Impact of perceived course of illness on the desire for social distance towards people with symptoms of schizophrenia in Hanoi, Vietnam

Efficient Mobile Ad Hoc Route Maintenance Against Social Distances Using Attacker Detection Automation

In MANET, routing plays a vital role in packet interaction and data transmission. It is always easy to manage the data transmission over the MANET because of uncentralized control on the MANET nodes. Since the efficient route on MANET controls the packets and does not simplify the route between the source and destination. Hence the maintenance of route interaction becomes a crucial process. Methods: It is critical to enhance the route and decrease the attacker to sustain successful data transfers via the MANET Network. MANET, on the other hand, permits route interaction with security threads. The four processing schema are proposed in this study work to retain the security safeguards against Routing Protocols. The Rushing Attacker has significantly influenced MANET packet-based data transfer, particularly node communication. The Attacker Detection Automation of Bee Colony Optimization (ADABCP) Method is proposed in this article. Results: Existing ESCT, ZRDM-LFPM, and ENM-LAC techniques were compared to the suggested outcome. Consequently, routing and data transfer have enhanced the proposed illustration (SIRT-ADABCP-HRLD). Compared to the recommended approach, the end-to-end latency, communication overhead, packet delivery ratio, network lifetime, and energy usage are all improved. Discussion: The performance evaluation results of SIRT–ADABCP-HRLD with existing methods in terms of low End to End Delay (ms) of 49.8361% compared to existing methods ESCT, ENM-LAC, and ZRDM-LFPM. In terms of low Communication Overhead, an 81.4462% decrease compared to existing methods. However, it improves packet delivery by 56.9775%, more than ESCT, ENM-LAC, and ZRDM-LFPM. The energy consumption decreased by 36.31% less value than the existing process.

Increasing sample diversity in psychiatric genetics - Introducing a new cohort of patients with schizophrenia and controls from Vietnam - Results from a pilot study

OBJECTIVES

Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) of Schizophrenia (SCZ) have provided new biological insights; however, most cohorts are of European ancestry. As a result, derived polygenic risk scores (PRS) show decreased predictive power when applied to populations of different ancestries. We aimed to assess the feasibility of a large-scale data collection in Hanoi, Vietnam, contribute to international efforts to diversify ancestry in SCZ genetic research and examine the transferability of SCZ-PRS to individuals of Vietnamese Kinh ancestry.

METHODS

In a pilot study, 368 individuals (including 190 SCZ cases) were recruited at the Hanoi Medical University's associated psychiatric hospitals and outpatient facilities. Data collection included sociodemographic data, baseline clinical data, clinical interviews assessing symptom severity and genome-wide SNP genotyping. SCZ-PRS were generated using different training data sets: (i) European, (ii) East-Asian and (iii) trans-ancestry GWAS summary statistics from the latest SCZ GWAS meta-analysis.

RESULTS

SCZ-PRS significantly predicted case status in Vietnamese individuals using mixed-ancestry (R² liability = 4.9%, p = 6.83 × 10^-8), East-Asian (R² liability = 4.5%, p = 2.73 × 10^-7) and European (R² liability = 3.8%, p = 1.79 × 10^-6) discovery samples.

DISCUSSION

Our results corroborate previous findings of reduced PRS predictive power across populations, highlighting the importance of ancestral diversity in GWA studies.

Perceived Course of Illness on the Desire for Social Distance From People Suffering From Symptoms of Schizophrenia in India

BACKGROUND

Stigmatization of people with schizophrenia remains a highly relevant topic worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries like India. It is crucial to identify the determinants of the desire for social distance as a proxy for discriminatory behavior in a socio-cultural context to indicate ways to reduce stigma. This study aims to explore whether the public perception of the perceived course of an illness concerning people with symptoms of schizophrenia has an impact on the desire for social distance.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Data collection took place in five cities in India. The sample (N = 447) was stratified for gender, age, and religion. Desire for social distance was sampled based on a self-reported questionnaire using unlabelled vignettes for schizophrenia. First, factor analysis was conducted to identify the main factors underlying the perception of the perceived course of the illness. Subsequently, a regression analysis was conducted to examine the impact of the perception of those prognostic factors on the desire for social distance.

RESULTS

Factor analysis revealed two independent factors of the perceived course of an illness: (1) life-long dependency on others and loss of social integration and functioning and (2) positive expectations toward treatment outcome. This second factor was significantly associated with a less desire for social distance toward persons with schizophrenia.

