1
|
Mækelæ MJ, Klevjer K, Westbrook A, Eby NS, Eriksen R, Pfuhl G. Is it cognitive effort you measure? Comparing three task paradigms to the Need for Cognition scale. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290177. [PMID: 37590223 PMCID: PMC10434945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring individual differences in cognitive effort can be elusive as effort is a function of motivation and ability. We report six studies (N = 663) investigating the relationship of Need for Cognition and working memory capacity with three cognitive effort measures: demand avoidance in the Demand Selection Task, effort discounting measured as the indifference point in the Cognitive Effort Discounting paradigm, and rational reasoning score with items from the heuristic and bias literature. We measured perceived mental effort with the NASA task load index. The three tasks were not correlated with each other (all r's < .1, all p's > .1). Need for Cognition was positively associated with effort discounting (r = .168, p < .001) and rational reasoning (r = .176, p < .001), but not demand avoidance (r = .085, p = .186). Working memory capacity was related to effort discounting (r = .185, p = .004). Higher perceived effort was related to poorer rational reasoning. Our data indicate that two of the tasks are related to Need for Cognition but are also influenced by a participant's working memory capacity. We discuss whether any of the tasks measure cognitive effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristoffer Klevjer
- Department of Psychology, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Andrew Westbrook
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States of America
| | - Noah S. Eby
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Rikke Eriksen
- Department of Psychology, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gerit Pfuhl
- Department of Psychology, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bora E, Yalincetin B, Akdede BB, Alptekin K. Deficits in Analytic and Common-Sense Reasoning in Schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:376-381. [PMID: 37040138 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Human rationality has a dual nature including analytic and common-sense thinking. Symptoms of schizophrenia have been suggested to be related to deficits in these aspects of logical reasoning. However, empirical studies investigating logical reasoning errors in schizophrenia and their clinical and neurocognitive correlates are scarce. Formal thought disorder and theory of mind (ToM) might be particularly important for understanding logical reasoning errors in schizophrenia. The current study compared the performances of 80 patients with schizophrenia with those of 49 healthy controls on syllogistic and counterfactual reasoning tasks and investigated clinical, neuropsychological, and social cognitive correlates of logical reasoning in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia were impaired in both analytic and common-sense thinking. ToM impairment was a significant predictor of analytic reasoning abilities in schizophrenia. Executive functions and verbal memory were also significantly associated with analytic reasoning in schizophrenia. Further studies investigating logical reasoning errors in the early phases of the illness are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Berna Yalincetin
- Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu C, Liu Z, Pei M, Su Y. Effects of photographer physical attractiveness on photograph aesthetic value assessment. Perception 2022; 51:505-513. [PMID: 35581900 DOI: 10.1177/03010066221098158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Existent studies have demonstrated that being physically attractive leads to preferences and rewards in various scenarios involving performance evaluation. In this study, we explored whether a photographer's physical attractiveness could affect others' assessment of a photograph's aesthetic value. Participants (N=54) accomplished an online task to pair portraits and non-portrait photographs, followed by completing two questionnaires on cognitive reflection and empathy. Analytical results revealed that an attractive photographer was more likely to be associated with a highly aesthetic photograph, and this bias was moderated by the participant's level of cognitive reflection and empathy. Meanwhile, it could be reduced by the participant's professional experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, 12465Peking University, China.,School of Design and Fashion, 91616Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Zan Liu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, 12465Peking University, China
| | - Meng Pei
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, 12465Peking University, China
| | - Yanjie Su
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, 12465Peking University, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Caravaggio F, Porco N, Kim J, Fervaha G, Graff-Guerrero A, Gerretsen P. Anti-vaccination attitudes are associated with less analytical and more intuitive reasoning. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2021; 27:2113-2125. [PMID: 34875961 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2021.2014911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Online anti-vaccination rhetoric has produced far reaching negative health consequences. Persons who endorse anti-vaccination attitudes may employ less analytical reasoning when problem solving. Considering limitations in previous research, we used an online web-based survey (n = 760; mean age = 47.69; 388 males, 372 females) to address this question. Analytical reasoning was negatively correlated with anti-vaccination attitudes (r = -.18, p < .0001). This relationship remained significant after statistically controlling for potential confounders, including age, sex, education, and religiosity (r = -.16, p < .0001). We hope that elucidating the cognitive, non-information-based aspects of anti-vaccination attitudes will help to guide effective educational interventions aimed at improving public health in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Caravaggio
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Natasha Porco
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Kim
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gagan Fervaha
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, 1 Kings College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Matei V, Pavel A, Giurgiuca A, Roșca A, Sofia A, Duțu I, Tudose C. Knowledge of Prevention Measures and Information About Coronavirus in Romanian Male Patients with Severe Mental Illness and Severe Alcohol Use Disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:2857-2864. [PMID: 33273815 PMCID: PMC7705487 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s278471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with severe mental illness (SMI) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are at higher risk for contracting coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) and for poor outcomes of COVID-19 infection. One reason for this could be the lack of knowledge regarding preventive measures against COVID-19 and the inability of the psychiatric patients to discern misinformation from facts. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study design was cross-sectional. We applied one questionnaire that evaluated knowledge of prevention measures and information about COVID-19 (comprised of two sections, each with five questions). The first section evaluated knowledge regarding the official WHO prevention measures against COVID-19, and the second consisted of false information about COVID-19 which examined the ability to identify misinformation about COVID-19. These questionnaires were applied face-to-face to psychiatric male inpatients from a tertiary psychiatric hospital in Bucharest diagnosed with SMI or severe alcohol disorder (SAUD) and to male controls from the community, matched by age and education. Mean scores of patients and controls were compared using Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS There were 115 male psychiatric patients in total (65 SMI and 50 SAUD) and 57 controls included after the matching procedure. We found statistically significant lower (P<0.05) scores for psychiatric patients compared to controls regarding the prevention and general knowledge of COVID-19 (P<0.001), the WHO information about prevention measures (P=0.041), and the ability to identify misinformation about COVID-19 (P<0.001). The fact that psychiatric patients have less knowledge about prevention measures against COVID-19 and a reduced capacity to discern misinformation suggests that we need to identify new methods to convey correct information to these patients and also to better equip them to handle misinformation regarding COVID-19. CONCLUSION Patients with SMI and SAUD are less informed regarding COVID-19 infection and preventive measures compared to controls, while being prone to believing false information about COVID-19 as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Matei
- Psychiatry Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Clinical Ward, “Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia” Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Pavel
- Psychiatry Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Clinical Ward, “Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia” Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Giurgiuca
- Psychiatry Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Clinical Ward, “Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia” Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Roșca
- Psychiatry Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Clinical Ward, “Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia” Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Arina Sofia
- Psychiatry Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Clinical Ward, “Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia” Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Duțu
- Psychiatry Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Clinical Ward, “Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia” Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cătălina Tudose
- Psychiatry Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, Bucharest, Romania
- 2nd Clinical Ward, “Prof. Dr. Alexandru Obregia” Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|