining genome-wide significance; rs62182100 in the HDAC4 gene located on chromosome 2q37. A bootstrapping mediation analysis demonstrated that the selective attention variability factor mediated the relationship between rs62182100 and self-reported ADHD symptoms. Our findings provide the first evidence of a genome-wide significant SNP association with IIRTV and support the potential utility of IIRTV as a valid endophenotype for ADHD symptoms. However, limitations of this study suggest that these observations should be interpreted with caution until replication samples become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Pinar
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ziarih Hawi
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tarrant Cummins
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Beth Johnson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Pauper
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janette Tong
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy Finlay
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marieke Klein
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Fornito
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute for Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences (MICCN), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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16
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Kirenskaya AV, Storozheva ZI, Gruden MA, Sewell RDE. COMT and GAD1 gene polymorphisms are associated with impaired antisaccade task performance in schizophrenic patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:571-584. [PMID: 29429137 PMCID: PMC6096577 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0881-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic influences modulating executive functions engaging prefrontal cortical brain systems were investigated in 141 male subjects. The effects of variations in two genes implicated in dopamine and GABA activities in the prefrontal cortex: rs4680 (Val158/Met polymorphism of the catechol-o-methyltransferase gene-COMT) and rs3749034 (C/T) substitution in the promoter region of the glutamic acid decarboxylase gene (GAD1) were studied on antisaccade (AS) performance in healthy subjects and schizophrenic patients. Genotyping revealed a trend towards a reduced proportion of COMT Val/Met heterozygotes and a significantly increased frequency of the GAD1 rs3749034 C allele in schizophrenic patients relative to controls. Patients had elevated error rates, increased AS latencies and increased latency variability (coefficient of variation) compared to controls. The influence of polymorphisms was observed only in patients but not in controls. A substantial effect of the COMT genotype was noted on the coefficient of variation in latency, and this measure was higher in Val homozygotes compared to Met allele carriers (p < 0.05) in the patient group. The outcome from rs3749034 was also disclosed on the error rate (higher in T carriers relative to C homozygotes, p < 0.01) and latency (increased in C homozygotes relative to T carriers, p < 0.01). Binary logistic regression showed that inclusion of the genotype factor (i.e., selective estimation of antisaccade measures in CC carriers) considerably increased the validity of the diagnostic model based on the AS measures. These findings may well be derived from specific genetic associations with prefrontal cortex functioning in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Kirenskaya
- Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky Lane. 23, 119034, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Zinaida I Storozheva
- Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, Kropotkinsky Lane. 23, 119034, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina A Gruden
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "P. K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology", Baltiskaya St., 8, 125315, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Robert D E Sewell
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Redwood Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK.
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17
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Wallace S, Linscott RJ. Intra-individual variability and psychotic-like experiences in adolescents: Findings from the ALSPAC cohort. Schizophr Res 2018; 195:154-159. [PMID: 29074331 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated associations between elevated intra-individual variability (IIV) of reaction time and psychotic disorders. However, little attention has been paid to the relationship between performance stability and psychotic-like experiences (PLE) in adolescence, before psychotic disorder onset. Data from 6702 children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were used to address this issue. Children took part in a semi-structured clinical interview regarding psychotic symptoms at age 12 and 18, and reaction time variability was assessed at age 13 and 15. Children who had elevated IIV at age 15 were more likely to report suspected or definite PLE at age 18, with larger associations being found for more frequent or bizarre symptoms. Elevated IIV at age 15 was also associated with persistent PLE between age 12 and 18. These findings tentatively suggest that elevated IIV in early adolescence may be predictive of later PLE, and offer some support for the notion of a psychosis continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Wallace
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
| | - Richard J Linscott
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, New Zealand, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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18
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Chao J, Zhang Y, Du L, Zhou R, Wu X, Shen K, Yao H. Molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of the sigma-1 receptor in methamphetamine-mediated microglial polarization. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11540. [PMID: 28912535 PMCID: PMC5599501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that the sigma-1 receptor is involved in methamphetamine-induced microglial apoptosis and death; however, whether the sigma-1 receptor is involved in microglial activation as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remains poorly understood. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the involvement of the sigma-1 receptor in methamphetamine-mediated microglial activation. The expression of σ-1R, iNOS, arginase and SOCS was examined by Western blot; activation of cell signaling pathways was detected by Western blot analysis. The role of σ-1R in microglial activation was further validated in C57BL/6 N WT and sigma-1 receptor knockout mice (male, 6-8 weeks) injected intraperitoneally with saline or methamphetamine (30 mg/kg) by Western blot combined with immunostaining specific for Iba-1. Treatment of cells with methamphetamine (150 μM) induced the expression of M1 markers (iNOS) with concomitant decreased the expression of M2 markers (Arginase) via its cognate sigma-1 receptor followed by ROS generation. Sequential activation of the downstream MAPK, Akt and STAT3 pathways resulted in microglial polarization. Blockade of sigma-1 receptor significantly inhibited the generation of ROS and activation of the MAPK and Akt pathways. These findings underscore the critical role of the sigma-1 receptor in methamphetamine-induced microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Southeast University, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Longfei Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong Tongzhou People's Hospital, Nantong, China.
