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Yoshiko A, Ando R, Akima H. Passive muscle stiffness is correlated with the intramuscular adipose tissue in young individuals. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1081-1090. [PMID: 36637509 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the relationship between intramuscular adipose tissue (IntraMAT) and muscle stiffness (passive and mechanical) and lengthening in young individuals, hypothesizing that (1) passive muscle stiffness is negatively correlated with the IntraMAT content, and (2) the IntraMAT content is negatively correlated with mechanical changes in muscle stiffness and fascicle length during passive dorsiflexion. METHODS Twenty men and women (20.3 ± 1.3 years) participated in this study. Axial T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was performed at the thickest point of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) to measure the IntraMAT cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle tissue CSA (units; cm2). The shear wave velocity (SWV) and fascicle length at the three ankle joint angles, namely 15° with plantarflexion (PF15), 0° with neutral position (NP), and 15° with dorsiflexion (DF15), were measured as parameters of muscle stiffness (unit; m/s) and lengthening (unit; cm) using ultrasound shear wave elastography and B-mode imaging. We further calculated the changes in SWV and fascicle length from PF15 to NP and from NP to DF15 as mechanical muscle stiffness and lengthening, respectively. RESULTS There was a relationship between IntraMAT CSA and absolute SWV at DF15 (r = - 0.47, P < 0.05). Further, a relationship was observed between IntraMAT CSA and change in SWV and fascicle length from NP to DF15 (r = - 0.47 and r = 0.59, P < 0.05); whereas no relationship was observed between changes in fascicle length and muscle SWV (r = - 0.23, P = 0.33). CONCLUSION These results may indicate biomechanical and/or physiological associations between IntraMAT CSA and passive muscle stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Yoshiko
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ando
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), 3-15-1, Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo, 115-0056, Japan. .,Center for General Education, Tokyo Keizai University, Kokubunji, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Akima
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness and Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Hirata K, Akagi R. Contribution of muscle stiffness of the triceps surae to passive ankle joint stiffness in young and older adults. Front Physiol 2022; 13:972755. [PMID: 36726380 PMCID: PMC9885261 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.972755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether triceps surae muscle stiffness is associated with passive ankle joint stiffness in 40 young (21-24 years) and older (62-83 years) males. Using ultrasound shear wave elastography, the shear modulus of each muscle of the triceps surae (the medial [MG], lateral gastrocnemius [LG], and soleus [Sol]) was assessed as muscle stiffness at the ankle neutral position (NP) and 15-degree dorsiflexed position (DF15) with the knee fully extended. Passive ankle joint stiffness at the NP and DF15 was calculated as the gradient of the angle-torque relationship at each joint angle during passive ankle dorsiflexion at 1°∙s-1 controlled by using an isokinetic dynamometer. Passive ankle joint stiffness was normalized by the body mass. There was no correlation between the absolute ankle joint stiffness and muscle shear modulus of triceps surae in the young and older groups at the NP (r ≤ 0.349, p ≥ 0.138). Significant positive correlations between absolute ankle joint stiffness and muscle shear modulus at DF15 were observed for MG and Sol in the young group (r ≥ 0.451, p ≤ 0.044) but not in the older group. The normalized ankle joint stiffness at the NP was significantly positively correlated with the LG shear modulus in young participants and with the MG and LG shear modulus in older participants (r ≥ 0.466 and p ≤ 0.039). There were significant positive correlations between the normalized ankle joint stiffness and the muscle shear modulus of the triceps surae at DF15 in young and older participants (r ≥ 0.464 and p ≤ 0.040), except for the MG shear modulus in older participants (r = 0.419 and p = 0.066). These results suggest that the material properties of the entire triceps surae, even Sol, which is the most compliant muscle among the triceps surae, affect passive ankle joint stiffness, especially when the triceps surae is lengthened and body size is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Hirata
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan,*Correspondence: Kosuke Hirata, ; Ryota Akagi,
| | - Ryota Akagi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan,College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan,*Correspondence: Kosuke Hirata, ; Ryota Akagi,
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Relationship between Step-by-Step Foot Kinematics and Sprint Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116786. [PMID: 35682368 PMCID: PMC9180722 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Foot stiffness is a modulator of sprint performance. However, studies that analysed foot angular velocities using inertial measuring units (IMU) for different events within the sprint contact time phase are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between angular foot step-by-step kinematics and sprint performance during a 50-metre sprint in experienced male and female sprinters. Foot kinematics were measured using IMU devices integrated with a 3-axis gyroscope and a laser gun. The main findings were that men performed faster sprints (6.11 ± 0.35 s vs. 6.77 ± 0.24 s), but the maximal angular foot kinematics were the same between sexes. Maximal angular velocities increased until strides 6–7, where they stabilized. Time from touchdown to maximal dorsiflexion velocity did not change between strides, whereas time from maximal dorsiflexion velocity to toe off decreased until stride 6. Plantarflexion velocities, especially in toe off, showed the greatest associations with sprint times, whereas maximal dorsiflexion velocity presented no association with sprint times. The time from dorsiflexion velocity to toe off from stride 7 onwards determined the sprint performance and was shorter for faster sprinters. The analysis of these variables provides essential information to athletes and coaches that may help to enhance the quality and efficiency of the sprint cycle by giving detailed information on each single stride of the sprint.
