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López-Rivera C, Robayo-Sánchez LN, Ramírez-Hernández A, Cortés-Vecino JA, Cuéllar-Sáenz JA, Villar JD, Rivera-Páez FA, Ossa-López PA, Henao-Osorio JJ, Cardona-Giraldo A, Ospina-Pérez EM, Hidalgo M, Ramírez-Chaves HE. Hyperparasitism in bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae): new records and interaction networks in the Neotropics. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:255. [PMID: 38922514 PMCID: PMC11208258 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08221-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Hyperparasitism is defined as the interaction where one parasite is infected by another parasite. In bat flies (Streblidae and Nycteribiidae), both hyperparasites and microparasites (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and arthropods such as mites) have been documented. Fungi belonging to the order Laboulbeniales are microscopic parasites of a wide diversity of arthropod hosts. Three genera exclusively target bat flies: Arthrorhynchus, which parasitizes species within Nycteribiidae in the Eastern Hemisphere, while genus Gloeandromyces and Nycteromyces parasitize Streblidae in the Western Hemisphere. Among the hyperparasitic arthropods, mites of family Neothrombidiidae, particularly the monospecific genus Monunguis, are known to parasitize bat flies. Here we present the first records of the hyperparasites Monunguis streblida and Gloeandromyces pageanus f. polymorphus parasitizing Streblidae bat flies in Colombia and a summary of these hyperparasitic interactions in the Neotropics. We detected fungi and mites parasitizing bat flies that were collected in the Magdalena River Basin, Colombia, in field expeditions in 2018, 2022, and 2023. We identified 17 bat flies and two species of hyperparasites, specifically M. streblida and the fungi Gloeandromyces. Our search for reports of these interactions in the Neotropics revealed that seven species of Trichobius (Streblidae) are parasitized by M. streblida, whereas Paratrichobius longicrus (Streblidae) is parasitized by Gloeandromyces pageanus f. polymorphus. These interactions have been reported in 11 countries, but our records are the first of M. streblida and Laboulbeniales fungi parasitizing bat flies in Colombia. So far, a total of 14 species of fungi and one species of mite have been associated with 19 species of bat flies, which in turn, are linked to 15 species of Neotropical bats.
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Grants
- 120385270267 Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- 120385270267 Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- 120385270267 Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- 120385270267 Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- 120385270267 Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- 120385270267 Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- 120385270267 Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- 120385270267 Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- 120385270267 Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- 120385270267 Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- 120385270267 Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- 120385270267 Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- 120385270267 Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación
- University of Caldas
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila López-Rivera
- Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Biodiversidad y Manejo de Ecosistemas (GEBIOME), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Laura Natalia Robayo-Sánchez
- Grupo de Investigación Parasitología Veterinaria, Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Ramírez-Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación Parasitología Veterinaria, Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
- Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, D. C, Colombia
| | - Jesús Alfredo Cortés-Vecino
- Grupo de Investigación Parasitología Veterinaria, Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - Jerson Andrés Cuéllar-Sáenz
- Grupo de Investigación Parasitología Veterinaria, Laboratorio de Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - Juan Diego Villar
- Grupo Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - Fredy Arvey Rivera-Páez
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Biodiversidad y Manejo de Ecosistemas (GEBIOME), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Paula Andrea Ossa-López
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Biodiversidad y Manejo de Ecosistemas (GEBIOME), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - José Jaime Henao-Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Biodiversidad y Manejo de Ecosistemas (GEBIOME), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Alexandra Cardona-Giraldo
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Biodiversidad y Manejo de Ecosistemas (GEBIOME), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Erika Mayerly Ospina-Pérez
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Biodiversidad y Manejo de Ecosistemas (GEBIOME), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia
| | - Marylin Hidalgo
- Grupo Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Microbiología, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - Héctor E Ramírez-Chaves
- Grupo de Investigación en Genética, Biodiversidad y Manejo de Ecosistemas (GEBIOME), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 65 No. 26-10, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.
- Centro de Museos, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 58 No. 21-50, 170004, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.
