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Yessinou RE, Cazan CD, Bonnet SI, Farougou S, Mihalca AD. Geographical distribution of hard ticks (Acari:Ixodidae) and tick-host associations in Benin, Burkina-Faso, Ivory-Coast and Togo. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106510. [PMID: 35568068 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of ticks and associated pathogens is crucial to assess the risk of exposure of humans and animals to pathogens. For this review, we collected relevant data from published articles and field collections to provide an update on the biodiversity of ticks, and tick-host associations in four countries of West Africa: Benin, Burkina-Faso, Ivory-Coast, and Togo. The literature review was done according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was limited to literature published from 1953 to 2021 in English and French sources. Out of 104 articles retrieved, only 41 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. The final database included a total of 53,619 adults, nymphs and larval ticks belonging to 24 species and five genera (Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus) that were collected from 23 different species of wild and domestic animals. This is the first record of Ixodes aulacodi and Rhipicephalus simpsoni in Benin, together with two new host records for A. latum. This checklist allows an update on tick-host associations and provides information on the diversity of ticks in West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Eric Yessinou
- Communicable Disease Research Unit (URMaT), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin, 01 Po. Box: 2009, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Cristina Daniela Cazan
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; CDS-9 Molecular Biology and Veterinary Parasitology Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sarah Irène Bonnet
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 2000, Université de Paris, 75015, Paris, France; Animal Health Department, INRAE, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Souaïbou Farougou
- Communicable Disease Research Unit (URMaT), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin, 01 Po. Box: 2009, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 3-5 Calea Mănăştur, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Alreshidi MM, Veettil VN, Noumi E, Campo RD, Snoussi M. Description of microbial diversity associated with ticks Hyalomma dromedarii (Acari: Ixodidae) isolated from camels in Hail region (Saudi Arabia) using massive sequencing of 16S rDNA. Bioinformation 2020; 16:602-610. [PMID: 33214748 PMCID: PMC7649017 DOI: 10.6026/97320630016602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are blood feeder able to transmit a wide diversity of microbes including pathogens. Therefore, it is of our interest to detect the diversity of microorganisms residing within ticks using massive sequencing of 16S rDNA. In this study, 200 adult ticks were collected from healthy camels in two localities from Hail province (Saudi Arabia). The analysis showed high microbial diversity dominated by the two domains (Archaea and Bacteria) associated with Hyalomma dromedarii from both regions. Proteobacteria (61.3%) and Firmicutes (31.2%) dominated the ticks from the Al Khotha region. While, the microbiome of ticks from the Al Gayed region was dominated by Proteobacteria (81.2%) and Firmicutes (9.2%). Twenty-three families were identified in the DNA-pool from the Al Gayed region, and was dominated by Pseudomonadaceae (45.37%), and Marinobacteraceae (14.39%) families. Francisellaceae (46%), Staphylococcaceae (24.26%) dominated the microbiome of the ticks collected from Al Gayed region. Thus, the genera Pseudomonas, Francisella, Proteus, Marinobacter, Glutamicibacter, Pedobacter, and Staphylococcus are largely distributed in the two identified microbiomes. This study concluded that ticks collected from the studied localities contained a wide range of microbial communities. These data have a great veterinary and medical importance in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousa M Alreshidi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Ha'il, P.O. 2440, University of Ha'il City 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vajid N Veettil
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Ha'il, P.O. 2440, University of Ha'il City 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emira Noumi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Ha'il, P.O. 2440, University of Ha'il City 2440, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Bioressources: Integrative Biology and Recovery, High Institute of Biotechnology-University of Monastir, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - Rosa Del Campo
- Servicio de Microbiologia, Instituto Ramon y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar, Km 9,1, 28034 - Madrid. Spain
| | - Mejdi Snoussi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Ha'il, P.O. 2440, University of Ha'il City 2440, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bio-resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Avenue Tahar Haddad, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
