1
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Heidarpour M, Krockenberger M, Bennett P. Review of exosomes and their potential for veterinary medicine. Res Vet Sci 2024; 168:105141. [PMID: 38218063 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles called exosomes are released by almost all cell types and play a crucial role in both healthy and pathological circumstances. Exosomes, found in biological fluids (including plasma, urine, milk, semen, saliva, abdominal fluid and cervical vaginal fluid) and ranging in size from 50 to 150 nm, are critical for intercellular communication. Analysis of exosomal cargos, including micro RNAs (miRNAs), proteins and lipids, has been proposed as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of disease. Exosomes can also be used as novel, cell-free, treatment strategies. In this review, we discuss the role, significance and application of exosomes and their cargos in diseases of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Heidarpour
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1793, Mashhad, Iran; Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Mark Krockenberger
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Peter Bennett
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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2
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Ng'etich AI, Amoah ID, Bux F, Kumari S. Anthelmintic resistance in soil-transmitted helminths: One-Health considerations. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:62. [PMID: 38114766 PMCID: PMC10730643 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08088-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The One-Health approach recognizes the intricate connection between human, animal, and environmental health, and that cooperative effort from various professionals provides comprehensive awareness and potential solutions for issues relating to the health of people, animals, and the environment. This approach has increasingly gained appeal as the standard strategy for tackling emerging infectious diseases, most of which are zoonoses. Treatment with anthelmintics (AHs) without a doubt minimizes the severe consequences of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs); however, evidence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) development to different helminths of practically every animal species and the distinct groups of AHs is overwhelming globally. In this regard, the correlation between the application of anthelmintic drugs in both human and animal populations and the consequent development of anthelmintic resistance in STHs within the context of a One-Health framework is explored. This review provides an overview of the major human and animal STHs, treatment of the STHs, AR development and drug-related factors contributing towards AR, One-Health and STHs, and an outline of some One-Health strategies that may be used in combating AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Imali Ng'etich
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa
| | - Isaac Dennis Amoah
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology (DUT), Durban, South Africa.
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3
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Sayyaf Dezfuli B, Lorenzoni M, Carosi A, Giari L, Bosi G. Teleost innate immunity, an intricate game between immune cells and parasites of fish organs: who wins, who loses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1250835. [PMID: 37908358 PMCID: PMC10613888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish, comprising over 27,000 species, represent the oldest vertebrate group and possess both innate and adaptive immune systems. The susceptibility of most wild fish to parasitic infections and related diseases is well-established. Among all vertebrates, the digestive tract creates a remarkably favorable and nutrient-rich environment, which, in turn, renders it susceptible to microparasites and macroparasites. Consequently, metazoan parasites emerge as important disease agents, impacting both wild and farmed fish and resulting in substantial economic losses. Given their status as pathogenic organisms, these parasites warrant considerable attention. Helminths, a general term encompassing worms, constitute one of the most important groups of metazoan parasites in fish. This group includes various species of platyhelminthes (digeneans, cestodes), nematodes, and acanthocephalans. In addition, myxozoans, microscopic metazoan endoparasites, are found in water-dwelling invertebrates and vertebrate hosts. It is worth noting that several innate immune cells within the fish alimentary canal and certain visceral organs (e.g., liver, spleen, and gonads) play active roles in the immune response against parasites. These immune cells include macrophages, neutrophils, rodlet cells, and mast cells also known as eosinophilic granular cells. At the site of intestinal infection, helminths often impact mucous cells number and alter mucus composition. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art on the occurrence and characteristics of innate immune cells in the digestive tract and other visceral organs in different fish-parasite systems. The data, coming especially from studies employed immunohistochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural analyses, provide evidence supporting the involvement of teleost innate immune cells in modulating inflammatory responses to metazoan and protozoan parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Lorenzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Carosi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Bosi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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4