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Montoya-Giraldo M, Piper KR, Ikhimiukor OO, Park CJ, Caimi NA, Buecher DC, Valdez EW, Northup DE, Andam CP. Ecology shapes the genomic and biosynthetic diversification of Streptomyces bacteria from insectivorous bats. Microb Genom 2024; 10. [PMID: 38625724 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces are prolific producers of secondary metabolites from which many clinically useful compounds have been derived. They inhabit diverse habitats but have rarely been reported in vertebrates. Here, we aim to determine to what extent the ecological source (bat host species and cave sites) influence the genomic and biosynthetic diversity of Streptomyces bacteria. We analysed draft genomes of 132 Streptomyces isolates sampled from 11 species of insectivorous bats from six cave sites in Arizona and New Mexico, USA. We delineated 55 species based on the genome-wide average nucleotide identity and core genome phylogenetic tree. Streptomyces isolates that colonize the same bat species or inhabit the same site exhibit greater overall genomic similarity than they do with Streptomyces from other bat species or sites. However, when considering biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) alone, BGC distribution is not structured by the ecological or geographical source of the Streptomyces that carry them. Each genome carried between 19-65 BGCs (median=42.5) and varied even among members of the same Streptomyces species. Nine major classes of BGCs were detected in ten of the 11 bat species and in all sites: terpene, non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, polyketide synthase, siderophore, RiPP-like, butyrolactone, lanthipeptide, ectoine, melanin. Finally, Streptomyces genomes carry multiple hybrid BGCs consisting of signature domains from two to seven distinct BGC classes. Taken together, our results bring critical insights to understanding Streptomyces-bat ecology and BGC diversity that may contribute to bat health and in augmenting current efforts in natural product discovery, especially from underexplored or overlooked environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Montoya-Giraldo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn R Piper
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Odion O Ikhimiukor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Cooper J Park
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Nicole A Caimi
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Ernest W Valdez
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Diana E Northup
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
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Szentiványi T, Estók P. Penicillidia conspicua. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:194-195. [PMID: 38195349 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Szentiványi
- Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary; Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.
| | - Péter Estók
- Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary
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Arnaout Y, Picard-Meyer E, Robardet E, Cappelle J, Cliquet F, Touzalin F, Jimenez G, Djelouadji Z. Assessment of virus and Leptospira carriage in bats in France. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292840. [PMID: 37862301 PMCID: PMC10588846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
With over 1,400 species worldwide, bats represent the second largest order of mammals after rodents, and are known to host major zoonotic pathogens. Here, we estimate the presence of pathogens in autochthonous bat populations. First, we set out to check our samples for PCR amplification efficiency by assessing the occurrence of inhibited PCR reactions from different types of bat samples with amplifying the housekeeping gene β-actin. Second, we investigated the presence of five targeted pathogens in a French bat population using PCR. We targeted viral RNA of Canine distemper virus, Alphacoronavirus, Lyssavirus, Rotavirus and bacterial Leptospira DNA. To do so, we screened for these viruses in bat faecal samples as well as in oropharyngeal swab samples. The presence of Leptospira was assessed in urine, kidney, lung and faecal samples. Results showed a frequency of inhibited reactions ranging from 5 to 60% of samples, varying according to the sample itself and also suspected to vary according to sampling method and the storage buffer solution used, demonstrating the importance of the sampling and storage on the probability of obtaining negative PCR results. For pathogen assessment, rotavirus and alphacoronavirus RNA were detected in Myotis myotis, Myotis daubentonii, Myotis emarginatus and Rhinolophus ferrumequinum bats. Rotaviruses were also detected in Barbastella barbastellus. The presence of alphacoronavirus also varied seasonally, with higher frequencies in late summer and October, suggesting that juveniles potentially play an important role in the dynamics of these viruses. Leptospira DNA was detected in M. myotis and M. daubentonii colonies. The 16S rRNA sequences obtained from Leptospira positive samples showed 100% genetic identity with L. borgpetersenii. Neither canine distemper virus nor lyssavirus RNA were detected in any of the tested samples. This study is the first to show the presence of Leptospira in autochthonous French bats in addition to coronavirus and rotavirus RNA previously reported in European autochthonous bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Arnaout
- Lyssavirus Unit, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Malzéville, France
- USC 1233-INRAE Rongeurs Sauvages, Risque Sanitaire et Gestion des Populations, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - Evelyne Picard-Meyer
- Lyssavirus Unit, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- Lyssavirus Unit, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Julien Cappelle
- UMR ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UMR EPIA, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Theix, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Lyssavirus Unit, Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Malzéville, France
| | - Frédéric Touzalin
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre West, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Zouheira Djelouadji
- USC 1233-INRAE Rongeurs Sauvages, Risque Sanitaire et Gestion des Populations, VetAgro Sup, Marcy l’Etoile, France
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Atobatele OE, Olatubi IV, Oyeku OG, Ayokunle DI, Oladosu OO, Ogunnaike TM. Analysis of COI gene, prevalence, and intensity of the bat fly Cyclopodia greeffi on roosting straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Southwest Nigeria. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 21:210-218. [PMID: 37388298 PMCID: PMC10300209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated ectoparasite diversity, interspecific infestation rates and host preference in roosting fruit bats, Eidolon helvum, from Bowen University, Southwest Nigeria. Fur of captured E. helvum were sampled monthly for ectoparasites from January 2021 to June 2022. We examined a total of 231 E. helvum and observed a significant female to male adult sex ratio (0.22:1); with 53.9% ectoparasitic infestation rate. We identified and enumerated the ectoparasite; and subjected its Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene to phylogenetic analysis with other nycteribiids. COI gene sequences obtained formed a distinct clade with other C. greeffi sequences. We recovered a total of 319 (149 female and 170 male) ectoparasites and observed a balanced C. greeffi female to male adult sex ratio of 0.88:1. Ectoparasitic sex distribution had no association with host sex and season. Prevalence was significantly higher during the wet season, but not between sexes of E. helvum. The intensity of infestation, 3.7 ± 0.4 individuals per fruit bat, was significantly higher during the wet season with a bimodal seasonal distribution. The strongly male-biased host adult sex ratio had no significant influence on C. greeffi metapopulation adult sex ratio.
