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Menzies V, Webb F, Lyon DE, Pruinelli L, Kelly DL, Jacobs M. Anxiety and depression among individuals with long COVID: Associations with social vulnerabilities. J Affect Disord 2024; 367:286-296. [PMID: 39233251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the association between symptoms of anxiety and depression among individuals with long COVID and five social vulnerabilities (expenses, employment, food insufficiency, housing, and insurance). METHODS Data from the Census Bureau's Household Pulse Survey (HPS) detailing COVID incidence, duration, and symptoms between June 1st and November 14th, 2022 contained versions of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-2) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2) questionnaires. Associations between anxiety, depression, and the five social vulnerabilities among respondents from different racial and ethnic groups experiencing long COVID were evaluated using generalized binomial logistic regression. Structural equation models tested whether social vulnerabilities mediated the pathway between race/ethnicity and anxiety/depression. RESULTS Blacks, Asians/others, and Hispanics with long COVID were significantly more likely to report anxiety and depression and various social vulnerabilities than Whites. Anxiety among Blacks was significantly associated with difficulty with expenses [Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.743, 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.739, 1.747], employment (OR = 1.519, 95 % CI = 1.516, 1.523), and housing (OR = 1.192, 95 % CI = 1.19, 1.194). Anxiety among Hispanics was significantly associated with food insufficiency (OR = 1.048, 95 % CI = 1.044, 1.052). Depression among Blacks was significantly associated with trouble with expenses (OR = 1.201, 95 % CI = 1.198, 1.205) and employment (OR = 1.129, 95 % CI = 1.127, 1.132). Mediation analysis showed that the number of social vulnerabilities partially mediated the association between race and anxiety. LIMITATIONS This retrospective study utilized secondary, observational, self-reported data from the HPS. Therefore, results may not be generalizable outside of the context in which they were collected. CONCLUSIONS The development of tailored programs for population health should address the differential associations of anxiety and depression with social difficulties among racial and ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Menzies
- Department of Family & Community Health Sciences, University of Florida College of Nursing, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States of America.
| | - Fern Webb
- Department of Surgery, Center for Health Equity & Engagement Research (CHEER), University of Florida College of Medicine, 653-1 West 8(th) Street, Jacksonville, FL 32209, United States of America
| | - Debra E Lyon
- Professor and Kirbo Endowed Chair, University of Florida College of Nursing, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States of America
| | - Lisiane Pruinelli
- Department of Family & Community Health Sciences, University of Florida College of Nursing, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States of America
| | - Debra Lynch Kelly
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, University of Florida College of Nursing, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 31610, United States of America
| | - Molly Jacobs
- Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy, University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States of America
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Ruiyin W, Qi J, Tingting W, Yuqin Y, Yan J, Kun P. Long COVID outcomes following omicron wave in non-hospital population. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1377866. [PMID: 38560433 PMCID: PMC10978792 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1377866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The persistence of symptoms or the development of new symptoms following a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 has given rise to a multifaceted clinical condition referred to as "long COVID" (LC). The understanding of LC among China's non-hospitalized population continues to be insufficient. This investigation was designed to evaluate the protracted consequences amongst this demographic, as well as to identify the associated risk factors. Methods This research constitutes a prospective cohort study focusing on non-hospitalized individuals, aged between 18 and 59, who have been positively diagnosed with COVID-19. Each participant was subjected to a sequence of questionnaire-based surveys, designed to evaluate symptoms as well as the status of depression and anxiety. A logistic regression model, adjusted for multiple variables, was employed to scrutinize the correlation between demographic elements, lifestyle attributes, and health-related risk factors in relation to conditions and symptoms post COVID-19 infection. Results A total of 706 individuals participated in the 3 months follow-up, with 620 continuing on to the 6 months follow-up. The median age was 35 (28, 43) years, and 597 (85%) are female. Upon follow-up, Compared with patients without LC, patients with LC have a higher proportion of females (420 (87%) vs. 177 (79%); p = 0.010), were older (35 (29, 44) years vs. 33 (27, 41) years; p = 0.010) and have more comorbidities. Out of all participants, 483 (68.4%) reported experiencing at least one symptom at the 3 months mark, while 49.7% reported symptoms persisting at the 6 months mark. At the 3 months follow-up, the most prevalent persistent symptoms were cough (46%), fatigue (38%), and shortness of breath (34%). By the 6 months follow-up, fatigue (25%), shortness of breath (22%), and sleep disorders (16%) were the most commonly reported symptoms. Anxiety and depression were consistently reported as prevalent symptoms throughout the follow-up period. Most patient symptoms fade over