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Ye Z, Huang W, Li J, Tang Y, Shao K, Xiong Y. Association between atherogenic index of plasma and depressive symptoms in US adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005 to 2018. J Affect Disord 2024; 356:239-247. [PMID: 38608770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study, utilizing data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2005 and 2018, investigates the association between the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a lipid biomarker, and symptoms of depression in American adults. METHODS In this cross-sectional study of 12,534 adults aged 20 years and older, depressive symptoms were measured utilizing the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scale. Weighted logistic regression models were employed to scrutinize the independent relationship between AIP levels and the likelihood of developing such symptoms. Moreover, a series of subgroup analyses were conducted to delve deeper into these relationships. RESULTS Following adjustment for confounders, logistic regression by grouping AIP into quartiles revealed a significant association between AIP and an augmented likelihood of self-reported depression. Participants in the fourth quartile (Q4) exhibited a higher odds ratio (OR = 1.34, 95 % CI: 1.02-1.75, p < 0.05) compared to those in the first quartile (Q1). Notably, subgroup analysis unveiled significant interactions involving the smoking and diabetes subgroups, indicating that smoking status and diabetes may modify the relationship between AIP and depression incidence. CONCLUSION This study reveals a positive correlation between AIP and the self-reported likelihood of depression among US adults, thereby underscoring AIP's potential clinical utility as a biomarker for depressive disorders. Our findings emphasize the necessity to consider and optimize cardiovascular health factors within depression management strategies and offer fresh insights into the development of risk stratification and intervention methods for psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ye
- Department of General Practice, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenjie Huang
- Department of General Practice, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of General Practice, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Department of General Practice, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Keyi Shao
- Department of General Practice, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of General Practice, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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Kim H, Enrione EB, Narayanan V, Li T, Campa A. Associations of Vitamin B6 Intake and Plasma Pyridoxal 5'-Phosphate with Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in US Older Adults: Findings from NHANES 2003-2004. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112336. [PMID: 35684138 PMCID: PMC9182930 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous evidence suggests a potential dual impact of aging and vitamin B6 (B6) deficiency on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism; gender may influence PUFA biosynthesis. Perturbation of PUFA compositions during B6 deficiency could be linked to age-related health outcomes. However, little is known about the interrelationships between vitamin B6, PUFA, and gender in the older population. Therefore, we investigated whether gender-specific associations of B6 intake and plasma pyridoxal 5’-phosphate (PLP) concentration, respectively, with plasma PUFA concentrations and ratios (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), EPA + DHA, EPA/AA, and (EPA + DHA)/AA) existed in older adults. We further examined the relationships of adequate B6 status (PLP ≥ 20 nmol/L) with high (above median) plasma PUFA relative to deficient B6 status. This cross-sectional study analyzed 461 participants aged ≥60 years from NHANES 2003−2004. Nutrient intakes were assessed using two 24-h recalls and supplement questionnaires. PLP and PUFA concentrations were measured. Multivariate linear regression assessed the association of B6 intake and PLP with PUFA; multivariate logistic regression evaluated the relationship of adequate B6 status with high plasma PUFA, adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and dietary factors; physical activity; smoking; alcohol; medication; and BMI. There were interactions between gender and B6 intake on EPA (P-interaction = 0.008) and AA (P-interaction = 0.004) only, whereas no interaction existed between gender and PLP on PUFA. PLP was directly associated with EPA (β = 0.181, P = 0.002), DHA (β = 0.109, P = 0.005), EPA + DHA (β = 0.14, P = 0.002), EPA/AA (β = 0.186, P = 0.004), and (EPA + DHA)/AA (β = 0.13, P = 0.026). The odds of having high plasma EPA (adjusted (a) OR: 2.03, P = 0.049) and EPA/AA (aOR: 3.83, P < 0.0001) were greater in those with adequate B6 status compared to those with deficient B6 status. In conclusion, in US older adults, a higher PLP level was associated with a greater level of EPA, DHA, EPA + DHA, EPA/AA, and (EPA + DHA)/AA. Adequate B6 status was associated with high EPA and EPA/AA status. These findings suggest that sufficient vitamin B6 status may positively influence PUFA metabolism in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojung Kim
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (E.B.E.); (V.N.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Evelyn B. Enrione
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (E.B.E.); (V.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Vijaya Narayanan
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (E.B.E.); (V.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Tan Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA;
| | - Adriana Campa
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (E.B.E.); (V.N.); (A.C.)
