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Cova MM, Lamarque MH, Lebrun M. How Apicomplexa Parasites Secrete and Build Their Invasion Machinery. Annu Rev Microbiol 2022; 76:619-640. [PMID: 35671531 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-041320-021425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexa are obligatory intracellular parasites that sense and actively invade host cells. Invasion is a conserved process that relies on the timely and spatially controlled exocytosis of unique specialized secretory organelles termed micronemes and rhoptries. Microneme exocytosis starts first and likely controls the intricate mechanism of rhoptry secretion. To assemble the invasion machinery, micronemal proteins-associated with the surface of the parasite-interact and form complexes with rhoptry proteins, which in turn are targeted into the host cell. This review covers the molecular advances regarding microneme and rhoptry exocytosis and focuses on how the proteins discharged from these two compartments work in synergy to drive a successful invasion event. Particular emphasis is given to the structure and molecular components of the rhoptry secretion apparatus, and to the current conceptual framework of rhoptry exocytosis that may constitute an unconventional eukaryotic secretory machinery closely related to the one described in ciliates. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mendonça Cova
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions (LPHI), CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France;
| | - Mauld H Lamarque
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions (LPHI), CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France;
| | - Maryse Lebrun
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions (LPHI), CNRS, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France;
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Salgado-Mejias P, Alves FL, Françoso KS, Riske KA, Silva ER, Miranda A, Soares IS. Structure of Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 is essential for the interaction in vitro with Apical Membrane Antigen 1 in Plasmodium vivax. Malar J 2019; 18:25. [PMID: 30683104 PMCID: PMC6347818 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2649-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In several Apicomplexa, the formation of moving junctions (MJs) at the interface between the external membranes of the invading parasite and the host cell is essential for the process of parasite invasion. In Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii, the MJ is composed of the Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1) and Rhoptry Neck Proteins (RONs) complex; specifically, AMA1 interacts with RON2 during host cell invasion. METHODS Recombinant proteins based on Plasmodium vivax RON2 (A2033-P2100) and its synthetic peptide fragments, one cyclic and one linear, based on PvRON2 (D2035-T2074) were generated and used to evaluate the interaction with P. vivax AMA1 (PvAMA1) by the far western blot, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and isothermal titration microcalorimetry (ITC) methods. The structural studies of peptides were performed by circular dichroism, and the structural analysis of the complex of PvAMA1 with peptides based on PvRON2 (D2035-T2074) was conducted with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). RESULTS Surface plasmon resonance (KD = 23.91 ± 2.078 μmol/L) and ITC (K = 3 × 105 mol/L) studies conclusively showed an interaction between the cyclic peptide based on PvRON2 and PvAMA1-His6. In contrast, the linear peptide and recombinant PvRON2 (GST fusion protein) did not show an interaction with PvAMA1. However, the interaction among recombinant proteins PvRON2.2 and PvAMA1-His6 was possible to show by far western blot. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the PvRON2 structure, particularly the S-S bond between C2051 and C2063, is determinant for the existence of the interaction between PvAMA1 and PvRON2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perla Salgado-Mejias
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Flavio L Alves
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kátia S Françoso
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Karin A Riske
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Emerson R Silva
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Miranda
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Irene S Soares
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Chakraborty S, Roy S, Mistry HU, Murthy S, George N, Bhandari V, Sharma P. Potential Sabotage of Host Cell Physiology by Apicomplexan Parasites for Their Survival Benefits. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1261. [PMID: 29081773 PMCID: PMC5645534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, and Theileria are the major apicomplexan parasites affecting humans or animals worldwide. These pathogens represent an excellent example of host manipulators who can overturn host signaling pathways for their survival. They infect different types of host cells and take charge of the host machinery to gain nutrients and prevent itself from host attack. The mechanisms by which these pathogens modulate the host signaling pathways are well studied for Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Theileria, except for limited studies on Babesia. Theileria is a unique pathogen taking into account the way it modulates host cell transformation, resulting in its clonal expansion. These parasites majorly modulate similar host signaling pathways, however, the disease outcome and effect is different among them. In this review, we discuss the approaches of these apicomplexan to manipulate the host–parasite clearance pathways during infection, invasion, survival, and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonti Roy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Hiral Uday Mistry