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da Silva SG, Ferreira FF, Hrycyna G, Eriksson A, Graciolli G, Canale GR. Determinants of the composition of ectoparasitic flies of bats (Diptera: Streblidae, Nycteribiidae) in the Amazon and Cerrado landscape scales and ecotonal areas. Parasitol Res 2023:10.1007/s00436-023-07886-4. [PMID: 37233818 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The high diversity of bats in the Neotropics is primarily associated with various ectoparasite species on their bodies. Interactions between these animals need to be comprehensively investigated at landscape scales, focusing on understanding the patterns of diversity of species. We sought to evaluate, througt bat captures and ectoparasite sampling, the determinants of the composition of ectoparasitic flies species present in bats in in the Amazon and Cerrado biomes and ecotone areas. We used a generalized dissimilarity model (GDM) to verify what factors explained the composition of ectoparasitic flies of bats using landscape metrics, geographic distance, biome, and host composition. Twenty-four bat species haboured a total of 33 species of ectoparasitic flies. Host composition was the best predictor of fly composition, followed by the environmental variables and by biome. Geographical distance presented negligible effects. Studies on large scales tend to reveal a wide diversity of ectoparasitic flies. Host composition, as the best predictor of fly composition, may be associated with interspecific characteristics among species. We recommend studies focusing on the landscape to understand better the parasitic associations of bats and their distribution across environments.
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Grants
- Edicts 48/2021 and 52/2020 Instituto federal de educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brasil
- Edicts 48/2021 and 52/2020 Instituto federal de educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brasil
- Edicts 48/2021 and 52/2020 Instituto federal de educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brasil
- Edicts 48/2021 and 52/2020 Instituto federal de educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brasil
- Edicts 48/2021 and 52/2020 Instituto federal de educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brasil
- Edicts 48/2021 and 52/2020 Instituto federal de educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso, Brasil
- Process-88887.195227/2018-00 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- Departamento de Ecologia Aplicada, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Do Estado de Mato Grosso, Pontes E Lacerda, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | | | - Gabriela Hrycyna
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alan Eriksson
- Departamento de Biologia E Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Graciolli
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil
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Poon ESK, Chen G, Tsang HY, Shek CT, Tsui WC, Zhao H, Guénard B, Sin SYW. Species richness of bat flies and their associations with host bats in a subtropical East Asian region. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:37. [PMID: 36707856 PMCID: PMC9881358 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05663-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the interactions between bat flies and host bats offer us fundamental insights into the coevolutionary and ecological processes in host-parasite relationships. Here, we investigated the identities, host specificity, and patterns of host association of bat flies in a subtropical region in East Asia, which is an understudied region for bat fly research. METHODS We used both morphological characteristics and DNA barcoding to identify the bat fly species found on 11 cavernicolous bat species from five bat families inhabiting Hong Kong. We first determined the phylogenetic relationships among bat fly species. Then, we elucidated the patterns of bat-bat fly associations and calculated the host specificity of each bat fly species. Furthermore, we assembled the mitogenomes of three bat fly species from two families (Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) to contribute to the limited bat fly genetic resources available. RESULTS We examined 641 individuals of bat flies and found 20 species, of which many appeared to be new to science. Species of Nycteribiidae included five Nycteribia spp., three Penicillidia spp., two Phthiridium spp., one Basilia sp., and one species from a hitherto unknown genus, whereas Streblidae included Brachytarsina amboinensis, three Raymondia spp., and four additional Brachytarsina spp. Our bat-bat fly association network shows that certain closely related bat flies within Nycteribiidae and Streblidae only parasitized host bat species that are phylogenetically more closely related. For example, congenerics of Raymondia only parasitized hosts in Rhinolophus and Hipposideros, which are in two closely related families in Rhinolophoidea, but not other distantly related co-roosting species. A wide spectrum of host specificity of these bat fly species was also revealed, with some bat fly species being strictly monoxenous, e.g. nycteribiid Nycteribia sp. A, Phthiridium sp. A, and streblid Raymondia sp. A, while streblid B. amboinensis is polyxenous. CONCLUSIONS The bat fly diversity and specificity uncovered in this study have shed light on the complex bat-bat fly ecology in the region, but more bat-parasite association studies are still needed in East Asian regions like China as a huge number of unknown species likely exists. We highly recommend the use of DNA barcoding to support morphological identification to reveal accurate host-ectoparasite relationships for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Shui Kei Poon
