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Hussain K, Ola-Fadunsin SD, Adamu S, Lawal IA, Abdulmajeed I. Comparative study of Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection in rabbits and guinea fowls. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 26:100616. [PMID: 34879966 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei is one of the most pathogenic species of the genus Trypanosoma, and T. brucei brucei is one of the subspecies that is of great economic concern to animals. A large range of labouratory animals are commonly used in Trypanosoma studies. This study is aimed at exploring the possibility of using guinea fowls as experimental models for future studies and preservation of T. b. brucei. In achieving our aim, we studied the infectivity and pathogenicity of T. b. brucei in guinea fowls in relation to rabbits. The level of parasitaemia, mean body weight, mean temperature, haematological and histopathological parameters were accessed. Ten each of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (control model) and guinea fowls (Numidia meleagris) (study model) (5 in the uninfected groups and 5 in the infected groups) were used for this study. The infected rabbits were inoculated intraperitoneally, while the infected guinea fowls were inoculated through the wing veins. Both animals were inoculated with 0.20 ml of T. b. brucei-infected blood estimated to be 1× 106 parasites/ ml. The infected rabbits and guinea fowls were screened daily for the presence of T. b. brucei using the haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT). The mean weight, mean temperature and haematological parameters were accessed weekly, while the histopathological parameters were accessed at the end of the study. Trypanosoma b. brucei was detected in the blood of infected rabbits about 8 days post-infection, while there was no parasitaemia in the infected guinea fowls. The haemoflagellate exerted a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the mean body weight, mean temperature and haematological parameters of rabbits compared to guinea fowls. The pathological effects of T. b. brucei infection was seen in the liver and kidney of infected rabbits, and in the spleen of infected guinea fowls. There appears to be no successful multiplication and proliferation of T. b. brucei in the guinea fowls, making it not to be a suitable animal model for experimental studies and preservation of T. b. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karimat Hussain
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Shola David Ola-Fadunsin
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
| | - Sani Adamu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Idris Alao Lawal
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Isiaku Abdulmajeed
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
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Silva Pereira S, Jackson AP, Figueiredo LM. Evolution of the variant surface glycoprotein family in African trypanosomes. Trends Parasitol 2021; 38:23-36. [PMID: 34376326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An intriguing and remarkable feature of African trypanosomes is their antigenic variation system, mediated by the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) family and fundamental to both immune evasion and disease epidemiology within host populations. Recent studies have revealed that the VSG repertoire has a complex evolutionary history. Sequence diversity, genomic organization, and expression patterns are species-specific, which may explain other variations in parasite virulence and disease pathology. Evidence also shows that we may be underestimating the extent to what VSGs are repurposed beyond their roles as variant antigens, establishing a need to examine VSG functionality more deeply. Here, we review sequence variation within the VSG gene family, and highlight the many opportunities to explore their likely diverse contributions to parasite survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andrew P Jackson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Luísa M Figueiredo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Magez S, Pinto Torres JE, Obishakin E, Radwanska M. Infections With Extracellular Trypanosomes Require Control by Efficient Innate Immune Mechanisms and Can Result in the Destruction of the Mammalian Humoral Immune System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:382. [PMID: 32218784 PMCID: PMC7078162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivarian trypanosomes are extracellular parasites that affect humans, livestock, and game animals around the world. Through co-evolution with the mammalian immune system, trypanosomes have developed defense mechanisms that allow them to thrive in blood, lymphoid vessels, and tissue environments such as the brain, the fat tissue, and testes. Trypanosomes have developed ways to circumvent antibody-mediated killing and block the activation of the lytic arm of the complement pathway. Hence, this makes the innate immune control of the infection a crucial part of the host-parasite interaction, determining infection