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Thirty years of tick population genetics: A comprehensive review. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 29:164-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Naranjo V, Ayllón N, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Galindo RC, Kocan KM, Blouin EF, Mitra R, Alberdi P, Villar M, de la Fuente J. Reciprocal regulation of NF-kB (Relish) and Subolesin in the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65915. [PMID: 23776567 PMCID: PMC3680474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tick Subolesin and its ortholog in insects and vertebrates, Akirin, have been suggested to play a role in the immune response through regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB)-dependent and independent gene expression via interaction with intermediate proteins that interact with NF-kB and other regulatory proteins, bind DNA or remodel chromatin to regulate gene expression. The objective of this study was to characterize the structure and regulation of subolesin in Ixodes scapularis. I. scapularis is a vector of emerging pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia microti that cause in humans Lyme disease, anaplasmosis and babesiosis, respectively. The genome of I. scapularis was recently sequenced, and this tick serves as a model organism for the study of vector-host-pathogen interactions. However, basic biological questions such as gene organization and regulation are largely unknown in ticks and other arthropod vectors. Principal Findings The results presented here provide evidence that subolesin/akirin are evolutionarily conserved at several levels (primary sequence, gene organization and function), thus supporting their crucial biological function in metazoans. These results showed that NF-kB (Relish) is involved in the regulation of subolesin expression in ticks, suggesting that as in other organisms, different NF-kB integral subunits and/or unknown interacting proteins regulate the specificity of the NF-kB-mediated gene expression. These results suggested a regulatory network involving cross-regulation between NF-kB (Relish) and Subolesin and Subolesin auto-regulation with possible implications in tick immune response to bacterial infection. Significance These results advance our understanding of gene organization and regulation in I. scapularis and have important implications for arthropod vectors genetics and immunology highlighting the possible role of NF-kB and Subolesin/Akirin in vector-pathogen interactions and for designing new strategies for the control of vector infestations and pathogen transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Naranjo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Nieves Ayllón
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Ruth C. Galindo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Katherine M. Kocan
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Edmour F. Blouin
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Ruchira Mitra
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Pilar Alberdi
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Rodríguez-Valle M, Taoufik A, Valdés M, Montero C, Hassan I, Hassan SM, Jongejan F, de la Fuente J. Efficacy of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Bm86 against Hyalomma dromedarii and Amblyomma cajennense tick infestations in camels and cattle. Vaccine 2012; 30:3453-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Expression profiling, gene silencing and transcriptional networking of metzincin metalloproteases in the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2011; 186:403-14. [PMID: 22142943 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tick proteins functioning in vital physiological processes such as blood meal uptake, digestion and reproduction are potential targets for anti-tick vaccines, since vaccination could inhibit these essential functions and ultimately affect tick survival. In this study we identified metzincin metalloproteases from Rhipicephalus microplus as potential vaccine candidates since they are implicated as essential to blood-cavity formation, bloodmeal digestion and reproduction in ixodid ticks. Eight transcripts encoding proteins that contain the characteristic metzincin zinc-binding motif HEXXHXXG/NXXH/D and a unique methionine containing "methionine-turn" were identified from native and in-house assembled R. microplus expressed sequence tag (EST) databases. These were representative of five reprolysin-like and three astacin-like metzincin metalloproteases. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis indicated that the reprolysins were most abundantly expressed in the salivary glands, whereas the astacins were most abundant in the midgut and ovaries. In vivo gene silencing was performed to assess a possible phenotype of these metalloproteases during adult female R. microplus blood feeding and reproduction. RNA interference (RNAi) against two of the reprolysins and one of the astacins significantly affected the average egg weight and oviposition rate. Evidently, this reverse genetic approach enabled the evaluation of the overall vital impact of tick proteins. Finally, integrated real time-PCR studies also revealed an extensive cross organ network between the R. microplus metzincin transcripts, supporting the use of a combinatorial metzincin-based anti- R. microplus vaccine.