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guoling Chen
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hiu Yu Tsang
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chung Tong Shek
- grid.484292.10000 0004 1774 1243Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD), Hong Kong SAR Government, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing Chi Tsui
- grid.484292.10000 0004 1774 1243Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department (AFCD), Hong Kong SAR Government, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huabin Zhao
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 Hubei China
| | - Benoit Guénard
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Yung Wa Sin
- grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Alcantara DMC, Ikeda P, Souza CS, de Mello VVC, Torres JM, Lourenço EC, Bassini-Silva R, Herrera HM, Machado RZ, Barros-Battesti DM, Graciolli G, André MR. Multilayer Networks Assisting to Untangle Direct and Indirect Pathogen Transmission in Bats. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022:10.1007/s00248-022-02108-3. [PMID: 36166070 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The importance of species that connect the different types of interactions is becoming increasingly recognized, and this role may be related to specific attributes of these species. Multilayer networks have two or more layers, which represent different types of interactions, for example, between different parasites and hosts that are nonetheless connected. The understanding of the ecological relationship between bats, ectoparasites, and vector-borne bacteria could shed some light on the complex transmission cycles of these pathogens. In this study, we investigated a multilayer network in Brazil formed by interactions between bat-bacteria, bat-ectoparasite, and ectoparasite-bacteria, and asked how these interactions overlap considering different groups and transmission modes. The multilayer network was composed of 31 nodes (12 bat species, 14 ectoparasite species, and five bacteria genera) and 334 links, distributed over three layers. The multilayer network has low modularity and shows a core-periphery organization, that is, composed of a few generalist species with many interactions and many specialist species participating in few interactions in the multilayer network. The three layers were needed to accurately describe the multilayer structure, while aggregation leads to loss of information. Our findings also demonstrated that the multilayer network is influenced by a specific set of species that can easily be connected to the behavior, life cycle, and type of existing interactions of these species. Four bat species (Artibeus lituratus, A. planirostris, Phyllostomus discolor, and Platyrrhinus lineatus), one ectoparasite species (Steatonyssus) and three bacteria genera (Ehrlichia, hemotropic Mycoplasma and Neorickettsia) are the most important species for the multilayer network structure. Finally, our study brings an ecological perspective under a multilayer network approach on the interactions between bats, ectoparasites, and pathogens. By using a multilayer approach (different types of interactions), it was possible to better understand these different ecological interactions and how they affect each other, advancing our knowledge on the role of bats and ectoparasites as potential pathogen vectors and reservoirs, as well as the modes of transmission of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priscila Ikeda
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Silveira Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica Aplicada, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil
| | - Victória Valente Califre de Mello
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Jaire Marinho Torres
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Elizabete Captivo Lourenço
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Rosangela Zacarias Machado
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Darci Moraes Barros-Battesti
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Graciolli
- Setor de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogério André
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, Departamento de Patologia, Reprodução e Saúde Única, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Campus de Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Opportunities and Limitations of Molecular Methods for Studying Bat-Associated Pathogens. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091875. [PMID: 36144476 PMCID: PMC9502413 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats have been identified as reservoirs of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic pathogens. Significant progress was made in the field of molecular biology with regard to infectious diseases, especially those that infect more than one species. Molecular methods, sequencing and bioinformatics have recently become irreplaceable tools in emerging infectious diseases research and even outbreak prediction. Modern methods in the molecular biology field have shed more light on the unique relationship between bats and viruses. Here we provide readers with a concise summary of the potential and limitations of molecular methods for studying the ecology of bats and bat-related pathogens and microorganisms.