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shweta Murthy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Neena George
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Paresh Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
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Zhu X, Zhao Z, Feng Y, Li P, Liu F, Liu J, Yang Z, Yan G, Fan Q, Cao Y, Cui L. Genetic diversity of the Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen I gene in parasite population from the China-Myanmar border area. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:155-162. [PMID: 26825252 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the genetic diversity of the Plasmodium falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (PfAMA1) gene in Southeast Asia, we determined PfAMA1 sequences from 135 field isolates collected from the China-Myanmar border area and compared them with 956 publically available PfAMA1 sequences from seven global P. falciparum populations. This analysis revealed high genetic diversity of PfAMA1 in global P. falciparum populations with a total of 229 haplotypes identified. The genetic diversity of PfAMA1 gene from the China-Myanmar border is not evenly distributed in the different domains of this gene. Sequence diversity in PfAMA1 from the China-Myanmar border is lower than that observed in Thai, African and Oceanian populations, but higher than that in the South American population. This appeared to correlate well with the levels of endemicity of different malaria-endemic regions, where hyperendemic regions favor genetic cross of the parasite isolates and generation of higher genetic diversity. Neutrality tests show significant departure from neutrality in the entire ectodomain and Domain I of PfAMA1 in the China-Myanmar border parasite population. We found evidence supporting a substantial continent-wise genetic structure among P. falciparum populations, with the highest genetic differentiation detected between the China-Myanmar border and the South American populations. Whereas no alleles were unique to a specific region, there were considerable geographical differences in major alleles and their frequencies, highlighting further necessity to include more PfAMA1 alleles in vaccine designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Zhu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhenjun Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yonghui Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Peipei Li
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qi Fan
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yaming Cao
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China.
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China; Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Nemetski SM, Cardozo TJ, Bosch G, Weltzer R, O'Malley K, Ejigiri I, Kumar KA, Buscaglia CA, Nussenzweig V, Sinnis P, Levitskaya J, Bosch J. Inhibition by stabilization: targeting the Plasmodium falciparum aldolase-TRAP complex. Malar J 2015; 14:324. [PMID: 26289816 PMCID: PMC4545932 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging resistance of the malaria parasite Plasmodium to current therapies underscores the critical importance of exploring novel strategies for disease eradication. Plasmodium species are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites. They rely on an unusual form of substrate-dependent motility for their migration on and across host-cell membranes and for host cell invasion. This peculiar motility mechanism is driven by the 'glideosome', an actin-myosin associated, macromolecular complex anchored to the inner membrane complex of the parasite. Myosin A, actin, aldolase, and thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) constitute the molecular core of the glideosome in the sporozoite, the mosquito stage that brings the infection into mammals. METHODS Virtual library screening of a large compound library against the PfAldolase-TRAP complex was used to identify candidate compounds that stabilize and prevent the disassembly of the glideosome. The mechanism of these compounds was confirmed by biochemical, biophysical and parasitological methods. RESULTS A novel inhibitory effect on the parasite was achieved by stabilizing a protein-protein interaction within the glideosome components. Compound 24 disrupts the gliding and invasive capabilities of Plasmodium parasites in in vitro parasite assays. A high-resolution, ternary X-ray crystal structure of PfAldolase-TRAP in complex with compound 24 confirms the mode of interaction and serves as a platform for future ligand optimization. CONCLUSION This proof-of-concept study presents a novel approach to anti-malarial drug discovery and design. By strengthening a protein-protein interaction within the parasite, an avenue towards inhibiting a previously "undruggable" target is revealed and the motility motor responsible for successful invasion of host cells is rendered inactive. This study provides new insights into the malaria parasite cell invasion machinery and convincingly demonstrates that liver cell invasion is dramatically reduced by 95 % in the presence of the small molecule stabilizer compound 24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondra Maureen Nemetski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Phyllis and David Komansky Center for Children's Health, New York-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
| | - Timothy J Cardozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA. .,Institute for Systems Genetics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - Gundula Bosch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI), Baltimore, USA.