CONCLUSION

The desire for social distance toward people with schizophrenia reduces with the expectation of positive treatment outcomes which underlines the need to raise public mental health awareness and provide psychoeducation for affected people and their family members in India. Help-seeking behaviors can be promoted by directing those needing treatment toward locally available, affordable and credible community-based services rather than facility-based care. Strikingly, lifelong dependency and the inability to socially integrate do not increase the desire for social distance, reflecting the Indian nation's socio-relational values and insufficiency of public mental health services. This indicates the suitability of systemic therapy approaches in public mental healthcare services to support the family's involvement and family-based interventions in caregiving for mentally ill people across the lifespan.

Stigma toward mental and physical illness: attitudes of healthcare professionals, healthcare students and the general public in Pakistan

BACKGROUND

The evidence base for stigma in mental health largely originates from high-income countries.

AIMS

This study from Pakistan aimed to address the gap in literature on stigma from low- and middle-income countries.

METHOD

This cross-sectional study surveyed 1470 adults from Karachi, Pakistan. Participants from three groups (healthcare professionals, healthcare students and the general public) completed the adapted Bogardus Social Distance Scale (SDS) as a measure of stigma.

RESULTS

All three groups reported higher scores of stigma toward mental disorders compared with physical disorders. SDS scores for mental illness in the general public were significantly higher than in healthcare students (mean difference (MD) 6.93, 95% CI 5.45-8.45, P < 0.001) and healthcare professionals (MD 6.93, 95% CI 5.48-8.38, P < 0.001). However, SDS scores between healthcare students and healthcare professionals were not significantly different (MD 0.003, 95% CI -1.14-1.14, P > 0.99). Being female was associated with lower stigma scores and being over the age of 30 years was associated with higher stigma scores.

CONCLUSIONS

Stigma campaigns in Pakistan need to target the general population. However, evidence of negative attitudes toward mental illness in healthcare students and healthcare professionals supports the need for stronger emphasis on psychiatric education within undergraduate and postgraduate training in Pakistan.

Mental Illness Public Stigma and Generational Differences Among Vietnamese Americans

Public stigma is one barrier to accessing behavioral health care among Vietnamese Americans. To explore and identify features of culture and acculturation that influence behavioral health-related stigma, six focus groups were conducted with Vietnamese American participants in three generational groups and eleven key informant interviews were conducted with Vietnamese community leaders, traditional healers, and behavioral health professionals. Data were analyzed using Link and Phelan's (Annu Rev Sociol 27(1):363-385, 2001) work on stigma as an organizing theoretical framework. Findings underline several key cultural and generational factors that intersect to affect perceptions, beliefs, and stigma about mental health treatment. In particular, participants in the youngest groups highlighted that while they recognized the value of mental health services, they felt culturally limited in their access. This appeared to be closely related to intergenerational communication about mental health. The findings suggest avenues for further research as well as interventions to increase mental health treatment access and adherence.

Impact and differences of illness course perception on the desire for social distance towards people with symptoms of depression or schizophrenia in Hanoi, Vietnam

OBJECTIVES

Public stigma against psychiatric disorders leads to delayed treatment utilization and worsens treatment outcome. This study analyses the impact of expectations regarding the course of illness and attribution as medical illness on the desire for social distance towards schizophrenia and depression in Vietnam.

METHODS

In 2013, a survey (n = 771) using unlabelled vignettes either depicting a person with symptoms typical for schizophrenia or major depression was carried out in Hanoi. All respondents had to indicate whether the person was suffering from a medical illness or not. As an indicator of public stigma, the desire for social distance was measured. A possible correlation between expectations towards the course of illness and social distance was evaluated using a linear regression model.

RESULTS

85 % of respondents endorsed that the person depicted in the schizophrenia vignette had a mental illness, compared to only 60 %, who were confronted with the depression vignette. This attribution of mental illness was correlated with higher levels of desire for social distance only in the schizophrenia vignette. While in the case of schizophrenia negative prognostic perceptions were associated with more desire for social distance, in the event of depression, it was only the expectation of lifelong dependency. Moreover, only for depression, positive expectations towards the course of illness correlated with less desire for social distance.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate an impact of prognostic expectations on the desire for social distance and support strategies that aim at maintaining social integration and strengthening autonomy.