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10
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Bermúdez-Cova MA, Cruz-Laufer AJ, Piepenbring M. Hyperparasitic Fungi on Black Mildews (Meliolales, Ascomycota): Hidden Fungal Diversity in the Tropics. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:885279. [PMID: 37746226 PMCID: PMC10512288 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.885279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Hyperparasitism on plant-parasitic fungi is a widespread but rarely studied phenomenon. Here, for the first time, we compile in a checklist information provided by peer-reviewed literature for fungi growing on colonies of black mildews (Meliolales, Ascomycota), a species-rich group of tropical and subtropical plant-parasitic microfungi. The checklist contains information on 189 species of contact-biotrophic microfungi in 82 genera. They belong to seven morphological groups: dematiaceous hyphomycetes, moniliaceous hyphomycetes, pycnidioid, perithecioid, catathecioid, and apothecioid fungi. By the fact that species accumulation curves do not reach saturation for any tropical country, it is evident that the knowledge of the diversity of hyperparasitic fungi on Meliolales is incomplete. A network analysis of records of hyperparasitic fungi, their host fungi and host plants shows that genera of hyperparasitic fungi are generalists concerning genera of Meliolales. However, most species of hyperparasitic fungi are restricted to meliolalean hosts. In addition to hyperparasitic fungi, diverse further microorganisms use meliolalean colonies as ecological niche. Systematic positions of most species are unknown because DNA sequence data are lacking for species of fungi hyperparasitic on Meliolales. We discuss the specific challenges of obtaining DNA sequence data from hyperparasitic fungi. In order to better understand the diversity, evolution and biology of hyperparasitic fungi, it is necessary to increase sampling efforts and to undertake further morphological, molecular, and ecological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Bermúdez-Cova
- Mycology Research Group, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos, División de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Armando J. Cruz-Laufer
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Meike Piepenbring
- Mycology Research Group, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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11
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DarkCideS 1.0, a global database for bats in karsts and caves. Sci Data 2022; 9:155. [PMID: 35383183 PMCID: PMC8983664 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01234-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding biodiversity patterns as well as drivers of population declines, and range losses provides crucial baselines for monitoring and conservation. However, the information needed to evaluate such trends remains unstandardised and sparsely available for many taxonomic groups and habitats, including the cave-dwelling bats and cave ecosystems. We developed the DarkCideS 1.0 (https://darkcides.org/), a global database of bat caves and species synthesised from publicly available information and datasets. The DarkCideS 1.0 is by far the largest database for cave-dwelling bats, which contains information for geographical location, ecological status, species traits, and parasites and hyperparasites for 679 bat species are known to occur in caves or use caves in part of their life histories. The database currently contains 6746 georeferenced occurrences for 402 cave-dwelling bat species from 2002 cave sites in 46 countries and 12 terrestrial biomes. The database has been developed to be collaborative and open-access, allowing continuous data-sharing among the community of bat researchers and conservation biologists to advance bat research and comparative monitoring and prioritisation for conservation. Measurement(s) | spatial region | Technology Type(s) | occurrent | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Mammalia • Chiroptera sp. BOLD:AAA2524 | Sample Characteristic - Environment | cave system • karst cave | Sample Characteristic - Location | Global |
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12
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Richness of Cladosporium in a tropical bat cave with the description of two new species. Mycol Prog 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Gómez-Corea W, España FG, Mejía-Quintanilla D, Alvarez MRDV. Bat fly (Diptera: Streblidae) and common vampire bat (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) association in Honduras: prevalence, mean intensity, infracommunities and influence of the biological characteristics of the host. ZOOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-4689.v39.e21018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Ramírez-Martínez MM, Bennett AJ, Dunn CD, Yuill TM, Goldberg TL. Bat Flies of the Family Streblidae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) Host Relatives of Medically and Agriculturally Important "Bat-Associated" Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050860. [PMID: 34066683 PMCID: PMC8150819 DOI: 10.3390/v13050860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bat flies (Hippoboscoidea: Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of bats. We collected streblid bat flies from the New World (México) and the Old World (Uganda), and used metagenomics to identify their viruses. In México, we found méjal virus (Rhabdoviridae; Vesiculovirus), Amate virus (Reoviridae: Orbivirus), and two unclassified viruses of invertebrates. Méjal virus is related to emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses and to the agriculturally important vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV). Amate virus and its sister taxon from a bat are most closely related to mosquito- and tick-borne orbiviruses, suggesting a previously unrecognized orbivirus transmission cycle involving bats and bat flies. In Uganda, we found mamucuso virus (Peribunyaviridae: Orthobunyavirus) and two unclassified viruses (a rhabdovirus and an invertebrate virus). Mamucuso virus is related to encephalitic viruses of mammals and to viruses from nycteribiid bat flies and louse flies, suggesting a previously unrecognized orthobunyavirus transmission cycle involving hippoboscoid insects. Bat fly virus transmission may be neither strictly vector-borne nor strictly vertical, with opportunistic feeding by bat flies occasionally leading to zoonotic transmission. Many "bat-associated" viruses, which are ecologically and epidemiologically associated with bats but rarely or never found in bats themselves, may actually be viruses of bat flies or other bat ectoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M. Ramírez-Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud y Ecología Humana, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Autlán CP 48900, Mexico;
| | - Andrew J. Bennett
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.B.); (C.D.D.); (T.M.Y.)
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center–Frederick, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher D. Dunn
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.B.); (C.D.D.); (T.M.Y.)
| | - Thomas M. Yuill
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.B.); (C.D.D.); (T.M.Y.)