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Yang H, Wang Z, Wang J, Lv B, Wu Z, Tian J, Yang J. Cadmium-induced oxidative stress and transcriptome changes in the wolf spider Pirata subpiraticus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 785:147364. [PMID: 33957595 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spiders are believed to have enormous potential for indicating heavy metal pollution in ecosystems. The diversity of influencing factors caused significant differences in the toxicities of cadmium (Cd) on spiders. There is limited understanding of the underlying mechanism and response to acute Cd exposure at different concentrations and different poisoning times. We exposed adult female P. subpiraticus to 0.2 mM and 2 mM Cd for 6 and 12 h, respectively, to explore acute Cd toxicities by RNA-seq. We measured the bioaccumulation levels in P. subpiraticus and tested the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). There were 187, 292, 101 and 155 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after exposure to 0.2 mM and 2 mM Cd for 6 and 12 h, respectively. The results revealed that Cd accumulated in P. subpiraticus, changed the SOD and GST activities, and caused significant adverse effects at the molecular level on metabolism and immune and oxidative stress, with time- and concentration-dependent differences. Transcriptome analysis showed that acute Cd exposure depressed lipid metabolism and induced protein metabolism, especially serine metabolism. Genes encoding lipoproteins were depressed when exposed to 0.2 mM Cd, while fatty acid-related genes were downregulated under 2 mM Cd stress. In total, 46 cuticle-related genes were upregulated, and 6 cytoskeleton-related genes changed notably in the immune process. Peroxidase-related genes were further upregulated significantly. Meanwhile, the pathways related to metabolism, immunity and oxidative stress were significantly enriched. This report illustrated that acute Cd exposure exerts toxicities on P. subpiraticus and the spiders against acute Cd toxicities by selective differential expression of the genes associated with the physiological process of metabolism and immune and antioxidant stress. This study provides a comprehensive transcriptional basis for understanding the response of the P. sublimations to heavy metals at different concentrations and different treatment times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Lv
- College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410006, Hunan, China
| | - Zhibin Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Jianxiang Tian
- College of Continuing Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Rural Ecosystem Health in Dongting Lake Area, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
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Plasma homocysteine concentrations and depression: A twin study. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2021; 4. [PMID: 34414386 PMCID: PMC8372975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Homocysteine is an amino acid formed during metabolism of the essential amino acid methionine that plays an important role in energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. High levels of homocysteine have been linked to both depression and cardiovascular disease, however studies of depression have not always been consistent, possibly related to differences in methodology among studies. The study of twins in clinical research can be useful in controlling for confounding factors. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between depression and plasma homocysteine in a study of twins. Methods Homocysteine concentration was assessed in twins (N = 202) from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, including twin pairs discordant for the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and twin pairs without MDD. Self reported depressive symptom levels were also measured as a continous variable using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results The average homocysteine concentration was 7.9 μmol/L (2.1 μmol/L SD, range of 2.0-17.1 μmol/L). There were no within twin pair differences in homocysteine concentration within twin pairs discordant for MDD and within twin pairs that differed for BDI score. There was a significant pair-level relationship between depressive symptoms as measured by mean BDI score and homocysteine concentration, such that the higher the mean BDI score of the twin pair, the higher the mean homocystein of the pair (p < .001). Every 10 point increase in BDI score was associated with an 0.8 μmol/L increase in homocysteine concentration at the pair level. Conclusions These findings are not consistent with a causal role for elevated homocysteine in the development of depression, but rather point to familial confounding or other factors that are shared by twin brothers and that contribute to both depression and homocysteine levels.