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Hess JA, Eberhard ML, Segura-Lepe M, Grundner-Culemann K, Kracher B, Shryock J, Harrington J, Abraham D. A rodent model for Dirofilaria immitis, canine heartworm: parasite growth, development, and drug sensitivity in NSG mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:976. [PMID: 36653420 PMCID: PMC9849205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heartworm disease, caused by Dirofilaria immitis, remains a significant threat to canines and felines. The development of parasites resistant to macrocyclic lactones (ML) has created a significant challenge to the control of the infection. The goal of this study was to determine if mice lacking a functional immune response would be susceptible to D. immitis. Immunodeficient NSG mice were susceptible to the infection, sustaining parasites for at least 15 weeks, with infective third-stage larvae molting and developing into the late fourth-stage larvae. Proteomic analysis of host responses to the infection revealed a complex pattern of changes after infection, with at least some of the responses directed at reducing immune control mechanisms that remain in NSG mice. NSG mice were infected with isolates of D. immitis that were either susceptible or resistant to MLs, as a population. The susceptible isolate was killed by ivermectin whereas the resistant isolate had improved survivability, while both isolates were affected by moxidectin. It was concluded that D. immitis survives in NSG mice for at least 15 weeks. NSG mice provide an ideal model for monitoring host responses to the infection and for testing parasites in vivo for susceptibility to direct chemotherapeutic activity of new agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Hess
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Shryock
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 6498 Jade Road, Fulton, MO, USA
| | - John Harrington
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health USA Inc., 1730 Olympic Dr, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Calahorro F, Chapman M, Dudkiewicz K, Holden-Dye L, O'Connor V. PharmacoGenetic targeting of a C. elegans essential neuron provides an in vivo screening for novel modulators of nematode ion channel function. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 186:105152. [PMID: 35973757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical or drug treatments are successfully used to treat parasitic nematode infections that impact human, animal and plant health. Many of these exert their effects through modifying neural function underpinning behaviours essential for parasite viability. Selectivity against the parasite may be achieved through distinct pharmacological properties of the parasite nervous system, as exemplified by the success of the ivermectin which target a glutamate-gated chloride channel found only in invertebrates. Despite the success of the ivermectins, emerging resistance and concerns around eco-toxicity are driving the search for new nematocidal chemicals or drugs. Here, we describe the potential of a 5-HT-gated chloride channel MOD-1, which is involved in vital parasite behaviours with constrained distribution in the invertebrate phyla. This ion channel has potential pharmacophores that could be targeted by new nematocidal chemicals and drugs. We have developed a microtiter based bioassay for MOD-1 pharmacology based on its ectopic expression in the Caenorhabditis elegans essential neuron M4. We have termed this technology 'PhaGeM4' for 'Pharmacogenetic targeting of M4 neuron'. Exposure of transgenic worms harbouring ectopically expressed MOD-1 to 5-HT results in developmental arrest. By additional expression of a fluorescence marker in body wall muscle to monitor growth we demonstrate that this assay is suitable for the identification of receptor agonists and antagonists. Indeed, the developmental progression is a robustly quantifiable bioassay that resolves MOD-1 activation by quipazine, 5-carboxyamidotryptamine and fluoxetine and highlight methiothepin as a potent antagonist. This assay has the intrinsic ability to highlight compounds with optimal bioavailability and furthermore to filter out off-target effects. It can be extended to the investigation of other classes of membrane receptors and modulators of neuronal excitation. This approach based on heterologous modulation of the essential M4 neuron function offers a route to discover new effective and selective anthelmintics potentially less confounded by disruptive environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Calahorro
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Mark Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Katarzyna Dudkiewicz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Lindy Holden-Dye
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Vincent O'Connor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Life Sciences Building 85, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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6
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Airs PM, Vaccaro K, Gallo KJ, Dinguirard N, Heimark ZW, Wheeler NJ, He J, Weiss KR, Schroeder NE, Huisken J, Zamanian M. Spatial transcriptomics reveals antiparasitic targets associated with essential behaviors in the human parasite Brugia malayi. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010399. [PMID: 35390105 PMCID: PMC9017939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a chronic debilitating neglected tropical disease (NTD) caused by mosquito-transmitted nematodes that afflicts over 60 million people. Control of LF relies on routine mass drug administration with antiparasitics that clear circulating larval parasites but are ineffective against adults. The development of effective adulticides is hampered by a poor understanding of the processes and tissues driving parasite survival in the host. The adult filariae head region contains essential tissues that control parasite feeding, sensory, secretory, and reproductive behaviors, which express promising molecular substrates for the development of antifilarial drugs, vaccines, and diagnostics. We have adapted spatial transcriptomic approaches to map gene expression patterns across these prioritized but historically intractable head tissues. Spatial and tissue-resolved data reveal distinct biases in the origins of known drug targets and secreted antigens. These data were used to identify potential new drug and vaccine targets, including putative hidden antigens expressed in the alimentary canal, and to spatially associate receptor subunits belonging to druggable families. Spatial transcriptomic approaches provide a powerful resource to aid gene function inference and seed antiparasitic discovery pipelines across helminths of relevance to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Airs
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kathy Vaccaro
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kendra J. Gallo
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nathalie Dinguirard