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Prudencio CR, Rodrigues AAR, Cardoso R, Szabó MPJ, Goulart LR. Antigen fingerprinting of polyclonal antibodies raised in immunized chickens with tick total proteins: a reservoir for the discovery of novel antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:1027-36. [PMID: 21844329 DOI: 10.1177/1087057111414901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Identification of tick-protective antigens remains the limiting step in vaccine development. The authors have generated several B cell epitope candidates by fingerprinting Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus proteins that were characterized through bioselection of random peptide phage display libraries against polyclonal antibodies antitick proteins. From 280 clones selected and sequenced, 107 distinct reactive clones were validated by dot-blot assays. Eight consensus motifs were generated, and the most frequent ones were PXXKXH, NXXKXXL, and HTS (68.2%, 65%, and 42%, respectively). The consensus sequences identified potential vaccine targets by alignment with the protein database of R. microplus, which may have putative roles in the host response. Sequences that did not align with known proteins but shared extensive homology among each other were classified as conformational epitopes. Sequence alignments also recognized multiple targets, and the most predominant proteins were identified. Finally, immunized mice sera recognized tick proteins, demonstrating that functional epitope profiles can be identified through selection of phage-displayed peptide libraries with hyperimmune sera and revealing that the epitope-displaying phages can be used as potential vaccine immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Roberto Prudencio
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Franta Z, Sojka D, Frantova H, Dvorak J, Horn M, Srba J, Talacko P, Mares M, Schneider E, Craik CS, McKerrow JH, Caffrey CR, Kopacek P. IrCL1 - the haemoglobinolytic cathepsin L of the hard tick, Ixodes ricinus. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:1253-62. [PMID: 21819989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular proteolysis of ingested blood proteins is a crucial physiological process in ticks. In our model tick, Ixodes ricinus, cathepsin L (IrCL1) is part of a gut-associated multi-peptidase complex; its endopeptidase activity is important in the initial phase of haemoglobinolysis. We present the functional and biochemical characterisation of this enzyme. We show, by RNA interference (RNAi), that cathepsin L-like activity that peaks during the slow feeding period of females is associated with IrCL1. Recombinant IrCL1 was expressed in bacteria and yeast. Activity profiling with both peptidyl and physiological protein substrates (haemoglobin and albumin) revealed that IrCL1 is an acidic peptidase with a very low optimum pH (3-4) being unstable above pH 5. This suggests an endo/lysosomal localisation that was confirmed by indirect fluorescence microscopy that immunolocalised IrCL1 inside the vesicles of digestive gut cells. Cleavage specificity determined by a positional scanning synthetic combinatorial library and inhibition profile indicated that IrCL1 has the ligand-binding characteristics of the cathepsin L subfamily of cysteine peptidases. A non-redundant proteolytic function was demonstrated when IrCL1-silenced ticks had a decreased ability to feed compared with controls. The data suggest that IrCL1 may be a promising target against ticks and tick-borne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Franta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, CZ 37005, Czech Republic
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Niranjan Reddy B, Prasad G, Raghavendra K. In silico analysis of glutathione S-transferase supergene family revealed hitherto unreported insect specific δ- and ɛ-GSTs and mammalian specific μ-GSTs in Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). Comput Biol Chem 2011; 35:114-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kamau L, Skilton RA, Odongo DO, Mwaura S, Githaka N, Kanduma E, Obura M, Kabiru E, Orago A, Musoke A, Bishop RP. Differential transcription of two highly divergent gut-expressed Bm86 antigen gene homologues in the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodida). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 20:105-114. [PMID: 20854482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2010.01043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional control of gene expression is not well documented in the Arthropoda. We describe transcriptional analysis of two exceptionally divergent homologues (Ra86) of the Bm86 gut antigen from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Bm86 forms the basis of a commercial vaccine for the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The R. appendiculatus Ra86 proteins contain 654 and 693 amino acids, with only 80% amino acid sequence identity. Reverse-transcription PCR of gut cDNA showed transcription of only one genotype in individual female ticks. PCR amplification of 3' untranslated sequences from genomic DNA indicated that both variants could be encoded within a single genome. When both variants were present, one of the two Ra86 genotypes was transcriptionally dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kamau
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
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Rodriguez-Valle M, Lew-Tabor A, Gondro C, Moolhuijzen P, Vance M, Guerrero FD, Bellgard M, Jorgensen W. Comparative microarray analysis of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus expression profiles of larvae pre-attachment and feeding adult female stages on Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:437. [PMID: 20637126 PMCID: PMC3224725 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is an obligate blood feeder which is host specific to cattle. Existing knowledge pertaining to the host or host breed effects on tick transcript expression profiles during the tick - host interaction is poor. Results Global analysis of gene expression changes in whole R. microplus ticks during larval, pre-attachment and early adult stages feeding on Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle were compared using gene expression microarray analysis. Among the 13,601 R. microplus transcripts from BmiGI Version 2 we identified 297 high and 17 low expressed transcripts that were significantly differentially expressed between R. microplus feeding on tick resistant cattle [Bos indicus (Brahman)] compared to R. microplus feeding on tick susceptible cattle [Bos taurus (Holstein-Friesian)] (p ≤ 0.001). These include genes encoding enzymes involved in primary metabolism, and genes related to stress, defence, cell wall modification, cellular signaling, receptor, and cuticle formation. Microarrays were validated by qRT-PCR analysis of selected transcripts using three housekeeping genes as normalization controls. Conclusion The analysis of all tick stages under survey suggested a coordinated regulation of defence proteins, proteases and protease inhibitors to achieve successful attachment and survival of R. microplus on different host breeds, particularly Bos indicus cattle. R. microplus ticks demonstrate different transcript expression patterns when they encounter tick resistant and susceptible breeds of cattle. In this study we provide the first transcriptome evidence demonstrating the influence of tick resistant and susceptible cattle breeds on transcript expression patterns and the molecular physiology of ticks during host attachment and feeding. The microarray data used in this analysis have been submitted to NCBI GEO database under accession number GSE20605 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE20605.