susceptibility, and parasitemia control. Indeed, trypanosomes use a combination of several independent mechanisms to avoid clearance by the humoral immune system. First, perpetuated antigenic variation of the surface coat allows to escape antibody-mediated elimination. Secondly, when antibodies bind to the coat, they are efficiently transported toward the endocytosis pathway, where they are removed from the coat proteins. Finally, trypanosomes engage in the active destruction of the mammalian humoral immune response. This provides them with a rescue solution in case antigenic variation does not confer total immunological invisibility. Both antigenic variation and B cell destruction pose significant hurdles for the development of anti-trypanosome vaccine strategies. However, developing total immune escape capacity and unlimited growth capabilities within a mammalian host is not beneficial for any parasite, as it will result in the accelerated death of the host itself. Hence, trypanosomes have acquired a system of quorum sensing that results in density-dependent population growth arrest in order to prevent overpopulating the host. The same system could possibly sense the infection-associated host tissue damage resulting from inflammatory innate immune responses, in which case the quorum sensing serves to prevent excessive immunopathology and as such also promotes host survival. In order to put these concepts together, this review summarizes current knowledge on the interaction between trypanosomes and the mammalian innate immune system, the mechanisms involved in population growth regulation, antigenic variation and the immuno-destructive effect of trypanosomes on the humoral immune system. Vaccine trials and a discussion on the role of innate immune modulation in these trials are discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Emmanuel Obishakin
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Biotechnology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Stijlemans B, Caljon G, Van Den Abbeele J, Van Ginderachter JA, Magez S, De Trez C. Immune Evasion Strategies of Trypanosoma brucei within the Mammalian Host: Progression to Pathogenicity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:233. [PMID: 27446070 PMCID: PMC4919330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The diseases caused by African trypanosomes (AT) are of both medical and veterinary importance and have adversely influenced the economic development of sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, so far not a single field applicable vaccine exists, and chemotherapy is the only strategy available to treat the disease. These strictly extracellular protozoan parasites are confronted with different arms of the host's immune response (cellular as well as humoral) and via an elaborate and efficient (vector)-parasite-host interplay they have evolved efficient immune escape mechanisms to evade/manipulate the entire host immune response. This is of importance, since these parasites need to survive sufficiently long in their mammalian/vector host in order to complete their life cycle/transmission. Here, we will give an overview of the different mechanisms AT (i.e. T. brucei as a model organism) employ, comprising both tsetse fly saliva and parasite-derived components to modulate host innate immune responses thereby sculpturing an environment that allows survival and development within the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM) , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
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Jin JH, Park EB, Kim KJ, Kim M, Lee S, Lee KT, Yang G, Byun SY, Lee N, Goo J, No JH, Choo DJ, Lee JY. In VitroEvaluation of s-Triazine Derivatives for African Trypanosomiasis. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Jin
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Beul Park
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Jong Kim
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhoe Lee
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science; Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Gyongseon Yang
- Leishmania Research Laboratory (LRL); Institut Pasteur Korea; Gyeonggi-do 463-400 Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Byun
- Leishmania Research Laboratory (LRL); Institut Pasteur Korea; Gyeonggi-do 463-400 Republic of Korea
| | - Nakyung Lee
- Leishmania Research Laboratory (LRL); Institut Pasteur Korea; Gyeonggi-do 463-400 Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Goo
- Leishmania Research Laboratory (LRL); Institut Pasteur Korea; Gyeonggi-do 463-400 Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Leishmania Research Laboratory (LRL); Institut Pasteur Korea; Gyeonggi-do 463-400 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joon Choo
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeol Lee
- Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry; College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University; Seoul 130-701 Republic of Korea
