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Fung EHC, Dong D. Access to civil justice as a social determinant of health: a legal epidemiological cross-sectional study. Int J Equity Health 2024; 23:123. [PMID: 38877451 PMCID: PMC11179223 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-024-02205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is widely acknowledged that access to civil justice (ATJ) is a key social determinant of health (SDOH), the existing literature lacks empirical evidence supporting ATJ as a SDOH for specific dimensions of health. METHODS A legal epidemiological, cross-sectional, postal survey was conducted on n = 908 randomly sampled participants in Hong Kong in March 2023. Data collected were perceptions of the civil justice system, health, and sociodemographics. Perceived ATJ was assessed using a modified version of the Inaccessibility of Justice scale (IOJ) and Perceived Inequality of Justice scale (PIJ), i.e. the "modified IOJ-PIJ", consisting of 12 of the original 13 items from both scales divided into two subdomains: "procedural fairness", and "outcome neutrality". For health data, quality of life was assessed using the Hong Kong version of the Abbreviated World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF(HK)), psychological distress (including symptoms of anxiety and depression) was assessed using the four-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4), and having comorbidities was assessed using Sangha's Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire (SCQ). Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to investigate the relationships between perceived ATJ and the measured health outcomes. RESULTS SEM demonstrated that both subdomains for ATJ had significantly negative associations (B < 0; p < 0.05) with all quality-of-life subdomains, except for between outcome neutrality with social relationships; both subdomains for ATJ had significantly positive association (B > 0; p < 0.05) with both anxiety and depression; and, after adjusting for age, only "procedural fairness" had significantly positive association (B > 0; p < 0.05) with having comorbidities. CONCLUSION This study provided empirical evidence that ATJ is a SDOH for specific dimensions of health. The results of this study encourage laws, policies, and initiatives aimed at improving ATJ, as well as collaborative efforts from the legal and health sectors through health-justice partnerships, and from the broader community, to safeguard and promote public health by strengthening ATJ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong Dong
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Centre for Health Systems and Policy Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Sun E, Ye X. Older and fearing new technologies? The relationship between older adults' technophobia and subjective age. Aging Ment Health 2024; 28:569-576. [PMID: 37553781 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2023.2241017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article aimed to identify different technophobia subgroups of older adults and examine the associations between these distinct subgroups and the subjective age. METHODS A sample of 728 retired older adults over the age of 55 was recruited in China. Latent profile analysis was conducted to identify technophobia subgroups using three indicators: techno-anxiety, techno-paranoia and privacy concerns. Analysis of Variance was applied to determine whether a relationship exists between the identified technophobic subgroups and subjective ages (Feel-age, Look-age, Do-age and Interests-age). RESULT Four technophobia types were identified: 'low-technophobia' (24.59%), 'high-privacy concerns' (26.48%), 'medium-technophobia' (28.38%), and 'high-technophobia' (20.55%). Privacy concerns play a major role in the profiles of older adults who belong to the profiles of 'high-privacy concerns' and 'high-technophobia' (47.03%). A series of ANOVAs showed that older adults in the 'low-technophobia' were more likely to be younger subjective ages of the feel-age and interest-age. CONCLUSION The majority of Chinese older adults do not suffer from high levels of technophobia, but do concerns about privacy issues. It also pointed out the younger subjective age might have a protective effect on older adults with technophobia. Future technophobia interventions should better focus on breaking the age stereotype of technology on older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhong Sun
- Department of Nursing, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuchun Ye
- Department of Nursing, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Pedroso-Chaparro MDS, Cabrera I, Fernandes-Pires JA, Márquez-González M, Losada-Baltar A. Validation of the Spanish version of the Perceived Control Scale: Perceived Constraints on Personal Control and Perceived Mastery. Aging Ment Health 2024; 28:377-383. [PMID: 37789640 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2023.2262947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perceived control is a relevant variable for understanding middle and older adults' mental health. The Perceived Control Scale has two dimensions, Perceived Constraints on Personal Control and Perceived Mastery, and is a widely used instrument for assessing perceived control in adults. The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Perceived Control Scale with data from two different studies. METHOD In Study 1, 348 older adults between 60 and 92 years old were assessed through face-to-face assessments. In Study 2, 334 adults between 40 and 90 years completed an online survey. Perceived control, self-perceptions of aging, and anxiety and depressive symptomatology were assessed. An