| | - Ryan Weltzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI), Baltimore, USA.
| | - Kevin O'Malley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI), Baltimore, USA.
| | - Ijeoma Ejigiri
- Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - Kota Arun Kumar
- Michael Heidelberg Division of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA. .,Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
| | - Carlos A Buscaglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH), Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-CONICET, 1650, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Victor Nussenzweig
- Michael Heidelberg Division of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - Photini Sinnis
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. .,Department of Medical Parasitology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI), Baltimore, USA.
| | - Jelena Levitskaya
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI), Baltimore, USA.
| | - Jürgen Bosch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA. .,Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI), Baltimore, USA.
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Bichet M, Joly C, Henni AH, Guilbert T, Xémard M, Tafani V, Lagal V, Charras G, Tardieux I. The toxoplasma-host cell junction is anchored to the cell cortex to sustain parasite invasive force. BMC Biol 2014; 12:773. [PMID: 25551479 PMCID: PMC4316648 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The public health threats imposed by toxoplasmosis worldwide and by malaria in sub-Saharan countries are directly associated with the capacity of their related causative agents Toxoplasma and Plasmodium, respectively, to colonize and expand inside host cells. Therefore, deciphering how these two Apicomplexan protozoan parasites access their host cells has been highlighted as a priority research with the perspective of designing anti-invasive molecules to prevent diseases. Central to the mechanism of invasion for both genera is mechanical force, which is thought to be applied by the parasite at the interface between the two cells following assembly of a unique cell-cell junction but this model lacks direct evidence and has been challenged by recent genetic studies. In this work, using parasites expressing the fluorescent core component of this junction, we analyze characteristic features of the kinematics of penetration of more than 1,000 invasion events. Results The majority of invasion events occur with a typical forward rotational progression of the parasite through a static junction into an invaginating host cell plasma membrane. However, if parasites encounter resistance and if the junction is not strongly anchored to the host cell cortex, as when parasites do not secrete the toxofilin protein and, therefore, are unable to locally remodel the cortical actin cytoskeleton, the junction travels retrogradely with the host cell membrane along the parasite surface allowing the formation of a functional vacuole. Kinetic measurements of the invasive trajectories strongly support a similar parasite driven force in both static and capped junctions, both of which lead to successful invasion. However, about 20% of toxofilin mutants fail to enter and eventually disengage from the host cell membrane while the secreted RhOptry Neck (RON2) molecules are posteriorally capped before being cleaved and released in the medium. By contrast in cells characterized by low cortex tension and high cortical actin dynamics junction capping and entry failure are drastically reduced. Conclusions This kinematic analysis newly highlights that to invade cells parasites need to engage their motor with the junction molecular complex where force is efficiently applied only upon proper anchorage to the host cell membrane and cortex. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-014-0108-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Bichet
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Candie Joly
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Ahmed Hadj Henni
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Guilbert
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Marie Xémard
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Vincent Tafani
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Vanessa Lagal
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Guillaume Charras
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AH, London, UK.