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.B.); (C.D.D.); (T.M.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-890-2618
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15
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da Silva Biz L, Cascaes MF, Luciano BFL, Preuss G, Bôlla DAS, Graciolli G, Carvalho F. Parasitic interactions between bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) and flies (Insecta: Diptera) in the intersection area of temperate and tropical climates in Brazil. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2020.1869490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luana da Silva Biz
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Zoologia e Ecologia de Vertebrados (LABZEV) da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Laboratório de Evolução, Sistemática e Ecologia de Aves E Mamíferos (BIMALAB), Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mainara Figueiredo Cascaes
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Zoologia e Ecologia de Vertebrados (LABZEV) da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Ecologia de Paisagem e de Vertebrados (LABECO) da Universidade do Extremo sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Fernandes Lima Luciano
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Zoologia e Ecologia de Vertebrados (LABZEV) da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Ecologia de Paisagem e de Vertebrados (LABECO) da Universidade do Extremo sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Preuss
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia da Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Biológicas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Aparecida Savariz Bôlla
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Zoologia e Ecologia de Vertebrados (LABZEV) da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Mater Natura Instituto de Estudos Ambientais, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Graciolli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal; Laboratório de Sistemática, Ecologia e Evolução (LSEE), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Fernando Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Laboratório de Zoologia e Ecologia de Vertebrados (LABZEV) da Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
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16
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de Groot MD, Dumolein I, Hiller T, Sándor AD, Szentiványi T, Schilthuizen M, Aime MC, Verbeken A, Haelewaters D. On the Fly: Tritrophic Associations of Bats, Bat Flies, and Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040361. [PMID: 33322768 PMCID: PMC7770572 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitism is one of the most diverse and abundant modes of life, and of great ecological and evolutionary importance. Notwithstanding, large groups of parasites remain relatively understudied. One particularly unique form of parasitism is hyperparasitism, where a parasite is parasitized itself. Bats (Chiroptera) may be parasitized by bat flies (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea), obligate blood-sucking parasites, which in turn may be parasitized by hyperparasitic fungi, Laboulbeniales (Ascomycota: Laboulbeniomycetes). In this study, we present the global tritrophic associations among species within these groups and analyze their host specificity patterns. Bats, bat flies, and Laboulbeniales fungi are shown to form complex networks, and sixteen new associations are revealed. Bat flies are highly host-specific compared to Laboulbeniales. We discuss possible future avenues of study with regard to the dispersal of the fungi, abiotic factors influencing the parasite prevalence, and ecomorphology of the bat fly parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel D. de Groot
- Research Group Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
| | - Iris Dumolein
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.D.); (A.V.); (D.H.)
| | - Thomas Hiller
- Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 13, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
| | - Attila D. Sándor
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamara Szentiványi
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, 1395 S. Knoles Drive, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA;
| | - Menno Schilthuizen
- Research Group Evolutionary Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333CR Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
| | - Annemieke Verbeken
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.D.); (A.V.); (D.H.)
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- Research Group Mycology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (I.D.); (A.V.); (D.H.)
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
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17
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Szentiványi T, Markotter W, Dietrich M, Clément L, Ançay L, Brun L, Genzoni E, Kearney T, Seamark E, Estók P, Christe P, Glaizot O. Host conservation through their parasites: molecular surveillance of vector-borne microorganisms in bats using ectoparasitic bat flies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:72. [PMID: 33306024 PMCID: PMC7731914 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Most vertebrates host a wide variety of haematophagous parasites, which may play an important role in the transmission of vector-borne microorganisms to hosts. Surveillance is usually performed by collecting blood and/or tissue samples from vertebrate hosts. There are multiple methods to obtain samples, which can be stored for decades if properly kept. However, blood sampling is considered an invasive method and may possibly be harmful to the sampled individual. In this study, we investigated the use of ectoparasites as a tool to acquire molecular information about the presence and diversity of infectious microorganism in host populations. We tested the presence of three distinct vector-borne microorganisms in both bat blood and bat flies: Bartonella bacteria, malaria-like Polychromophilus sp. (Apicomplexa), and Trypanosoma sp. (Kinetoplastea). We detected the presence of these microorganisms both in bats and in their bat flies, with the exception of Trypanosoma sp. in South African bat flies. Additionally, we found Bartonella sp. in bat flies from one population in Spain, suggesting its presence in the host population even if not detected in bats. Bartonella and Polychromophilus infection showed the highest prevalence in both bat and bat fly populations. Single, co- and triple infections were also frequently present in both. We highlight the use of haematophagous ectoparasites to study the presence of infectious microorganism in host blood and its use as an alternative, less invasive sampling method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Szentiványi
- Museum of Zoology, 1014 Lausanne, Switzerland - Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa - AfricanBats NPC, 0157 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Muriel Dietrich