exploratory (Study 1) and confirmatory (Study 2) factor analysis of the Perceived Control Scale were performed, and reliability and its relationship with the other assessed variables were evaluated. RESULTS Results from parallel, exploratory, and confirmatory factor analyses suggested that the Spanish version of the Perceived Control Scale has a bidimensional structure: Perceived Constraints on Personal Control and Perceived Mastery. Good internal consistency was found for the scale in both samples. The results revealed negative and significant associations with negative self-perceptions of aging, and anxiety and depressive symptomatology. CONCLUSION The Spanish version of the Perceived Control Scale shows good psychometric properties which endorse its use with middle-aged and older adults assessed either face-to-face or through online surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Cabrera
- Department de Biological and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Márquez-González
- Department de Biological and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Yoon JE, Oh D, Hwang I, Park JA, Im HJ, Thomas RJ, Kim D, Yang KI, Chu MK, Yun CH. Association between older subjective age and poor sleep quality: a population-based study. Behav Sleep Med 2022:1-16. [PMID: 36377789 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2022.2144860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of subjective age (SA) with sleep quality in an adult population. METHODS In the Korean Sleep and Headache Study, 2,349 participants (49.2% men; 48.1 ± 16.4 years old) were interviewed face-to-face using structured questionnaires between September and December 2018. SA was assessed by asking participants their perceived age in years and then compared with their chronological age (CA). Participants were assigned to three groups: feeling younger, feeling their age, and feeling older. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Association between SA and sleep quality was analyzed with multiple linear regression controlling for demographics, psychosocial, and sleep characteristics. RESULTS The group feeling older (n = 404, 17.2%; men, 58.2%; age, 46.5 ± 16.2 years) had worse sleep quality than the groups feeling younger and feeling their age (PSQI score, 4.3 ± 2.7, 3.8 ± 2.4, 3.4 ± 2.1, respectively, p <.001; prevalence of poor sleep quality, 29.0%, 18.4%, 13.5% respectively, p <.001). The association between SA and the PSQI score remained significant after adjusting for confounders (β = 1.05, 95% confidence interval 0.26, 1.83; p <.001). Stratified analyses by sex and CA showed that the association between SA and the PSQI score was significant only in women and in middle-aged and older group (aged 50-79), suggesting that sex and CA modified the association. CONCLUSION Age perception was associated with self-reported sleep quality, independent of CA. SA may be a useful marker that complements the conventional assessment of subjective sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Eun Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dana Oh
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inha Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Metropolitan Seobuk Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ah Park
- Department of Neurology, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Im
- Department of Neurology, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert J Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daeyoung Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ik Yang
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Chu
- Department of Neurology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Yun
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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Rivera-Ochoa FS, González-Herrera IV, Zacarías-Flores M, Correa-Muñoz E, Mendoza-Núñez VM, Sánchez-Rodríguez MA. Relationship between Self-Perception of Aging and Quality of Life in the Different Stages of Reproductive Aging in Mexican Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116839. [PMID: 35682423 PMCID: PMC9180910 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological aging has an abrupt beginning in women, changing their body and perceptions, which are not accepted easily because the actual stereotypes are focused on youth and anti-aging. Our interest was to explore what the self-perception of aging (SPA) is in middle-aged women throughout the reproductive aging stages and their association with the quality of life. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 240 women (40−69 years) living in Mexico City, who were separated according to their reproductive aging stage. An electronic version of the Spanish version of the Self-rated Attitudes Towards Old Age (SATO) and the WHO Quality of Life-Bref (WHOQoL) was applied to these women and was sent by WhatsApp or email. Seventeen women of the total sample (7%) had a negative self-perception of aging. There is an association between SATO and WHOQoL (r = −0.273, p < 0.0001), but in the menopausal transition stage, the association is strong in the psychological subscale, and after menopause, early and late postmenopausal women show a better association in the social subscale. Negative SPA impacts the WHOQoL psychological dimension and not the total WHOQoL score. Our findings suggest an association between SPA and quality of life in different reproductive aging stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Sara Rivera-Ochoa
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Guelatao No. 66, Col. Ejército de Oriente, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico CP 09230, Mexico; (F.S.R.-O.); (I.V.G.-H.); (E.C.-M.); (V.M.M.-N.)
