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Hsu T, Thomas EBK, Welch EK, O'Hara MW, McCabe JE. Examining the Structure of Distress Tolerance: Are Behavioral and Self-Report Indicators Assessing the Same Construct? JOURNAL OF CONTEXTUAL BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2023; 27:143-151. [PMID: 36911144 PMCID: PMC9997101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Distress tolerance, or the ability to tolerate physically and emotionally aversive experiences, is a target of psychological intervention in contextual behavioral science. It has been conceptualized as a self-reported ability, as well as a behavioral tendency, and operationalized with a wide variability of questionnaires and behavioral tasks. The current study aimed to investigate whether behavioral tasks and self-report assessments of distress tolerance measure the same underlying dimension, two correlated dimensions, or whether method factors accounted for covariation above and beyond a general content dimension. A university student sample (N = 288) completed behavioral tasks associated with distress tolerance and self-report distress tolerance measures. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that behavioral and self-report assessments of distress tolerance do not comprise a single dimension of distress tolerance, or two correlated dimensions of self-report or behavioral distress tolerance. Results also failed to support a bifactor conceptualization with a general distress tolerance dimension and domain-specific method dimensions for behavioral and self-report assessments. Findings suggest that more precision and attention to contextual factors are required in the operationalization and conceptualization of distress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti Hsu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, U.S.A
| | - Emily B K Thomas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, U.S.A
| | - Emma K Welch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, U.S.A
| | - Michael W O'Hara
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer E McCabe
- Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, U.S.A
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Mathew AR, Zhou M. Distress tolerance in relation to cessation history and smoking characteristics among adult daily smokers. Addict Behav 2020; 100:106124. [PMID: 31600646 PMCID: PMC6886677 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Distress tolerance (DT) is linked to smoking initiation, maintenance, and difficulty quitting. However, there is a lack of consistency in prior findings on DT's relations with conceptually linked smoking variables, and few studies have examined differences across DT domains. We examined interrelations between cessation history, smoking characteristics, and a full battery of multimethod DT measures. METHODS We conducted a two-session laboratory assessment with 106 adult, daily smokers with moderate or lower smoking-specific DT, assessed by the Intolerance for Smoking Abstinence Discomfort Questionnaire. Additional DT indices included the Distress Tolerance Scale and four validated behavioral measures (mirror-tracing, serial addition, cold pressor, and breath-holding tasks). Participants reported on cessation history (length and number of prior quit attempts, withdrawal severity at previous attempt) as well as years smoking, cigarettes per day, and nicotine dependence. RESULTS Withdrawal severity and nicotine dependence were consistently associated with lower self-reported DT, and associations were strongest with perceived tolerance of smoking-specific versus general distress. Length and number of prior quit attempts, years smoking, and cigarettes per day demonstrated a lack of robust associations with behavioral DT measures. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that perceived tolerance of smoking-specific distress may be the most robust indicator of cessation history and smoking characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Mathew
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
| | - Meredith Zhou
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
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Mitchell JT, McClernon FJ, Beckham JC, Brown RA, Lejuez CW, Kollins SH. Smoking abstinence effects on emotion dysregulation in adult cigarette smokers with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 205:107594. [PMID: 31639512 PMCID: PMC6938720 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is robustly associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but little is known about psychological mechanisms accounting for this comorbid relationship. This study examined difficulties in emotion regulation, or emotion dysregulation, among adult cigarette smokers with and without ADHD. Emotion dysregulation was predicted to be higher in an ADHD group at screening and after 24 -h smoking abstinence compared to a non-ADHD group. METHODS Cigarette smokers with (n = 19) and without (n = 20) ADHD completed a screening visit, baseline visit, and two experimental visits: smoking as usual (i.e., smoking satiated) and after biochemically-verified 24 -h smoking abstinence (i.e., smoking abstinent). Three emotion dysregulation rating scales (two self-report and one clinician rated) were administered at the screening visit and experimental sessions. Experimental sessions also included two emotion