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Diet, Stress and Mental Health. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082428. [PMID: 32823562 PMCID: PMC7468813 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: There has long been an interest in the effects of diet on mental health, and the interaction of the two with stress; however, the nature of these relationships is not well understood. Although associations between diet, obesity and the related metabolic syndrome (MetS), stress, and mental disorders exist, causal pathways have not been established. Methods: We reviewed the literature on the relationship between diet, stress, obesity and psychiatric disorders related to stress. Results: Diet and obesity can affect mood through direct effects, or stress-related mental disorders could lead to changes in diet habits that affect weight. Alternatively, common factors such as stress or predisposition could lead to both obesity and stress-related mental disorders, such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Specific aspects of diet can lead to acute changes in mood as well as stimulate inflammation, which has led to efforts to assess polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) as a treatment for depression. Bidirectional relationships between these different factors are also likely. Finally, there has been increased attention recently on the relationship between the gut and the brain, with the realization that the gut microbiome has an influence on brain function and probably also mood and behavior, introducing another way diet can influence mental health and disorders. Brain areas and neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that are involved in both mood and appetite likely play a role in mediating this relationship. Conclusions: Understanding the relationship between diet, stress and mood and behavior could have important implications for the treatment of both stress-related mental disorders and obesity.
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De Berardis D, Olivieri L, Rapini G, Di Natale S, Serroni N, Fornaro M, Orsolini L, Valchera A, Carano A, Vellante F, Varasano PA, Lucidi Pressanti G, Serafini G, Pompili M, Martinotti G, Di Giannantonio M. Alexithymia, Suicide Ideation and Homocysteine Levels in Drug Naïve Patients with Major Depression: A Study in the "Real World" Clinical Practice. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:318-322. [PMID: 30905133 PMCID: PMC6478096 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.2.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to elucidate relationships between alexithymia, suicide ideation and homocysteine levels in drug-naïve outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods Sixty seven outpatients with MDD with melancholic features were evaluated by the means of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS–20), the Scale of Suicide Ideation, and homocysteine levels. Results Alexithymic subjects showed higher scores on all scales and higher homocysteine levels. Regression analysis shown higher homocysteine levels and TAS-20’ “Difficulty in Describing Feelings” dimension, in turn being associated with higher suicide ideation. Conclusion In conclusion, alexithymic MDD outpatients may characterize for homocysteine dysregulation that may be linked to suicide ideation, regardless depression’ severity. However, study limitations are discussed and must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico De Berardis
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini".,Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, University "G. D'Annunzio"
| | - Luigi Olivieri
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini"
| | - Gabriella Rapini
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini"
| | - Serena Di Natale
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini"
| | - Nicola Serroni
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini"
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of Psychiatry, Federico II University.,Polyedra, Teramo
| | - Laura Orsolini
- Polyedra, Teramo.,School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield
| | | | - Alessandro Carano
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "Madonna Del Soccorso", National Health Service
| | - Federica Vellante
- National Health Service, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital "G. Mazzini".,Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, University "G. D'Annunzio"
| | | | | | - Gianluca Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome
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Yang HT, Wang RY, Huang SY, Huang CL, Su KP. Genetic polymorphisms of FADS1, FADS2, and FADS3 and fatty acid profiles in subjects received methadone maintenance therapy. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:117-121. [PMID: 28161285 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal fatty acid metabolism and the related enzymes had been observed to be associated with psychiatric disorders. We investigated FADS gene family genetic polymorphisms and variations of lipid profiles in patients with heroin dependence receiving 6-month methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). We recruited 89 MMT drug abusers and analyzed 3 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from Fatty acid desaturases (FADS), FADS1, FADS2 and FADS3. The fatty acid profiles of erythrocyte membranes were analyzed based on genetic variations. Six-month MMT therapy were significantly associated with decreased C20: 5n3 and C22:4n6 levels in the whole group of drug abusers. The decreases of C22: 6n3 after MMT therapy were associated with specific genetic variations, including FADS1 C/C, FADS2 T/T and FADS3 C/C genotypes. The variations on n3 and n6 PUFA composition were significantly shown in different alleles of FADS in MMT drug abusers. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of fatty acid metabolism on rehabilitation by MMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Yun Wang
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Huang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Liang Huang
- Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Lab (MBI Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Lab (MBI Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Mocking RJT, Assies J, Ruhé HG, Schene AH. Focus on fatty acids in the neurometabolic pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018. [PMID: 29524021 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Continuous research into the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder (MDD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and schizophrenia, suggests an important role for metabolism. This narrative review will provide an up-to-date summary of how metabolism is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of these psychiatric disorders. We will focus on (I) the important role of fatty acids in these metabolic alterations, (II) whether fatty acid alterations represent epiphenomena or risk factors, and (III) similarities and dissociations in fatty acid alterations between different psychiatric disorders. (Historical) epidemiological evidence links fatty acid intake to psychiatric disorder prevalence, corroborated by altered fatty acid concentrations measured in psychiatric patients. These fatty acid alterations are connected with other concomitant pathophysiological mechanisms, including biological stress (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis and oxidative stress), inflammation, and brain network structure and function. Metabolomics and lipidomics studies are underway to more deeply investigate this complex network of associated neurometabolic alterations. Supplementation of fatty acids as disease-modifying nutraceuticals has clinical potential, particularly add-on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in depressed patients with markers of increased inflammation. However, by interpreting the observed fatty acid alterations as partly (mal)adaptive phenomena, we attempt to nuance translational expectations and provide new clinical applications for these novel neurometabolic insights, e.g., to predict treatment response or depression recurrence. In conclusion, placing fatty acids in context can contribute to further understanding and optimized treatment of psychiatric disorders, in order to diminish their overwhelming burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J T Mocking
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - J Assies
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - H G Ruhé
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Warneford Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Targeted metabolomics analysis reveals the association between maternal folic acid supplementation and fatty acids and amino acids profiles in rat pups. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1090:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Vries GJD, Mocking R, Assies J, Schene A, Olff M. Plasma lipoproteins in posttraumatic stress disorder patients compared to healthy controls and their associations with the HPA- and HPT-axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 86:209-217. [PMID: 28987899 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on studies among primarily male veteran subjects, lipoproteins are thought to mediate the association of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, recent civilian studies with female samples or samples with both sexes represented provide little evidence for this association. Gender, diet and sex-specific effects of stress hormones on lipoproteins may explain this dissociation in findings. METHOD Cross-sectional analysis of plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TG) in a male and female sample of 49 PTSD-patients due to civilian trauma and 45 healthy controls. Second, we related these lipoproteins to several stress hormones (prolactin, cortisol, DHEA(S), TSH, T4). RESULTS Patients showed lower LDL (p=0.033) and LDL:HDL ratio (p=0.038) compared to controls, also when adjusting for diet. Sex influenced the effect of having PTSD on LDL with only male patients having lower values than male controls (p=0.012). All stress hormones were associated with several lipoproteins, mostly in a sex-dependent manner. For LDL, a significant sex-by-cortisol effect (p<0.001), having PTSD-by-sex-by-DHEA (p<0.001), having PTSD-by-sex-by-DHEAS (p=0.016) and having PTSD-by-sex-by-prolactin (p=0.003) was found. CONCLUSION In this male and female civilian sample we found a somewhat more favorable lipoprotein profile in PTSD-patients in contrast to evidence from strictly male veteran samples exhibiting a less favorable lipoprotein profile. Male patients did not exhibit a worse lipoprotein profile than female patients and therefore gender cannot explain the contradiction in evidence. Additionally, we found that PTSD-related stress hormones are associated with lipoproteins levels in patients in a sex-specific manner. Specific configurations of stress hormones may contribute to CVD in male patients or protect in female patients. Further research on these configurations could indicate which PTSD-patients are especially at risk for CVD and which are not. This could guide future precision medicine efforts to prevent and treat the still growing burden of CVD morbidity and mortality in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giel-Jan de Vries
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Mocking
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Assies
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aart Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Olff
- Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Arq Psychotrauma Expert group, Diemen, The Netherlands.
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Bender A, Hagan KE, Kingston N. The association of folate and depression: A meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 95:9-18. [PMID: 28759846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research suggested that folate levels play an important role in the etiology and course of depression. However, the literature has been inconsistent with regard to differences in folate level between individuals with and without depression. The present meta-analysis synthesized the results of previous studies to examine whether individuals with depression had lower levels of folate than individuals without depression. METHODS Meta-analytic procedures were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Studies evaluating folate levels in individuals with and without depression via red blood cell folate, serum folate, or dietary intake of folate methods were identified via PsycINFO and PubMed. Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted using Hedge's g, and moderation analysis was used for both folate measurement method and population type. Study heterogeneity was assessed with I2 and publication bias was qualitatively assessed via funnel plot and quantitatively assessed with the trim-and-fill method and Begg's adjusted rank test. RESULTS We found a significant, small effect size, such that individuals with depression had lower folate levels than those without depression, Hedge's g = -0.24 (95% CI = -0.31, -0.16), p < 0.001. Study heterogeneity was high (I2 = 84.88%), and neither folate measurement method nor population accounted for study heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with depression have lower serum levels of folate and dietary folate intake than individuals without depression. Given that previous literature suggested folate supplementation improved the efficacy of traditional antidepressant medications, future research on folate supplementation in depression is warranted and clinicians may wish to consider folate supplementation for patients with depression.