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Yamazaki K, Inoue K, Miyamoto N. Passive and active muscle elasticity of medial gastrocnemius is related to performance in sprinters. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:447-457. [PMID: 34797438 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Limited information is available on the association between muscle material properties and sprint performance. We aimed to identify whether and how the elasticity of passive and active muscle of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) is related to sprint performance. METHODS MG shear wave speed was measured under passive and active (20%, 50%, 80% of maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) conditions, with ultrasound shear wave elastography, in 18 male sprinters. Passive and active ankle joint stiffness was assessed by applying a short-range fast stretch during 0%, 20%, 50%, and 80% MVC of plantar flexion. Additionally, rate of torque development (RTD) during explosive plantar flexion was measured. RESULTS Passive and active MG shear wave speed was negatively correlated with 100-m race time. Passive MG shear wave speed was positively correlated with RTD, and RTD was negatively correlated with 100-m race time. MG shear wave speed at 50% and 80% MVC showed a positive correlation with ankle joint stiffness at the corresponding contraction level, and ankle joint stiffness at 50% and 80% MVC showed negative correlations with 100-m race time. These correlations were significant even after controlling for MVC torque. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that passive and active muscle elasticity of plantar flexor is important to achieve superior sprint performance. Specifically, high elasticity of passive MG could be related to superior sprint performance through high explosive torque production. In contrast, high elasticity of active MG at moderate-to-high intensity is likely related to high sprint performance through high ankle joint stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Kakeru Inoue
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Naokazu Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiraka-gakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
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Ando R, Sato S, Hirata N, Tanimoto H, Imaizumi N, Suzuki Y, Hirata K, Akagi R. Relationship Between Drop Jump Training–Induced Changes in Passive Plantar Flexor Stiffness and Explosive Performance. Front Physiol 2021; 12:777268. [PMID: 35035358 PMCID: PMC8753453 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.777268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive muscle stiffness is positively associated with explosive performance. Drop jump training may be a strategy to increase passive muscle stiffness in the lower limb muscles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8-week drop jump training on the passive stiffness in the plantar flexor muscles and the association between training-induced changes in passive muscle stiffness and explosive performance. This study was a randomized controlled trial. Twenty-four healthy young men were divided into two groups, control and training. The participants in the training group performed drop jumps (five sets of 20 repetitions each) 3days per week for 8weeks. As an index of passive muscle stiffness, the shear moduli of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus were measured by shear wave elastography before and after the intervention. The participants performed maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexion at an ankle joint angle of 0° and maximal drop jumps from a 15cm high box. The rate of torque development during isometric contraction was calculated. The shear modulus of the medial gastrocnemius decreased for the training group (before: 13.5±2.1kPa, after: 10.6±2.1kPa); however, such a reduction was not observed in the control group. There was no significant group (control and training groups)×time (before and after the intervention) interaction for the shear modulus of the soleus. The drop jump performance for the training group improved, while the rate of torque development did not change. Relative changes in these measurements were not correlated with each other in the training group. These results suggest that drop jump training decreases the passive stiffness in the medial gastrocnemius, and training-induced improvement in explosive performance cannot be attributed to change in passive muscle stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Ando
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ryosuke Ando,
| | - Shinya Sato
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoya Hirata
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Imaizumi
- College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
- Center for General Education, Tokyo Keizai University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Akagi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
- College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
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Miyake Y, Suga T, Terada M, Tanaka T, Ueno H, Kusagawa Y, Otsuka M, Nagano A, Isaka T. No Correlation Between Plantar Flexor Muscle Volume and Sprint Performance in Sprinters. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:671248. [PMID: 34622204 PMCID: PMC8490797 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.671248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The plantar flexor torque plays an important role in achieving superior sprint performance in sprinters. Because of the close relationship between joint torque and muscle size, a simple assumption can be made that greater plantar flexor muscles (i.e., triceps surae muscles) are related to better sprint performance. However, previous studies have reported the absence of these relationships. Furthermore, to examine these relationships, only a few studies have calculated the muscle volume (MV) of the plantar flexors. In this study, we hypothesized that the plantar flexor MVs may not be important morphological factors for sprint performance. To test our hypothesis, we examined the relationships between plantar flexor MVs and sprint performance in sprinters. Fifty-two male sprinters and 26 body size-matched male non-sprinters participated in this study. On the basis of the personal best 100 m sprint times [range, 10.21–11.90 (mean ± SD, 11.13 ± 0.42) s] in sprinters, a K-means cluster analysis was applied to divide them into four sprint performance level groups (n = 8, 8, 19, and 17 for each group), which was the optimal number of clusters determined by the silhouette coefficient. The MVs of the gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), gastrocnemius medialis (GM), and soleus (SOL) in participants were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. In addition to absolute MVs, the relative MVs normalized to body mass were used for the analyses. The absolute and relative MVs of the total and individual plantar flexors were significantly greater in sprinters than in non-sprinters (all p < 0.01, d = 0.64–1.39). In contrast, all the plantar flexor MV variables did not differ significantly among the four groups of sprinters (all p > 0.05, η2 = 0.02–0.07). Furthermore, all plantar flexor MV variables did not correlate significantly with personal best 100 m sprint time in sprinters (r = −0.253–0.002, all p > 0.05). These findings suggest that although the plantar flexor muscles are specifically developed in sprinters compared to untrained non-sprinters, the greater plantar flexor MVs in the sprinters may not be important morphological factors for their sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Miyake