- UMR Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion Island, France
| | - Laura Clément
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurie Ançay
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Loïc Brun
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eléonore Genzoni
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teresa Kearney
- AfricanBats NPC, 0157 Pretoria, South Africa - Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa - Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, 0083 Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Peter Estók
- Department of Zoology, Eszterházy Károly University, 3300 Eger, Hungary
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Glaizot
- Museum of Zoology, 1014 Lausanne, Switzerland - Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Liu J, Haelewaters D, Pfliegler WP, Page RA, Dick CW, Aime MC. A new species of Gloeandromyces from Ecuador and Panama revealed by morphology and phylogenetic reconstruction, with a discussion of secondary barcodes in Laboulbeniomycetes taxonomy. Mycologia 2020; 112:1192-1202. [PMID: 32716260 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1781496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes and illustrates a new species of Laboulbeniales (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniomycetes) recovered from Mastoptera guimaraesi bat flies (Diptera, Streblidae) in Ecuador and Panama. Bat fly-associated Laboulbeniales are still unexplored in the Neotropics, with only four described species of Gloeandromyces and one species of Nycteromyces known. Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses support placement of the new taxon in Gloeandromyces and its recognition as an undescribed species. Gloeandromyces hilleri sp. nov. is easily recognized by 2-3 longitudinal rows of undulations at its perithecial venter. Phylogenetic reconstructions of the large subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA and the translation elongation factor 1α (TEF1) both resolve G. hilleri and G. nycteribiidarum as sister species. We discuss the utility of LSU and TEF1 as secondary barcodes in Laboulbeniomycetes taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Liu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Danny Haelewaters
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907.,Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute , Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
| | - Walter P Pfliegler
- Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Debrecen , 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rachel A Page
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute , Apartado Postal 0843-03092, Balboa, Panama
| | - Carl W Dick
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green , Kentucky 42101.,Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History , Chicago, Illinois 60605
| | - M Catherine Aime
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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19
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Diversity, Transmission, and Cophylogeny of Ledanteviruses ( Rhabdoviridae: Ledantevirus) and Nycteribiid Bat Flies Parasitizing Angolan Soft-Furred Fruit Bats in Bundibugyo District, Uganda. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050750. [PMID: 32429498 PMCID: PMC7285350 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obligate hematophagous ectoparasitic flies of the superfamily Hippoboscoidea are distributed worldwide, but their role as vectors and reservoirs of viruses remains understudied. We examined hippoboscoid bat flies (family Nycteribiidae) parasitizing Angolan soft-furred fruit bats (Lissonycteris angolensis ruwenzorii) from Bundibugyo District, Uganda. Using metagenomic methods, we detected 21 variants of the rhabdovirid genus Ledantevirus, which contains medically important "bat-associated" viruses. These 21 viruses, representing at least two divergent viral lineages, infected 26 bat flies from 8 bats in a single roost. Cophylogenetic analyses of viruses and bat flies resulted in strong evidence of virus-host codivergence, indicating vertical transmission of bat fly ledanteviruses. Examination of oral swabs from bats revealed ledantevirus RNA in the saliva of 1 out of 11 bats, with no evidence of insect genetic material in the mouth of this bat. These data demonstrate that bat flies can harbor diverse ledanteviruses even in a single roost and that the predominant mode of transmission is likely vertical (among bat flies), but that bats can become infected and shed viruses orally. In conclusion, bat flies may serve as ectoparasitic reservoirs of "bat-associated" viruses that only transiently or sporadically infect bats.
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20
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Hiller T, Brändel SD, Honner B, Page RA, Tschapka M. Parasitization of bats by bat flies (Streblidae) in fragmented habitats. Biotropica 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hiller
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics University of Ulm Ulm Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Panamá
| | - Stefan Dominik Brändel
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics University of Ulm Ulm Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Panamá
| | - Benjamin Honner
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics University of Ulm Ulm Germany
| | | | - Marco Tschapka
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics University of Ulm Ulm Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Panamá
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21
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Climatic effects on the distribution of ant- and bat fly-associated fungal ectoparasites (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales). FUNGAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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22
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Jensen KM, Rodrigues L, Pape T, Garm A, Santamaria S, Reboleira ASPS. Hyperparasitism in caves: Bats, bat flies and ectoparasitic fungus interaction. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 166:107206. [PMID: 31152770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiinae) are highly specialized bloodsucking bat ectoparasites. Some of the ectoparasitic bat flies are themselves parasitized with an ectoparasitic fungus of the genus Arthrorhynchus (Laboulbeniales). Ascospores of the fungus attach to the cuticle of a bat fly and develop a haustorium that penetrates the host cuticle. This interaction defines the fungus as a hyperparasite. Both the fly and the fungus are obligate parasites and this peculiar case of hyperparasitism has remained largely unstudied. We studied the prevalence of Laboulbeniales, genus Arthrorhynchus, in natural populations of bat flies infesting the bat species Miniopterus schreibersii, Myotis bechsteinii, My. blythii, My. daubentonii, My. escalerai and My. myotis in Portuguese caves. Laboulbeniales were found infecting 10 of the 428 screened bat flies (2.3%) in natural populations, with fewer infections in winter. Images obtained with transmission electron microscopy show the fungal haustorium within the bat fly host tissue, from where it extracts nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine M Jensen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Luísa Rodrigues
- Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas, IP, Divisão de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Avenida da República, 16 a 16B, 1050-191 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thomas Pape
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Anders Garm
- Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Sergi Santamaria
- Unitat de Botànica, Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain
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Szentiványi T, Christe P, Glaizot O. Bat Flies and Their Microparasites: Current Knowledge and Distribution. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:115. [PMID: 31106212 PMCID: PMC6492627 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are the second most diverse mammalian group, playing keystone roles in ecosystems but also act as reservoir hosts for numerous pathogens. Due to their colonial habits which implies close contacts between individuals, bats are often parasitized by multiple species of micro- and macroparasites. The particular ecology, behavior, and environment of bat species may shape patterns of intra- and interspecific pathogen transmission, as well as the presence of specific vectorial organisms. This review synthetizes information on a multi-level parasitic system: bats, bat flies and their microparasites. Bat flies (Diptera: Nycteribiidae and Streblidae) are obligate, hematophagous ectoparasites of bats consisting of ~500 described species. Diverse parasitic organisms have been detected in bat flies including bacteria, blood parasites, fungi, and viruses, which suggest their vectorial potential. We discuss the ecological epidemiology of microparasites, their potential physiological effects on both bats and bat flies, and potential research perspectives in the domain of bat pathogens. For simplicity, we use the term microparasite throughout this review, yet it remains unclear whether some bacteria are parasites or symbionts of their bat fly hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Szentiványi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Museum of Zoology, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Glaizot
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Museum of Zoology, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ecological Factors of Transmission, Persistence and Circulation of Pathogens In Bat Populations. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2019-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The existence of bats is crucial for all ecosystem units as they fulfil numerous ecological roles. However, they are also considered to be natural reservoirs of a wide range of zoonotic microorganisms, especially viruses. In this review article we briefly summarize current knowledge about various ecological factors that facilitate bat pathogen dispersal and about the current approaches to monitoring viral communities present within bat populations. On the basis of the cited papers, we suggest that the increased focus on complex viral populations in bats and their interactions with other populations and the environment is necessary to fully comprehend the relationship between emerging infectious diseases, the environment and their toll on human health.
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26
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Caron A, Bourgarel M, Cappelle J, Liégeois F, De Nys HM, Roger F. Ebola Virus Maintenance: If Not (Only) Bats, What Else? Viruses 2018; 10:E549. [PMID: 30304789 PMCID: PMC6213544 DOI: 10.3390/v10100549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance mechanisms of ebolaviruses in African forest ecosystems are still unknown, but indirect evidences point at the involvement of some bat species. Despite intense research, the main bat-maintenance hypothesis has not been confirmed yet. The alternative hypotheses of a non-bat maintenance host or a maintenance community including, or not, several bat and other species, deserves more investigation. However, African forest ecosystems host a large biodiversity and abound in potential maintenance hosts. How does one puzzle out? Since recent studies have revealed that several bat species have been exposed to ebolaviruses, the common denominator to these hypotheses is that within the epidemiological cycle, some bats species must be exposed to the viruses and infected by these potential alternative hosts. Under this constraint, and given the peculiar ecology of bats (roosting behaviour, habitat utilisation, and flight mode), we review the hosts and transmission pathways that can lead to bat exposure and infection to ebolaviruses. In contrast to the capacity of bats to transmit ebolaviruses and other pathogens to many hosts, our results indicate that only a limited number of hosts and pathways can lead to the transmission of ebolaviruses to bats, and that the alternative maintenance host, if it exists, must be amongst them. A list of these pathways is provided, along with protocols to prioritise and investigate these alternative hypotheses. In conclusion, taking into account the ecology of bats and their known involvement in ebolaviruses ecology drastically reduces the list of potential alternative maintenance hosts for ebolaviruses. Understanding the natural history of ebolaviruses is a health priority, and investigating these alternative hypotheses could complete the current effort focused on the role of bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, RP-PCP, Harare, Zimbabwe.
- ASTRE, Uni. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, 34398 Montpellier, France.
- Faculdade de Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo 01009, Mozambique.
| | - Mathieu Bourgarel
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, RP-PCP, Harare, Zimbabwe.
- ASTRE, Uni. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, 34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Julien Cappelle
- ASTRE, Uni. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, 34398 Montpellier, France.
- UMR EPIA, INRA, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, F-69280 Marcy-l'étoile, France.
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Florian Liégeois
- UMR 224, MIVEGEC, IRD/CNRS/Uni. Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Hélène M De Nys
- ASTRE, Uni. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, 34398 Montpellier, France.
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France.
- UMR 233 TransVIHMI, IRD/Uni. Montpellier/INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - François Roger
- ASTRE, Uni. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, 34398 Montpellier, France.
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398 Montpellier, France.
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