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Southeast University, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
- Institute of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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19
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Bey K, Kloft L, Lennertz L, Grützmann R, Heinzel S, Kaufmann C, Klawohn J, Riesel A, Meyhöfer I, Kathmann N, Wagner M. Volitional saccade performance in a large sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and unaffected first-degree relatives. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1284-1294. [PMID: 28481032 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as well as their unaffected first-degree relatives show deficits in the volitional control of saccades, suggesting that volitional saccade performance may constitute an endophenotype of OCD. Here, we aimed to replicate and extend these findings in a large, independent sample. One hundred and fifteen patients with OCD, 103 healthy comparison subjects without a family history of OCD, and 31 unaffected first-degree relatives of OCD patients were examined using structured clinical interviews and performed a volitional saccade task as well as a prosaccade task. In contrast to previous reports, neither patients nor relatives showed impairments in the performance of volitional saccades compared to healthy controls. Notably, medicated patients did not differ from nonmedicated patients, and there was no effect of depressive comorbidity. Additional analyses investigating correlations between saccade performance and OCD symptom dimensions yielded no significant associations. In conclusion, the present results do not support the notion that volitional saccade execution constitutes an endophenotype of OCD. Possible explanations for inconsistencies with previous studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bey
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Lisa Kloft
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonhard Lennertz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rosa Grützmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Heinzel
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Kaufmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Klawohn
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Riesel
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Meyhöfer
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Norbert Kathmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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20
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Reuter B, Elsner B, Möllers D, Kathmann N. Decomposing mechanisms of abnormal saccade generation in schizophrenia patients: Contributions of volitional initiation, motor preparation, and fixation release. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1712-1720. [PMID: 27450659 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and theoretical models suggest deficient volitional initiation of action in schizophrenia patients. Recent research provided an experimental model of testing this assumption using saccade tasks. However, inconsistent findings necessitate a specification of conditions on which the deficit may occur. The present study sought to detect mechanisms that may contribute to poor performance. Sixteen schizophrenia patients and 16 healthy control participants performed visually guided and two types of volitional saccade tasks. All tasks varied as to whether the initial fixation stimulus disappeared (fixation stimulus offset) or continued during saccade initiation, and whether a direction cue allowed motor preparation of the specific saccade. Saccade latencies of the two groups were differentially affected by task type, fixation stimulus offset, and cueing, suggesting abnormal volitional saccade generation, fixation release, and motor preparation in schizophrenia. However, substantial performance deficits may only occur if all affected processes are required in a task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Reuter
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Björn Elsner
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Möllers
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Kathmann
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Genetic influences on phase synchrony of brain oscillations supporting response inhibition. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 115:125-132. [PMID: 27264056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phase synchronization of neuronal oscillations is a fundamental mechanism underlying cognitive processing and behavior, including context-dependent response production and inhibition. Abnormalities in neural synchrony can lead to abnormal information processing and contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, little is known about genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in cortical oscillatory dynamics underlying response inhibition. This study examined heritability of event-related phase synchronization of brain oscillations in 302 young female twins including 94 MZ and 57 DZ pairs performing a cued Go/No-Go version of the Continuous Performance Test (CPT). We used the Phase Locking Index (PLI) to assess inter-trial phase clustering (synchrony) in several frequency bands in two time intervals after stimulus onset (0-300 and 301-600ms). Response inhibition (i.e., successful response suppression in No-Go trials) was characterized by a transient increase in phase synchronization of delta- and theta-band oscillations in the fronto-central midline region. Genetic analysis showed significant heritability of the phase locking measures related to response inhibition, with 30 to 49% of inter-individual variability being accounted for by genetic factors. This is the first study providing evidence for heritability of task-related neural synchrony. The present results suggest that PLI can serve as an indicator of genetically transmitted individual differences in neural substrates of response inhibition.