| | - Isabelle Tardieux
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
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Diaz SA, Martin SR, Grainger M, Howell SA, Green JL, Holder AA. Plasmodium falciparum aldolase and the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of certain apical organellar proteins promote actin polymerization. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 197:9-14. [PMID: 25261592 PMCID: PMC4251702 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current model of Apicomplexan motility and host cell invasion is that both processes are driven by an actomyosin motor located beneath the plasma membrane, with the force transduced to the outside of the cell via coupling through aldolase and the cytoplasmic tail domains (CTDs) of certain type 1 membrane proteins. In Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), aldolase is thought to bind to the CTD of members of the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) family, which are micronemal proteins and represented by MTRAP in merozoites. Other type 1 membrane proteins including members of the erythrocyte binding antigen (EBA) and reticulocyte binding protein homologue (RH) protein families, which are also apical organellar proteins, have also been implicated in host cell binding in erythrocyte invasion. However, recent studies with Toxoplasma gondii have questioned the importance of aldolase in these processes. Using biolayer interferometry we show that Pf aldolase binds with high affinity to both rabbit and Pf actin, with a similar affinity for filamentous (F-) actin and globular (G-) actin. The interaction between Pf aldolase and merozoite actin was confirmed by co-sedimentation assays. Aldolase binding was shown to promote rabbit actin polymerization indicating that the interaction is more complicated than binding alone. The CTDs of some but not all type 1 membrane proteins also promoted actin polymerization in the absence of aldolase; MTRAP and RH1 CTDs promoted actin polymerization but EBA175 CTD did not. Direct actin polymerization mediated by membrane protein CTDs may contribute to actin recruitment, filament formation and stability during motor assembly, and actin-mediated movement, independent of aldolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraya A Diaz
- Divisions of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Martin
- Physical Biochemistry, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Munira Grainger
- Divisions of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Howell
- Molecular Structure, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Judith L Green
- Divisions of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony A Holder
- Divisions of Parasitology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom.
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8
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Plasticity and redundancy among AMA-RON pairs ensure host cell entry of Toxoplasma parasites. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4098. [PMID: 24934579 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria and toxoplasmosis are infectious diseases caused by the apicomplexan parasites Plasmodium and Toxoplasma gondii, respectively. These parasites have developed an invasion mechanism involving the formation of a moving junction (MJ) that anchors the parasite to the host cell and forms a ring through which the parasite penetrates. The composition and the assembly of the MJ, and in particular the presence of protein AMA1 and its interaction with protein RON2 at the MJ, have been the subject of intense controversy. Here, using reverse genetics, we show that AMA1, a vaccine candidate, interacts with RON2 to maintain the MJ structural integrity in T. gondii and is subsequently required for parasite internalization. Moreover, we show that disruption of the AMA1 gene results in upregulation of AMA1 and RON2 homologues that cooperate to support residual invasion. Our study highlights a considerable complexity and molecular plasticity in the architecture of the MJ.
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Yap A, Azevedo MF, Gilson PR, Weiss GE, O'Neill MT, Wilson DW, Crabb BS, Cowman AF. Conditional expression of apical membrane antigen 1 in Plasmodium falciparum shows it is required for erythrocyte invasion by merozoites. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:642-56. [PMID: 24571085 PMCID: PMC4231980 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is caused by obligate intracellular parasites, of which Plasmodium falciparum is the most lethal species. In humans, P. falciparum merozoites (invasive forms of the parasite) employ a host of parasite proteins to rapidly invade erythrocytes. One of these is the P. falciparum apical membrane antigen 1 (PfAMA1) which forms a complex with rhoptry neck proteins at the tight junction. Here, we have placed the Pfama1 gene under conditional control using dimerizable Cre recombinase (DiCre) in P. falciparum. DiCre-mediated excision of the loxP-flanked Pfama1 gene results in approximately 80% decreased expression of the protein within one intraerythrocytic growth cycle. This reduces growth by 40%, due to decreased invasion efficiency characterized by a post-invasion defect in sealing of the parasitophorous vacuole. These results show that PfAMA1 is an essential protein for merozoite invasion in P. falciparum and either directly or indirectly plays a role in resealing of the red blood cell at the posterior end of the invasion event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Yap
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Vic., 3052, Australia