time, with the quickest decreases observed in cough (from 46 to 9%), expectoration (from 26 to 6.3%), smell disorder (from 16 to 3.9%), and taste disorder (from 18 to 3.5%). Male and those possessing advanced educational qualifications exhibit a decreased susceptibility to the sustained incidence of coughing. Conversely, older age and the presence of comorbidities were identified as risk factors for persistent fatigue and shortness of breath. Conclusion In the after of COVID-19, it has been observed that the majority of patient symptoms tend to decrease over time. The primary residual symptoms noticed after a 6 month follow-up were fatigue, dyspnea, and sleep disturbances. However, it's noteworthy that the risk factors associated with these symptoms exhibit subtle variations. Furthermore, psychological sequelae, namely depression and anxiety, are frequently reported among COVID-19 survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Ruiyin
- Department of Respiratory, Beijing Longfu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Qi
- Department of Respiratory, Beijing Longfu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Tingting
- Department of Respiratory, Beijing Longfu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yuqin
- Department of Respiratory, Beijing Longfu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yan
- Department of Respiratory, Beijing Longfu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Kun
- Department of Office of the Hospital, Beijing Longfu Hospital, Beijing, China
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Leitner M, Pötz G, Berger M, Fellner M, Spat S, Koini M. Characteristics and burden of acute COVID-19 and long-COVID: Demographic, physical, mental health, and economic perspectives. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297207. [PMID: 38252638 PMCID: PMC10802963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 infection and its associated consequence, known as long-COVID, lead to a significant burden on the global healthcare system and limitations in people's personal and work lives. This study aims to provide further insight into the impact of acute and ongoing COVID-19 symptoms and investigates the role of patients' gender and vaccination status. METHODS 416 individuals (73.9% female) between the ages of 16 and 80 years (M = 44.18, SD = 12.90) with self-reported symptoms of long-COVID participated in an online survey conducted between March and May 2022. RESULTS 6.0%, 74.3%, and 19.7% of all respondents reported having had an asymptomatic, mild, or severe acute illness, respectively. Out of all participants, 7.8% required hospitalization. The most prevalent symptoms during the acute infection (Mdn = 23.50 symptoms, IQR = 13-39) included fatigue, exhaustion, cough, brain fog, and memory problems. The median long-COVID disease duration was 12.10 months (IQR = 2.8-17.4). Among 64 inquired long-COVID symptoms (Mdn = 17.00 symptoms, IQR = 9-27), participants reported fatigue, exhaustion, memory problems, brain fog, and dyspnea as the most common ongoing symptoms, which were generally experienced as fluctuating and deteriorating after physical or cognitive activity. Common consequences of long-COVID included financial losses (40.5%), changes in the participants' profession (41.0%), stress resistance (87.5%), sexual life (38.1%), and mood (72.1%), as well as breathing difficulties (41.3%), or an increased drug intake (e.g., medicine, alcohol; 44.6%). In addition, vaccinated individuals exhibited a shorter acute illness duration and an earlier onset of long-COVID symptoms. In general, women reported more long-COVID symptoms than men. CONCLUSION Long-COVID represents a heterogeneous disease and impacts multiple life aspects of those affected. Tailored rehabilitation programs targeting the plurality of physical and mental symptoms are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Leitner
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Martin Berger
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Marisa Koini
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Panzeri A, DeVita M, Di Rosa E, Bottesi G, Brundisini V, Guarrera C, Ravelli A, Ponza I, Cattelan A, Volpe B, Iannizzi P, Ghisi M, Schiavo R, Mapelli D. Trauma Shaping the Psychopathological Correlates of Patients with Long-COVID: A 6-Months Longitudinal Study with Repeated Measures Mixed Models. Psychiatry Res 2023; 330:115609. [PMID: 38006716 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed at investigating how the experience of trauma can influence the psychological correlates of long-COVID over time in a clinical sample of patients hospitalized because of COVID-19. Through a longitudinal research design, 70 post-acute patients with COVID-19 were followed-up after hospital discharge in 3-time points up to 6 months and completed the Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and the Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90 R). Repeated measures mixed models with random intercept were used to evaluate the effect of trauma (yes/no) over time (T1, T2, T3) on the SCL-90-R scales. Results showed that patients with trauma display significantly worse psychological outcomes in all the SCL-90-R dimensions [all padj < .05 for the principal effects of trauma(y)], especially in symptoms of depression [time 2 vs time 1*trauma(y): b = -3.86, 95%CI (-7.18, -0.53), padj = .035; time 3 vs time 1*trauma(y): b = -4.77, 95%CI (-8.10, -1.45), padj = .011], anxiety [time 3 vs time 1*trauma(y): b = -4.54, 95%CI (-7.72, -1.37), padj = .011], and obsessive-compulsive difficulties [time 3 vs time 1*trauma(y): b = -4.03, 95%CI (-7.20, -0.86), padj = .027]. These findings shed light on the long-term psychological consequences of COVID-19 among hospitalized patients and highlight the key role of trauma, suggesting its assessment to tailor psychological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Panzeri
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy.