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Jirků M, Votýpka J, Petrželková KJ, Jirků-Pomajbíková K, Kriegová E, Vodička R, Lankester F, Leendertz SAJ, Wittig RM, Boesch C, Modrý D, Ayala FJ, Leendertz FH, Lukeš J. Wild chimpanzees are infected by Trypanosoma brucei. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 4:277-82. [PMID: 26110113 PMCID: PMC4477118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although wild chimpanzees and other African great apes live in regions endemic for African sleeping sickness, very little is known about their trypanosome infections, mainly due to major difficulties in obtaining their blood samples. In present work, we established a diagnostic ITS1-based PCR assay that allows detection of the DNA of all four Trypanosoma brucei subspecies (Trypanosoma bruceibrucei, Trypanosoma bruceirhodesiense, Trypanosoma bruceigambiense, and Trypanosoma bruceievansi) in feces of experimentally infected mice. Next, using this assay we revealed the presence of trypanosomes in the fecal samples of wild chimpanzees and this finding was further supported by results obtained using a set of primate tissue samples. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS1 region showed that the majority of obtained sequences fell into the robust T. brucei group, providing strong evidence that these infections were caused by T. b. rhodesiense and/or T. b. gambiense. The optimized technique of trypanosome detection in feces will improve our knowledge about the epidemiology of trypanosomes in primates and possibly also other endangered mammals, from which blood and tissue samples cannot be obtained. Finally, we demonstrated that the mandrill serum was able to efficiently lyse T. b. brucei and T. b. rhodesiense, and to some extent T. b. gambiense, while the chimpanzee serum failed to lyse any of these subspecies. ITS1-based PCR allows the detection of the Trypanosoma brucei in feces of non-human primates. Wild chimpanzees are frequently infected with the T. brucei subspecies. Mandrill serum efficiently lyses also Trypanosoma bruceigambiense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Jirků
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Jirků-Pomajbíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kriegová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
| | | | - Felix Lankester
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
| | - Siv Aina J. Leendertz
- Research Group for Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman M. Wittig
- Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Centre Suisse des Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
| | | | - David Modrý
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco J. Ayala
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Fabian H. Leendertz
- Department of Primatology, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweiss), Czech Republic
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
- Corresponding author. Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Gerster R, Eloranta JJ, Hausmann M, Ruiz PA, Cosin-Roger J, Terhalle A, Ziegler U, Kullak-Ublick GA, von Eckardstein A, Rogler G. Anti-inflammatory Function of High-Density Lipoproteins via Autophagy of IκB Kinase. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 1:171-187.e1. [PMID: 28247863 PMCID: PMC5301135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are frequently found decreased in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, and because HDL exerts anti-inflammatory activities, we investigated whether HDL and its major protein component apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) modulate mucosal inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The human intestinal epithelial cell line T84 was used as the in vitro model for measuring the effects of HDL on the expression and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM). Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-responsive promoter activity was studied by dual luciferase reporter assays. Mucosal damage from colitis induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) was scored by colonoscopy and histology in apoA-I transgenic (Tg) and apoA-I knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and TNF and ICAM expression were determined in intestinal tissue samples. Autophagy was studied by Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. RESULTS HDL and apoA-I down-regulated TNF-induced mRNA expression of TNF, IL-8, and ICAM, as well as TNF-induced NF-κB-responsive promoter activity. DSS/TNBS-treated apoA-I KO mice displayed increased mucosal damage upon both colonoscopy and histology, increased intestinal MPO activity and mRNA expression of TNF and ICAM as compared with WT and apoA-I Tg mice. In contrast, apoA-I Tg mice showed less severe symptoms monitored by colonoscopy and MPO activity in both the DSS and TNBS colitis models. In addition, HDL induced autophagy, leading to recruitment of phosphorylated IκB kinase to the autophagosome compartment, thereby preventing NF-κB activation and induction of cytokine expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the in vitro and in vivo findings suggest that HDL and apoA-I suppress intestinal inflammation via autophagy and are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of IBD.