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10
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Tavares J, Amino R, Ménard R. The role of MACPF proteins in the biology of malaria and other apicomplexan parasites. Subcell Biochem 2014; 80:241-253. [PMID: 24798015 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-8881-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Apicomplexans are eukaryotic parasites of major medical and veterinary importance. They have complex life cycles through frequently more than one host, interact with many cell types in their hosts, and can breach host cell membranes during parasite traversal of, or egress from, host cells. Some of these parasites make a strikingly heavy use of the pore-forming MACPF domain, and encode up to 10 different MACPF domain-containing proteins. In this chapter, we focus on the two most studied and medically important apicomplexans, Plasmodium and Toxoplasma, and describe the known functions of their MACPF polypeptide arsenal. Apicomplexan MACPF proteins appear to be involved in a variety of membrane-damaging events, making them an attractive model to dissect the structure-function relationships of the MACPF domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Tavares
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015, Paris, France
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Cursino-Santos JR, Halverson G, Rodriguez M, Narla M, Lobo CA. Identification of binding domains on red blood cell glycophorins for Babesia divergens. Transfusion 2013; 54:982-9. [PMID: 23944874 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasion of red blood cells (RBCs) is one of the critical points in the lifecycle of Babesia. The parasite does not invade other host cells. Earlier work has shown that GPA and GPB function as putative receptors during parasite invasion. The primary focus of this study was the delineation of parasite-binding domains on GPA and GPB. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The assay of choice to validate molecules that participate in invasion is an inhibition of invasion assay, in which changes in parasitemia are assessed relative to a wild-type assay (no inhibitors). Inhibition of invasion can be achieved by modification of different components of the assay or by the addition of competitors of the molecules that participate in invasion. In this study purified antibody fragments to various domains on GPA and GPB were tested for magnitude of inhibition of parasite invasion. Effects on invasion were monitored by assessment of Giemsa-stained smears every 24 hours. RESULTS Among 10 selected antibodies directed at various epitopes on GPA and GPB, antibodies directed against GPA(M) epitopes had the most severe effect (up to 35%) on inhibition of invasion, followed by antibodies directed against GPB(S) epitope (up to 24%). CONCLUSION This study confirms the role of RBC glycophorins A and B in Babesia divergens invasion and shows that the GPA(M) and GPB(S) epitopes are likely to play an important role in the entry process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeny R Cursino-Santos
- Department of Blood-Borne Parasites, Lindsley Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York
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Duffy PE, Sahu T, Akue A, Milman N, Anderson C. Pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines: identifying the targets. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 11:1261-80. [PMID: 23176657 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines target Plasmodium during its sporozoite and liver stages, and can prevent progression to blood-stage disease, which causes a million deaths each year. Whole organism sporozoite vaccines induce sterile immunity in animals and humans and guide subunit vaccine development. A recombinant protein-in-adjuvant pre-erythrocytic vaccine called RTS,S reduces clinical malaria without preventing infection in field studies and additional antigens may be required to achieve sterile immunity. Although few vaccine antigens have progressed to human testing, new insights into parasite biology, expression profiles and immunobiology have offered new targets for intervention. Future advances require human trials of additional antigens, as well as platforms to induce the durable antibody and cellular responses including CD8(+) T cells that contribute to sterile protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology & Vaccinology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Protein palmitoylation and pathogenesis in apicomplexan parasites. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:483969. [PMID: 23093847 PMCID: PMC3470895 DOI: 10.1155/2012/483969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites comprise a broad variety of protozoan parasites, including Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium, Eimeria, and Cryptosporidium species. Being intracellular parasites, the success in establishing pathogenesis relies in their ability to infect a host-cell and replicate within it. Protein palmitoylation is known to affect many aspects of cell biology. Furthermore, palmitoylation has recently been shown to affect important processes in T. gondii such as replication, invasion, and gliding. Thus, this paper focuses on the importance of protein palmitoylation in the pathogenesis of apicomplexan parasites.
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Jacot D, Soldati-Favre D. Does protein phosphorylation govern host cell entry and egress by the Apicomplexa? Int J Med Microbiol 2012; 302:195-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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