| | - Maria DeVita
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy; Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Di Rosa
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Gioia Bottesi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Virginia Brundisini
- Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Hospital Psychology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Claudia Guarrera
- Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Hospital Psychology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Adele Ravelli
- Geriatrics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Isabella Ponza
- Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Hospital Psychology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cattelan
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Biancarosa Volpe
- Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Hospital Psychology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Marta Ghisi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy; Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Hospital Psychology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Rossana Schiavo
- Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC) Hospital Psychology, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniela Mapelli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy
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da Silva NS, de Araújo NK, Dos Santos KA, de Souza KSC, de Araújo JNG, Cruz MS, Parra EJ, Silbiger VN, Luchessi AD. Post-Covid condition and clinic characteristics associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a 2-year follow-up to Brazilian cases. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13973. [PMID: 37633999 PMCID: PMC10460396 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40586-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Until January 2023, Brazil recorded 37 million COVID-19 cases despite the decrease in mortality due to mass vaccination efforts against COVID-19. The infection continues to challenge researchers and health professionals with the persistent symptoms and onset manifestations after the acute phase of the disease, namely Post-Covid Condition (PCC). Being one of the countries with the highest infection rate, Brazil must prepare for a growing number of patients with chronic health consequences of COVID-19. Longitudinal studies that follow patients over extended periods are crucial in understanding the long-term impacts of COVID-19, including potential health consequences and the effects on quality of life. We describe the clinical profile of a cohort of COVID-19 patients infected during the first year of the pandemic in Brazil and a follow-up after two years to investigate the health impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The first wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil featured extensive drug misuse, notably the ineffective COVID kit comprised of ivermectin, antimalarials and azithromycin, and elevated in-hospital mortality. In the second phase of the study, Post-Covid Condition was reported by symptomatic COVID-19 subjects across different severity levels two years after infection. Long haulers are more likely to be women, previously hospitalized, and reported a range of symptoms from muscle pain to cognitive deficit. Our longitudinal study is essential to inform public health authorities to develop strategies and policies to control the spread of the virus and mitigate its impacts on society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Sousa da Silva
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Nathália Kelly de Araújo
- Graduate Program of Health and Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal Institute of Rondônia, Guajará-Mirim, Brazil
| | - Katiusse Alves Dos Santos
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Jéssica Nayara Góes de Araújo
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Marina Sampaio Cruz
- Graduate Program of Health and Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Esteban J Parra
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Vivian Nogueira Silbiger
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.
- Department of Clinical and Toxicology Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, 384, Natal, RN, 59012-570, Brazil.