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Key Words
- 3-MA, 3-methyl adenine
- ApoA-I, apolipoprotein A-I
- Apolipoprotein A-I
- Autophagy
- CD, Crohn’s disease
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DSS, dextran sodium sulphate
- EMSA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay
- HDL, high-density lipoprotein
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- ICAM, intracellular adhesion molecule
- IL, interleukin
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- KO, knockout
- LC3II, light chain 3 II
- MEICS, murine endoscopic index of colitis severity
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- NF-κB
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- PI-3, phosphatidylinositol-3
- RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction
- TNBS, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Tg, transgenic
- WT, wild type
- mTOR, the mammalian target of rapamycin
- p-IKK, phosphorylated IκB kinase
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragam Gerster
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jyrki J. Eloranta
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Martin Hausmann
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pedro A. Ruiz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jesus Cosin-Roger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anne Terhalle
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Ziegler
- Centre for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
- Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arnold von Eckardstein
- Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center of Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Gerhard Rogler, MD, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. fax: +41-0-44-255-9497.
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Structural basis for trypanosomal haem acquisition and susceptibility to the host innate immune system. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5487. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Achcar F, Kerkhoven EJ, Barrett MP. Trypanosoma brucei: meet the system. Curr Opin Microbiol 2014; 20:162-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Uttaro AD. Acquisition and biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by trypanosomatids. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 196:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Briguglio JS, Turkewitz AP. Tetrahymena thermophila: a divergent perspective on membrane traffic. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2014; 322:500-16. [PMID: 24634411 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahymena thermophila, a member of the Ciliates, represents a class of organisms distantly related from commonly used model organisms in cell biology, and thus offers an opportunity to explore potentially novel mechanisms and their evolution. Ciliates, like all eukaryotes, possess a complex network of organelles that facilitate both macromolecular uptake and secretion. The underlying endocytic and exocytic pathways are key mediators of a cell's interaction with its environment, and may therefore show niche-specific adaptations. Our laboratory has taken a variety of approaches to identify key molecular determinants for membrane trafficking pathways in Tetrahymena. Studies of Rab GTPases, dynamins, and sortilin-family receptors substantiate the widespread conservation of some features but also uncover surprising roles for lineage-restricted innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Briguglio
- The Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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13
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Alsford S, Field MC, Horn D. Receptor-mediated endocytosis for drug delivery in African trypanosomes: fulfilling Paul Ehrlich's vision of chemotherapy. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:207-12. [PMID: 23601931 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bloodstream-form cells of Trypanosoma brucei exhibit massively increased endocytic activity relative to the insect midgut stage, enabling rapid recycling of variant surface glycoprotein and antibody clearance from the surface. In addition, recent advances have identified a role for receptor-mediated endocytosis in the uptake of the antitrypanosomal drug, suramin, via invariant surface glycoprotein 75, and in the uptake of trypanosome lytic factor 1 via haptoglobin-haemoglobin receptor. Here, we argue that receptor-mediated endocytosis represents both a validated drug target and a promising route for the delivery of novel therapeutics into trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Alsford
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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DeJesus E, Kieft R, Albright B, Stephens NA, Hajduk SL. A single amino acid substitution in the group 1 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor abolishes TLF-1 binding. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003317. [PMID: 23637606 PMCID: PMC3630162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical to human innate immunity against African trypanosomes is a minor subclass of human high-density lipoproteins, termed Trypanosome Lytic Factor-1 (TLF-1). This primate-specific molecule binds to a haptoglobin-hemoglobin receptor (HpHbR) on the surface of susceptible trypanosomes, initiating a lytic pathway. Group 1 Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), escaping TLF-1 killing due to reduced uptake. Previously, we found that group 1 T. b. gambiense HpHbR (TbgHpHbR) mRNA levels were greatly reduced and the gene contained substitutions within the open reading frame. Here we show that a single, highly conserved amino acid in the TbgHpHbR ablates high affinity TLF-1 binding and subsequent endocytosis, thus evading TLF-1 killing. In addition, we show that over-expression of TbgHpHbR failed to rescue TLF-1 susceptibility. These findings suggest that the single substitution present in the TbgHpHbR directly contributes to the reduced uptake and resistance to TLF-1 seen in these important human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. DeJesus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - R. Kieft
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - B. Albright
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - N. A. Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - S. L. Hajduk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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