dysregulation behavioral tasks. RESULTS The ADHD group scored higher on all three rating scales at screening (p's < .001). For experimental sessions, group (ADHD, non-ADHD) x condition (smoking satiated, smoking abstinence) interactions were not significant across measures. However, group main effects emerged indicating higher emotion dysregulation in the ADHD group across all measures (p's < .001). Main effects also emerged for experimental condition, but were more mixed across emotion dysregulation measures. CONCLUSIONS Emotion dysregulation was higher among adult smokers with ADHD and during smoking abstinence across diagnostic groups, suggesting that this malleable psychological mechanism plays a role in smoking both for those with and without ADHD-such findings can inform treatment and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T. Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - F. Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA,Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard A. Brown
- School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Carl W. Lejuez
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Scott H. Kollins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Veilleux JC. The relationship between distress tolerance and cigarette smoking: A systematic review and synthesis. Clin Psychol Rev 2019; 71:78-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mathew AR, Heckman BW, Froeliger B, Saladin ME, Brown RA, Hitsman B, Carpenter MJ. Multi-method assessment of distress tolerance and smoking-related factors among adult daily smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:136-145. [PMID: 30589279 PMCID: PMC6561662 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although distress tolerance (DT) is associated with smoking lapse and relapse outcomes, few studies have conducted a rigorous assessment of DT across domain and method in the context of acute abstinence. In a human laboratory-based study of 106 adult daily smokers, we examined between multiple indices of DT and smoking lapse, withdrawal processes, and motivation to quit. We expected that low DT would be associated with shorter latency to smoke, greater withdrawal severity, and lower motivation to quit. Following a smoking abstinence period (≥ 6 hr deprived), participants completed an assessment battery including both behavioral (mirror-tracing, serial addition, cold pressor, and breath-holding tasks) and self-report measures of DT (general and smoking-specific), withdrawal processes (craving, negative affect, and positive affect), and motivation to quit. Latency to smoke (range = 0-50 min) was assessed in a laboratory analogue task in which delaying smoking was monetarily rewarded. Behavioral and self-report DT indices displayed only modest intercorrelations, indicating different facets of this construct by domain and method of assessment. Tolerance of physical pain was uniquely associated with smoking choice. Both self-report DT measures were associated with abstinence-induced increases in negative affect, while only smoking-specific DT was positively associated with craving. Results are discussed within the context of guiding targeted behavioral interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Mathew
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Bryan W. Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Michael E. Saladin
- Department of Health Science and Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | | | - Brian Hitsman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Matthew J. Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Svicher A, Cosci F, Giannini M, Pistelli F, Fagerström K. Item Response Theory analysis of Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence. Addict Behav 2018; 77:38-46. [PMID: 28950117 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD) and the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) are the gold standard measures to assess cigarette dependence. However, FTCD reliability and factor structure have been questioned and HSI psychometric properties are in need of further investigations. The present study examined the psychometrics properties of the FTCD and the HSI via the Item Response Theory. METHODS The study was a secondary analysis of data collected in 862 Italian daily smokers. Confirmatory factor analysis was run to evaluate the dimensionality of FTCD. A Grade Response Model was applied to FTCD and HSI to verify the fit to the data. Both item and test functioning were analyzed and item statistics, Test Information Function, and scale reliabilities were calculated. Mokken Scale Analysis was applied to estimate homogeneity and Loevinger's coefficients were calculated. RESULTS The FTCD showed unidimensionality and homogeneity for most of the items and for the total score. It also showed high sensitivity and good reliability from medium to high levels of cigarette dependence, although problems related to some items (i.e., items 3 and 5) were evident. HSI had good homogeneity, adequate item functioning, and high reliability from medium to high levels of cigarette dependence. Significant Differential Item Functioning was found for items 1, 4, 5 of the FTCD and for both items of HSI. CONCLUSIONS HSI seems highly recommended in clinical settings addressed to heavy smokers while FTCD would be better used in smokers with a level of cigarette dependence ranging between low and high.