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Meyer JM, Kurtti TJ, Van Zee JP, Hill CA. Genome organization of major tandem repeats in the hard tick, Ixodes scapularis. Chromosome Res 2010; 18:357-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10577-010-9120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Socolovschi C, Mediannikov O, Raoult D, Parola P. The relationship between spotted fever group Rickettsiae and ixodid ticks. Vet Res 2009; 40:34. [PMID: 19358804 PMCID: PMC2695030 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spotted fever group Rickettsiae are predominantly transmitted by ticks. Rickettsiae have developed many strategies to adapt to different environmental conditions, including those within their arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. The tick-Rickettsiae relationship has been a point of interest for many researchers, with most studies concentrating on the role of ticks as vectors. Unfortunately, less attention has been directed towards the relationship of Rickettsiae with tick cells, tissues, and organs. This review summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the relationship between ticks and Rickettsiae and provides an update on the recent methodological improvements that have allowed for comprehensive studies at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philippe Parola
- Unité de Recherche en Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Émergentes (URMITE), UMR CNRS-IRD 6236, WHO Collaborative Center for Rickettsial diseases and other arthropod-borne bacterial diseases, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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Knockdown of proteins involved in iron metabolism limits tick reproduction and development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:1033-8. [PMID: 19171899 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807961106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are among the most important vectors of a wide range of human and animal diseases. During blood feeding, ticks are exposed to an enormous amount of free iron that must be appropriately used and detoxified. However, the mechanism of iron metabolism in ticks is poorly understood. Here, we show that ticks possess a complex system that efficiently utilizes, stores and transports non-heme iron within the tick body. We have characterized a new secreted ferritin (FER2) and an iron regulatory protein (IRP1) from the sheep tick, Ixodes ricinus, and have demonstrated their relationship to a previously described tick intracellular ferritin (FER1). By using RNA interference-mediated gene silencing in the tick, we show that synthesis of FER1, but not of FER2, is subject to IRP1-mediated translational control. Further, we find that depletion of FER2 from the tick plasma leads to a loss of FER1 expression in the salivary glands and ovaries that normally follows blood ingestion. We therefore suggest that secreted FER2 functions as the primary transporter of non-heme iron between the tick gut and the peripheral tissues. Silencing of the fer1, fer2, and irp1 genes by RNAi has an adverse impact on hatching rate and decreases postbloodmeal weight in tick females. Importantly, knockdown of fer2 dramatically impairs the ability of ticks to feed, thus making FER2 a promising candidate for development of an efficient anti-tick vaccine.
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de la Fuente J, Maritz-Olivier C, Naranjo V, Ayoubi P, Nijhof AM, Almazán C, Canales M, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Galindo RC, Blouin EF, Gortazar C, Jongejan F, Kocan KM. Evidence of the role of tick subolesin in gene expression. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:372. [PMID: 18673577 PMCID: PMC2518936 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subolesin is an evolutionary conserved protein that was discovered recently in Ixodes scapularis as a tick protective antigen and has a role in tick blood digestion, reproduction and development. In other organisms, subolesin orthologs may be involved in the control of developmental processes. Because of the profound effect of subolesin knockdown in ticks and other organisms, we hypothesized that subolesin plays a role in gene expression, and therefore affects multiple cellular processes. The objective of this study was to provide evidence for the role of subolesin in gene expression. Results Two subolesin-interacting proteins were identified and characterized by yeast two-hybrid screen, co-affinity purification and RNA interference (RNAi). The effect of subolesin knockdown on the tick gene expression pattern was characterized by microarray analysis and demonstrated that subolesin RNAi affects the expression of genes involved in multiple cellular pathways. The analysis of subolesin and interacting protein sequences identified regulatory motifs and predicted the presence of conserved protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation sites. Conclusion Collectively, these results provide evidence that subolesin plays a role in gene expression in ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Tick neurobiology: recent advances and the post-genomic era. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE 2007; 7:183-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s10158-007-0060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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