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zachary W. Heimark
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicolas J. Wheeler
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jiaye He
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kurt R. Weiss
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nathan E. Schroeder
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jan Huisken
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mostafa Zamanian
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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Curry E, Prichard R. Development of rapid in vitro colorimetric enzymatic activity assay to differentiate macrocyclic lactone susceptible and resistant Dirofilaria immitis isolates. Vet Parasitol 2022; 304:109696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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ABC-transporter gene expression in ivermectin-susceptible and resistant Haemonchus contortus isolates. Vet Parasitol 2022; 302:109647. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Lubisch M, Moyzio S, Kaiser CS, Krafeld I, Leusder D, Scholz M, Hoepfner L, Hippler M, Liebau E, Kahl J. Using Caenorhabditis elegans to produce functional secretory proteins of parasitic nematodes. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106176. [PMID: 34627755 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expression of antigens in their immunologically-active form remains a challenge, both in the analysis of regulatory pathways exploited by parasitic nematodes or in the development of vaccines. Despite the success of native proteins to induce protective immunity, recombinant proteins expressed in bacteria, yeast or insect cells offer only limited protective capacities, presumably due to incorrect folding or missing complex posttranslational modifications. The present study investigates the feasibility of using the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as an alternative expression system for proteins found in the secretome of parasitic nematodes. Exemplified by the expression of the extracellular superoxide dismutase from Haemonchus contortus (HcSODe) and the extracellular and glycosylated glutathione S-transferase from the filarial parasite Onchocerca volvulus (OvGST1), we continue our efforts to improve production and purification of recombinant proteins expressed in C. elegans. We demonstrate that sufficient quantities of functional proteins can be expressed in C. elegans for subsequent immunological and biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Lubisch
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Moyzio
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Charlotte Sophia Kaiser
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Isabel Krafeld
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Dustin Leusder
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Scholz
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Lara Hoepfner
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Eva Liebau
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Janina Kahl
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Animal Physiology, Westfälische Wilhelms-University, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany
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10
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Olajide JS, Olopade B, Cai J. Functional Intricacy and Symmetry of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Parasitic Infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:751523. [PMID: 34692567 PMCID: PMC8531492 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.751523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNAs are a class of molecules and the majority in eukaryotes are arbitrarily termed non- coding transcripts which are broadly classified as short and long non-coding RNAs. Recently, knowledge of the identification and functions of long non-coding RNAs have continued to accumulate and they are being recognized as important molecules that regulate parasite-host interface, parasite differentiation, host responses, and disease progression. Herein, we present and integrate the functions of host and parasite long non-coding RNAs during infections within the context of epigenetic re-programming and molecular crosstalk in the course of host-parasite interactions. Also, the modular range of parasite and host long non-coding RNAs in coordinated parasite developmental changes and host immune dynamic landscapes are discussed. We equally canvass the prospects of long non-coding RNAs in disease diagnosis and prognosis. Hindsight and suggestions are offered with the aim that it will bolster our understanding for future works on host and parasite long non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Seun Olajide
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Veterinary Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Centre for Distance Learning, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bolatito Olopade
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Veterinary Research Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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11
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Drurey C, Maizels RM. Helminth extracellular vesicles: Interactions with the host immune system. Mol Immunol 2021; 137:124-133. [PMID: 34246032 PMCID: PMC8636279 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As long-lived parasites, helminths depend upon immunomodulation of their hosts for survival. The release of excretory-secretory (ES) products, including proteins, lipids and RNAs is how successful host manipulation is achieved. It has recently been discovered that the ES products of helminths contain extracellular vesicles (EVs), with every species investigated found to secrete these lipid-bound structures. EVs are perfect for packaging and delivering immune modulators to target cell types. This review outlines the research carried out on helminth EVs and their constituents thus far, as well as their interaction with components of the mammalian immune system. We discuss how targeting EVs will aid treatment of helminth infection and consider how EVs and their immunomodulatory cargo could be used as therapeutics as we progress through this exciting era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Drurey
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK.