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Biological profiling of prospective antidepressant response in major depressive disorder: Associations with (neuro)inflammation, fatty acid metabolism, and amygdala-reactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 79:84-92. [PMID: 28262603 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A better understanding of factors underlying antidepressant non-response may improve the prediction of which patients will respond to what treatment. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with alterations in fatty acid metabolism, (neuro)inflammation and amygdala-reactivity. However, their mutual relations, and the extent to which they are associated with prospective antidepressant-response, remain unknown. PURPOSE To test (I) alterations in (neuro)inflammation and its associations with fatty acid metabolism and amygdala-reactivity in MDD-patients compared to controls, and (II) whether these alterations are associated with prospective paroxetine response. METHODS We compared 70 unmedicated MDD-patients with 51 matched healthy controls at baseline, regarding erythrocyte membrane omega-6 arachidonic acid (AA), inflammation [serum (high-sensitivity) C-reactive protein (CRP)], and in a subgroup amygdala-reactivity to emotional faces using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (N=42). Subsequently, we treated patients with 12 weeks paroxetine, and repeated baseline measures after 6 and 12 weeks to compare non-responders, early-responders (response at 6 weeks), and late-responders (response at 12 weeks). RESULTS Compared to controls, MDD-patients showed higher CRP (p=0.016) and AA (p=0.019) after adjustment for confounders at baseline. AA and CRP were mutually correlated (p=0.043). In addition, patients showed a more negative relation between AA and left amygdala-reactivity (p=0.014). Moreover, AA and CRP were associated with antidepressant-response: early responders showed lower AA (p=0.018) and higher CRP-concentrations (p=0.008) than non-responders throughout the study. CONCLUSION Higher observed CRP and AA, their mutual association, and relation with amygdala-reactivity, are corroborative with a role for (neuro)inflammation in MDD. In addition, observed associations of these factors with prospective antidepressant-response suggest a potential role as biomarkers. Future studies in independent samples are needed to replicate and test the clinical applicability of these biological predictors for treatment response to result in a precision/personalized medicine approach for treatment.
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Acid Folic Supplementation in Major Depressive Disorder Treatment: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.33243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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The Role of Genetic Polymorphisms as Related to One-Carbon Metabolism, Vitamin B6, and Gene-Nutrient Interactions in Maintaining Genomic Stability and Cell Viability in Chinese Breast Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071003. [PMID: 27347936 PMCID: PMC4964379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism (FMOCM) is linked to DNA synthesis, methylation, and cell proliferation. Vitamin B6 (B6) is a cofactor, and genetic polymorphisms of related key enzymes, such as serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT), methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), and methionine synthase (MS), in FMOCM may govern the bioavailability of metabolites and play important roles in the maintenance of genomic stability and cell viability (GSACV). To evaluate the influences of B6, genetic polymorphisms of these enzymes, and gene–nutrient interactions on GSACV, we utilized the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques in the lymphocytes from female breast cancer cases and controls. GSACV showed a significantly positive correlation with B6 concentration, and 48 nmol/L of B6 was the most suitable concentration for maintaining GSACV in vitro. The GSACV indexes showed significantly different sensitivity to B6 deficiency between cases and controls; the B6 effect on the GSACV variance contribution of each index was significantly higher than that of genetic polymorphisms and the sample state (tumor state). SHMT C1420T mutations may reduce breast cancer susceptibility, whereas MTRR A66G and MS A2756G mutations may increase breast cancer susceptibility. The role of SHMT, MS, and MTRR genotype polymorphisms in GSACV is reduced compared with that of B6. The results appear to suggest that the long-term lack of B6 under these conditions may increase genetic damage and cell injury and that individuals with various genotypes have different sensitivities to B6 deficiency. FMOCM metabolic enzyme gene polymorphism may be related to breast cancer susceptibility to a certain extent due to the effect of other factors such as stress, hormones, cancer therapies, psychological conditions, and diet. Adequate B6 intake may be good for maintaining genome health and preventing breast cancer.
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