| | - Ixel Venecia González-Herrera
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Guelatao No. 66, Col. Ejército de Oriente, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico CP 09230, Mexico; (F.S.R.-O.); (I.V.G.-H.); (E.C.-M.); (V.M.M.-N.)
| | - Mariano Zacarías-Flores
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Gustavo Baz Prada, Institute of Health of the State of Mexico, Nezahualcóyotl, Estado de Mexico CP 57300, Mexico;
| | - Elsa Correa-Muñoz
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Guelatao No. 66, Col. Ejército de Oriente, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico CP 09230, Mexico; (F.S.R.-O.); (I.V.G.-H.); (E.C.-M.); (V.M.M.-N.)
| | - Víctor Manuel Mendoza-Núñez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Guelatao No. 66, Col. Ejército de Oriente, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico CP 09230, Mexico; (F.S.R.-O.); (I.V.G.-H.); (E.C.-M.); (V.M.M.-N.)
| | - Martha A. Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Research Unit on Gerontology, FES Zaragoza, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Av. Guelatao No. 66, Col. Ejército de Oriente, Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico CP 09230, Mexico; (F.S.R.-O.); (I.V.G.-H.); (E.C.-M.); (V.M.M.-N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-555623-0700 (ext. 83210)
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Seow PS, Byrne GJ, Arnold E, Pachana NA. Relationships Between Aging Attitudes and Successful Aging Outcomes in Middle-age and Older Women. Clin Gerontol 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35593153 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2022.2072791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the relationships between aging attitudes and the outcomes of successful aging, including whether aging attitudinal types moderate psychological adjustment in the context of medical and mental health diagnoses. METHODS In total, 409 community-dwelling women aged 40-79 years in Australia completed the Reactions to Aging Questionnaire (RAQ), Geriatric Depression Scale, Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, and Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. Information about medical and mental health diagnoses were collected. RESULTS Overall, aging attitudes and all three RAQ subscales were negatively correlated with scores on measures of depression and anxiety, and number of medical diagnoses. Attitudinal types toward aging were found to moderate the relationship between the number of mental health diagnoses and scores on the psychological measures of depression but not anxiety. Unique RAQ domain-specific relationships were found with the number of mental health diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the link between aging attitudes and psychological outcomes, the potential clinical value of RAQ attitudinal typologies classification as well as a multidimensional conceptualization of aging attitudes. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The findings reinforce the need for efforts to reduce ageism on a societal level, as well as informing clinical decision-making with older clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Shing Seow
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gerard J Byrne
- Academy of Psychiatry & Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- Mental Health Service, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Arnold
- Academy of Psychiatry & Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Queensland, Queensland, Australia
- Mental Health Service, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nancy A Pachana
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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Yao GY, Luo YY, Zhu B, Wu HM, Liu KL. Latent profile analysis of self-perceptions of ageing among Chinese community-dwelling older adults. Psychogeriatrics 2022; 22:11-21. [PMID: 34704645 PMCID: PMC9298122 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-perceptions of ageing (SPA) is an important predictor for physical and mental health of older adults in successful ageing. SPA is mainly studied from negative or positive perspectives using variable-centred methodologies. The aim of the current study was to explore distinct profiles of SPA among Chinese community-dwelling older adults using a person-centred method and validate the SPA profiles by examining associations with psychological outcomes. METHODS Participants aged 65 and over were randomly divided into test and validation samples (n = 451, respectively). SPA was measured by the Brief Ageing Perceptions Questionnaire using latent profile analysis. RESULTS Three SPA profiles were identified. One adaptive subgroup was designated as 'Low ageing awareness and high positive control' (LAPC, 84.7% and 75% in both samples, respectively). Two maladaptive SPA subgroups were designated as 'Low positive consequences and control' (LPCC, 3.9% and 8.2% in both samples, respectively), and 'High ageing awareness and negative control' (HANC, 11.4% and 16.8% in both samples, respectively). Similar to negative/positive SPA, the HANC and LAPC subgroups showed the highest and lowest levels of depressive symptoms and cognitive decline. Low cognitive function was found in the LPCC subgroup. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the heterogeneity of older adults' SPA. SPA profiles may aid community healthcare providers in China to identify individuals with high risk of maladaptive SPA and to tailor targeted interventions for psychological health in later life. Distinct SPA profiles require different interventions targeting negative or positive control or both aspects. More positive control strategies might be beneficial for cognitive functioning in older adults from the LPCC subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ying Yao
- Humanistic Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yan-Yan Luo
- Humanistic Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Xiangya Nursing School of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui-Min Wu