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12
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Noack S, Harrington J, Carithers DS, Kaminsky R, Selzer PM. Heartworm disease - Overview, intervention, and industry perspective. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 16:65-89. [PMID: 34030109 PMCID: PMC8163879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis, also known as heartworm, is a major parasitic threat for dogs and cats around the world. Because of its impact on the health and welfare of companion animals, heartworm disease is of huge veterinary and economic importance especially in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. Within the animal health market many different heartworm preventive products are available, all of which contain active components of the same drug class, the macrocyclic lactones. In addition to compliance issues, such as under-dosing or irregular treatment intervals, the occurrence of drug-resistant heartworms within the populations in the Mississippi River areas adds to the failure of preventive treatments. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the disease, summarize the current disease control measures and highlight potential new avenues and best practices for treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Noack
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Binger Str. 173, 55216, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - John Harrington
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 1730 Olympic Drive, 30601, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Douglas S Carithers
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, 3239 Satellite Blvd, 30096, Duluth, GA, USA
| | - Ronald Kaminsky
- paraC Consulting, Altenstein 13, 79685, Häg-Ehrsberg, Germany
| | - Paul M Selzer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Binger Str. 173, 55216, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany.
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13
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Wang J, Nikonorova IA, Silva M, Walsh JD, Tilton PE, Gu A, Akella JS, Barr MM. Sensory cilia act as a specialized venue for regulated extracellular vesicle biogenesis and signaling. Curr Biol 2021; 31:3943-3951.e3. [PMID: 34270950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ciliary extracellular vesicle (EV) shedding is evolutionarily conserved. In Chlamydomonas and C. elegans, ciliary EVs act as signaling devices.1-3 In cultured mammalian cells, ciliary EVs regulate ciliary disposal but also receptor abundance and signaling, ciliary length, and ciliary membrane dynamics.4-7 Mammalian cilia produce EVs from the tip and along the ciliary membrane.8,9 This study aimed to determine the functional significance of shedding at distinct locations and to explore ciliary EV biogenesis mechanisms. Using Airyscan super-resolution imaging in living C. elegans animals, we find that neuronal sensory cilia shed TRP polycystin-2 channel PKD-2::GFP-carrying EVs from two distinct sites: the ciliary tip and the ciliary base. Ciliary tip shedding requires distal ciliary enrichment of PKD-2 by the myristoylated coiled-coil protein CIL-7. Kinesin-3 KLP-6 and intraflagellar transport (IFT) kinesin-2 motors are also required for ciliary tip EV shedding. A big unanswered question in the EV field is how cells sort EV cargo. Here, we show that two EV cargoes- CIL-7 and PKD-2-localized and trafficked differently along cilia and were sorted to different environmentally released EVs. In response to mating partners, C. elegans males modulate EV cargo composition by increasing the ratio of PKD-2 to CIL-7 EVs. Overall, our study indicates that the cilium and its trafficking machinery act as a specialized venue for regulated EV biogenesis and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Inna A Nikonorova
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Malan Silva
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jonathon D Walsh
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Peter E Tilton
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Amanda Gu
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jyothi S Akella
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Maureen M Barr
- Department of Genetics and Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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14
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High-content approaches to anthelmintic drug screening. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:780-789. [PMID: 34092518 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Most anthelmintics were discovered through in vivo screens using animal models of infection. Developing in vitro assays for parasitic worms presents several challenges. The lack of in vitro life cycle culture protocols requires harvesting worms from vertebrate hosts or vectors, limiting assay throughput. Once worms are removed from the host environment, established anthelmintics often show no obvious phenotype - raising concerns about the predictive value of many in vitro assays. However, with recent progress in understanding how anthelmintics subvert host-parasite interactions, and breakthroughs in high-content imaging and machine learning, in vitro assays have the potential to discern subtle cryptic parasite phenotypes. These may prove better endpoints than conventional in vitro viability assays.
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