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Damilou A, Apostolakis S, Thrapsanioti E, Theleritis C, Smyrnis N. Shared and distinct oculomotor function deficits in schizophrenia and obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:796-805. [PMID: 26914941 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Detailed analysis of oculomotor function phenotypes in antisaccade, smooth eye pursuit, and active fixation tasks was performed in a sample of 44 patients with schizophrenia, 34 patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and 45 matched healthy controls. A common pattern of performance deficits in both schizophrenia and OCD emerged including higher antisaccade error rate, increased latency for corrective antisaccades, as well as higher rates of unwanted saccades in smooth eye pursuit compared to healthy controls. This common pattern could be related to the dysfunction of a network of cognitive control that is present in both disorders, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the posterior parietal cortex, and the anterior cingulate cortex. In contrast, only patients with schizophrenia showed a specific increase for correct antisaccade mean latency and the intrasubject variability of latency for error prosaccades as well as a decrease in the gain for smooth eye pursuit, suggesting a specific deficit in saccadic motor control and the frontal eye field in schizophrenia that is not present in OCD. A specific deficit in fixation stability (increased frequency of unwanted saccades during active fixation) was observed only for OCD patients pointing to a deficit in the frontostriatal network controlling fixation. This deficit was pronounced for OCD patients receiving additional antipsychotic medication. In conclusion, oculomotor function showed shared and distinct patterns of deviance for schizophrenia and OCD pointing toward shared and specific neurobiological substrates for these psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Damilou
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios Apostolakis
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Thrapsanioti
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Theleritis
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece.,Department of Psychiatry, National University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Laboratory of Sensorimotor Control, University Mental Health Research Institute, Athens, Greece.,Department of Psychiatry, National University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Ameller A, Dereux A, Dubertret C, Vaiva G, Thomas P, Pins D. 'What is more familiar than I? Self, other and familiarity in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2015; 161:501-5. [PMID: 25533594 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familiarity disorders (FDs) critically impact social cognition in persons with schizophrenia. FDs can affect both relationships with people familiar to the patient and the patient's relationship with himself, in the case of a self-disorder. Skin conductance response (SCR) studies have shown that familiar and unknown faces elicit the same emotional response in persons with schizophrenia with FD. Moreover, in control subjects, one's own face and familiar faces have been shown to activate strongly overlapping neural networks, suggesting common processing. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the mechanisms involved in processing one's own and familiar faces are similarly impaired in persons with schizophrenia, suggesting a link between them. METHOD Twenty-eight persons with schizophrenia were compared with twenty control subjects. Three face conditions were used: specific familiar, self and unknown. The task was to indicate the gender of the faces presented randomly on a screen during SCR recording. Face recognition was evaluated afterwards. RESULTS Control subjects exhibited similar SCRs for the familiar and self-conditions, which were higher than the responses elicited by the unknown condition, whereas persons with schizophrenia exhibited no significant differences between the three conditions. CONCLUSION Persons with schizophrenia have a core defect of both self and familiarity that is emphasised by the lack of an increased SCR upon presentation with either self or familiar stimuli. Familiarity with specific familiar faces and one's own face may be driven by the same mechanism. This perturbation may predispose persons with schizophrenia to delusions and, in particular, to general familiarity disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurely Ameller
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies (LNFP), Université Droit et Santé Lille (UDSL), F-59000 Lille, France; AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France..
| | - Antoine Dereux
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France.; INSERM U675-U894, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Dubertret
- AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry, Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes, France.; INSERM U675-U894, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France.; University Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Vaiva
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies (LNFP), Université Droit et Santé Lille (UDSL), F-59000 Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille (CHULille), Hôpital Fontan, Lille, F-59037 France
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies (LNFP), Université Droit et Santé Lille (UDSL), F-59000 Lille, France; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille (CHULille), Hôpital Fontan, Lille, F-59037 France
| | - Delphine Pins
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies (LNFP), Université Droit et Santé Lille (UDSL), F-59000 Lille, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), F-75794 Paris, France
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