- Humanistic Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Humanistic Nursing Department, School of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Tang T, Jiang J, Tang X. Psychological risk and protective factors associated with depression among older adults in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 37. [PMID: 34633701 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although geriatric depression is a public health concern in mainland China, findings about its psychological risk and protective factors have been inconsistent, and its prevention programmes have been deficient. To improve interventions for geriatric depression, we designed a study to systematically estimate the effect size of those factors. METHODS To identify psychological risk and protective factors of geriatric depression, we conducted two independent literature searches in English- and Chinese-language databases, and we used a random effects model to analyse effect sizes. RESULTS We identified 15 psychological risk and protective factors in 66 studies. The pooled effect sizes between the factors and geriatric depression ranged from 0.129 to 0.567. Self-esteem displayed a large effect size with depression (r = -0.567), whereas medium-to-large effect sizes emerged between geriatric depression and negative perceptions of age (r = 0.452), resilience (r = -0.426), rumination (r = 0.432), neuroticism (r = 0.381), extraversion (r = -0.363), self-efficacy (r = -0.357), sense of control (r = -0.343), and negative coping strategies (r = 0.315). The sample's mean age, the percentage of women sampled, and the research quality of the studies significantly moderated certain associations. LIMITATIONS Large heterogeneity, the inexplicability of causal relationships between the factors and geriatric depression, and the lack of generalisability to special groups limit our findings. CONCLUSIONS Self-esteem and perceptions of age are potential targets for improving interventions for geriatric depression in mainland China, which should continue to be developed and assessed for their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Tang
- Department of Social Work, School of Ethnology and Sociology, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianling Jiang
- Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xinfeng Tang
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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Alonso Debreczeni F, Bailey PE. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Subjective Age and the Association With Cognition, Subjective Well-Being, and Depression. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:471-482. [PMID: 32453828 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to quantify the degree to which subjective age is associated with cognition, subjective well-being, and depression. METHOD A systematic search was performed in three electronic social scientific databases, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science in May 2018. A manual forward and backward citation search of articles meeting the criteria for inclusion, including a mean participant age of 40+ years, was conducted in November 2019. Twenty-four independent data sets were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS Overall, a younger subjective age was related to enhanced subjective well-being and cognitive performance, and reduced depressive symptoms (r = .18). This association was stronger among collectivist (r = .24) than individualist (r = .16) cultures. Mean chronological age across samples (ranging from 55 to 83 years), type of subjective age scoring, and gender did not influence the strength of the overall association. Further analysis revealed that subjective age was individually associated with depressive symptoms (r = .20), subjective well-being (r = .17), and cognition (r = .14), and none had a stronger association with subjective age than the other. DISCUSSION The results indicate a small yet significant association between subjective age and important developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phoebe E Bailey
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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Losada-Baltar A, Martínez-Huertas JÁ, Jiménez-Gonzalo L, Pedroso-Chaparro MDS, Gallego-Alberto L, Fernandes-Pires J, Márquez-González M. Longitudinal correlates of loneliness and psychological distress during the lockdown situation due to COVID-19. Effects of age and self-perceptions of aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 77:652-660. [PMID: 33438002 PMCID: PMC7928595 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To longitudinally analyze the correlates of loneliness and psychological distress in people exposed to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown, exploring the effects of age and self-perceptions of aging (SPA). Methods A longitudinal follow-up of 1,549 participants was carried out at four different time points during the lockdown in Spain. Questions about the risk of COVID-19, age, SPA, family and personal resources, loneliness, and psychological distress were measured. Results Changes in loneliness showed a linear longitudinal trajectory through time, but changes in psychological distress showed a U-shaped relationship with time. Age was a relevant predictor of differences in distress, with older people reporting less psychological distress. Change in both dependent variables was related to change in different predictors like family and personal variables and also to negative SPA. Discussion In a stressful situation such as the COVID-19 pandemic, older adults may be more resilient to adverse mental health outcomes by using more adaptive resources that strengthen their resilience. Support is provided for the importance of stereotyped views of the aging process that, independently of chronological age, may put people at risk of suffering adverse mental health outcomes such as loneliness and psychological distress in times of crisis.
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