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Abrams K, Krimmel S, Johnson S, Cieslowski K, Strnad H, Melum A, Kryder C. Nicotine deprivation attenuates panic reactivity in smokers: Findings from a placebo-controlled nicotine patch study. Depress Anxiety 2017; 34:996-1005. [PMID: 28489321 DOI: 10.1002/da.22652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective studies consistently find that smoking is a risk factor for the development of panic disorder (PD). A possible explanation is that nicotine deprivation promotes heightened sensitivity to bodily sensations and/or arterial carbon dioxide (CO2 ). Abrams et al. (2011) previously found that, in response to a CO2 rebreathing challenge, smokers experiencing more (vs. less) intense nicotine withdrawal had more severe panic symptoms and a stronger urge to escape. However, participants were aware of the last time they smoked, leaving unclear the extent to which fear reactivity was influenced by the pharmacologic effects of nicotine deprivation versus beliefs regarding when nicotine was most recently used. The present study aimed to ascertain whether nicotine deprivation, independent of beliefs regarding recent nicotine use, promotes fear reactivity among smokers. METHODS Moderate to heavy smokers without PD (N = 25) participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind study consisting of two sessions spaced 1 week apart. Participants abstained from nicotine for 2 hr prior to sessions. During one session participants were given a 21 mg nicotine replacement patch and, during the other, a placebo patch, with the order counterbalanced. For both sessions, after a 3-hr absorption period, participants underwent a 10-min CO2 rebreathing challenge. RESULTS Wearing a nicotine (vs. placebo) patch increased self-reported panic reactivity among participants, but did not significantly affect physiological and behavioral measures of reactivity. CONCLUSIONS In smokers without a history of PD, nicotine deprivation attenuates subjective panic reactivity. Possible explanations for the contrast between theory and laboratory findings as well as clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Abrams
- Department of Psychology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Sam Krimmel
- Department of Psychology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Stacey Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Kate Cieslowski
- Department of Psychology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Helen Strnad
- Department of Psychology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Arielle Melum
- Department of Psychology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Caroline Kryder
- Department of Psychology, Carleton College, Northfield, MN, USA
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Breath holding endurance: stability over time and relationship with self-assessed persistence. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00398. [PMID: 28924619 PMCID: PMC5591393 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breath holding (BH) endurance has been suggested as a measure of the distress tolerance that could predict the outcome of attempts to implement behavior changes, such as stopping smoking or illicit substance use. It is not known however, to what degree BH endurance is a variable trait that may vary depending on situational context, or a stable state characteristic. We measured BH in two groups of participants at baseline and 22 and 89 days (N = 62 and N = 41) post-baseline and in a third group at multiple times points across a 5-week period (N = 44). Participants also filled out a questionnaire created to assess their perceived persistence compared to peers. Correlations were found between baseline and final BH measures (r's > 0.67, p's < 0.0001) at all time points. When groups were combined, regardless of time point, Spearman's rank correlation showed a strong positive correlation (rs = 0.66, p < 0.0001). Self-assessed persistence was not related to BH endurance. This study provides evidence of the stability of BH across time when tested under the same conditions in young adults. Further research is needed to clarify whether BH is linked to behavioral outcomes.
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Replication of the association between CHRNA4 rs1044396 and harm avoidance in a large population-based sample. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:150-155. [PMID: 26612384 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Harm avoidance is a personality trait characterized by excessive worrying and fear of uncertainty, which has repeatedly been related to anxiety disorders. Converging lines of research in rodents and humans point towards an involvement of the nicotinic cholinergic system in the modulation of anxiety. Most notably, the rs1044396 polymorphism in the CHRNA4 gene, which codes for the α4 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, has been linked to negative emotionality traits including harm avoidance in a recent study. Against this background, we investigated the association between harm avoidance and the rs1044396 polymorphism using data from N=1673 healthy subjects, which were collected in the context of the German multi-centre study ׳Genetics of Nicotine Dependence and Neurobiological Phenotypes׳. Homozygous carriers of the C-allele showed significantly higher levels of harm avoidance than homozygous T-allele carriers, with heterozygous subjects exhibiting intermediate scores. The effect was neither modulated by age or gender nor by smoking status. By replicating previous findings in a large population-based sample for the first time, the present study adds to the growing evidence suggesting an involvement of nicotinic cholinergic mechanism in anxiety and negative emotionality, which may pose an effective target for medical treatment.
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