| | - André Ducati Luchessi
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Health and Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Clinical and Toxicology Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, 384, Natal, RN, 59012-570, Brazil
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Schulder T, Rudenstine S, Ettman CK, Galea S. Correlates of long-COVID-19: the role of demographics, chronic illness, and psychiatric diagnosis in an urban sample. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2023; 28:1831-1843. [PMID: 36752386 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2023.2177684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-COVID-19 symptoms are an emerging public health issue. This study sought to investigate demographics, chronic illness, and probable psychiatric diagnoses as correlates for long-COVID-19 in an urban adult sample. Self-report Qualtrics surveys were sent to students across City University of New York (CUNY) campuses in New York City in Winter 2021-2022. Binary logistic regressions were used to assess the relation of a range of factors with endorsement of long-COVID-19. Results demonstrated that Latinx participants endorsed higher odds of long-COVID-19, as compared to non-Latinx white participants. Participants who endorsed having a prior chronic illness and those who met the cut-off for probable psychiatric diagnoses all endorsed higher odds of long-COVID-19. Long-COVID-19 may be more likely among specific subpopulations and among persons with other ongoing physical and mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Schulder
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sasha Rudenstine
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sandro Galea
- Department of Psychology, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Rennert-May E, Crocker A, D'Souza AG, Zhang Z, Chew D, Beall R, Vickers DM, Leal J. Healthcare utilization and adverse outcomes stratified by sex, age and long-term care residency using the Alberta COVID-19 Analytics and Research Database (ACARD): a population-based descriptive study. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:337. [PMID: 37208609 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) in a local context is valuable for both future pandemic preparedness and potential increases in COVID-19 case volume, particularly due to variant strains. METHODS Our work allowed us to complete a population-based study on patients who tested positive for COVID-19 in Alberta from March 1, 2020 to December 15, 2021. We completed a multi-centre, retrospective population-based descriptive study using secondary data sources in Alberta, Canada. We identified all adult patients (≥ 18 years of age) tested and subsequently positive for COVID-19 (including only the first incident case of COVID-19) on a laboratory test. We determined positive COVID-19 tests, gender, age, comorbidities, residency in a long-term care (LTC) facility, time to hospitalization, length of stay (LOS) in hospital, and mortality. Patients were followed for 60 days from a COVID-19 positive test. RESULTS Between March 1, 2020 and December 15, 2021, 255,037 adults were identified with COVID-19 in Alberta. Most confirmed cases occurred among those less than 60 years of age (84.3%); however, most deaths (89.3%) occurred among those older than 60 years. Overall hospitalization rate among those who tested positive was 5.9%. Being a resident of LTC was associated with substantial mortality of 24.6% within 60 days of a positive COVID-19 test. The most common comorbidity among those with COVID-19 was depression. Across all patients 17.3% of males and 18.6% of females had an unplanned ambulatory visit subsequent to their positive COVID-19 test. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 is associated with extensive healthcare utilization. Residents of LTC were substantially impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic with high associated mortality. Further work should be done to better understand the economic burden associated with related healthcare utilization following a COVID-19 infection to inform healthcare system resource allocation, planning, and forecasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Rennert-May
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
- Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | | | - Adam G D'Souza
- Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Centre for Health Informatics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Zuying Zhang
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Derek Chew
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Reed Beall
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David M Vickers
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Mozell Core Analysis Lab, Centre for Health Informatics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jenine Leal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Bhatt KJ, Schulder T, Rudenstine S, McNeal K, Ettman CK, Galea S. Understanding the Mental Health Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Individuals With Chronic Illness. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231164338. [PMID: 36932930 PMCID: PMC10028451 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231164338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
People with chronic illnesses are vulnerable to stress and psychopathology during population-level disasters, as a subset of individuals with disabilities. We aimed to examine the relationships between chronic illness, cumulative and specific stressors, and probable depression, probable anxiety, and post-traumatic stress in an under-resourced urban population in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using cross-sectional survey data collected in April 2020, we utilized bivariate chi-square analyses and multivariable logistic regression models to estimate differences in and adjusted odds of stressor endorsement and diagnostic prevalence between people with and without chronic illness. We also assessed effect modification of the relationship between stressor exposure and psychopathology by chronic illness status. Compared to people without chronic illness, those who reported having a chronic illness experienced increased odds of probable depression, probable anxiety, and post-traumatic stress. They were also more likely to report high cumulative COVID-19-related stress exposure, death of someone close to them due to coronavirus or COVID-19, family problems, feeling alone, supply shortages, and financial problems. Chronic illness was found to be an effect modifier in the relationship between the death of someone close due to coronavirus or COVID-19 and probable depression and between household job loss and probable anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krish J Bhatt
- Mailman School of Public Health, 33638Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Talia Schulder
- City University of New York, 14770The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sasha Rudenstine
- City University of New York, 14770The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kat McNeal
- City University of New York, 14770The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sandro Galea
- School of Public Health, 1846Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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