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ueno
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Otsuka
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akinori Nagano
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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Relationship between resting medial gastrocnemius stiffness and drop jump performance. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 58:102549. [PMID: 33915270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the influence of the series elastic element of the muscle-tendon unit on jump performance has been investigated, the corresponding effect of the parallel elastic element remains unclear. This study examined the relationship between the resting calf muscle stiffness and drop jump performance. Twenty-four healthy men participated in this study. The shear moduli of the medial gastrocnemius and the soleus were measured at rest as an index of muscle stiffness using ultrasound shear wave elastography. The participants performed drop jumps from a 15 cm high box. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationships between shear moduli of the muscles and drop jump performance. The medial gastrocnemius shear modulus showed a significant correlation with the drop jump index (jump height/contact time) (r = 0.414, P = 0.044) and jump height (r = 0.411, P = 0.046), but not with contact time (P > 0.05). The soleus shear modulus did not correlate with these jump parameters (P > 0.05). These results suggest that the resting medial gastrocnemius stiffness can be considered as one of the factors that influence drop jump performance. Therefore, increase in resting muscle stiffness should enhance explosive athletic performance in training regimens.
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Suga T, Terada M, Tomoo K, Miyake Y, Tanaka T, Ueno H, Nagano A, Isaka T. Association between plantar flexor muscle volume and dorsiflexion flexibility in healthy young males: ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging studies. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:8. [PMID: 33514415 PMCID: PMC7846987 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Although joint flexibility is important for human locomotion, the determinants of joint flexibility are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the relationship between dorsiflexion flexibility and plantar flexor muscle size in healthy young males. Methods and results The dorsiflexion flexibility was assessed using range of motion (ROM) and stiffness during active and passive dorsiflexion. Active ROM was defined as the maximal angle during voluntary dorsiflexion. Passive ROM was defined as the angle at the onset of pain during passive dorsiflexion. Passive stiffness was calculated as the slope of the linear portion of the torque-angle curve between 10º and 20º dorsiflexion of the ankle during passive dorsiflexion. In the first study, the plantar flexor muscle volume (MV) in 92 subjects was estimated on the basis of the lower leg length and plantar flexor muscle thickness, as measured using ultrasonography. The estimated plantar flexor MV correlated significantly with active ROM (r = -0.433), passive ROM (r = -0.299), and passive stiffness (r = 0.541) during dorsiflexion (P = 0.01 for all). In the second study, the plantar flexor MV in 38 subjects was measured using magnetic resonance imaging. The plantar flexor MV correlated significantly with plantar flexor active ROM (r = -0.484), passive ROM (r = -0.383), and passive stiffness (r = 0.592) during dorsiflexion (P = 0.05 for all). Conclusions These findings suggest that a larger plantar flexor MV is related to less dorsiflexion flexibility in healthy young males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Keigo Tomoo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yuto Miyake
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ueno
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.,Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Fukasawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akinori Nagano
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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Miyamoto N, Hirata K, Inoue K, Hashimoto T. Muscle Stiffness of the Vastus Lateralis in Sprinters and Long-Distance Runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2080-2087. [PMID: 31525172 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The stiffness of muscle-tendon units and of tendons in the lower legs plays important roles in sprinting and long-distance running. However, the association of muscle stiffness with sprinting and running remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the characteristics of muscle stiffness in sprinters and long-distance runners, and to determine how muscle stiffness is related to the performance of these athletes. METHODS In 22 male sprinters (SPR group), 22 male long-distance runners (LDR group), and 19 healthy untrained control male subjects (CON group), the muscle shear wave speed (a proxy for stiffness) of the vastus lateralis (VL) was measured under passive (resting) and active (contracting the knee extensors at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction) conditions, by using ultrasound shear wave elastography. RESULTS The passive VL shear wave speed in SPR group was significantly lower than that in LDR group (P = 0.039). The active VL shear wave speed in LDR group was significantly higher than that in SPR (P = 0.022) and CON (P < 0.001) groups. In SPR group, the 100-m race time was negatively correlated to the passive VL shear wave speed (r = -0.483, P = 0.023) and positively correlated to the active VL shear wave speed (r = 0.522, P = 0.013). In the LDR group, the 5000-m race time was positively correlated to the passive VL shear wave speed (r = 0.438, P = 0.047) but not to the active VL shear wave speed. CONCLUSION The muscles of sprinters and long-distance runners exhibit characteristic stiffness that can be beneficial to their athletic performance. Passive and active muscle stiffness may play different roles in human locomotion, depending on locomotion speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naokazu Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, JAPAN.,Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, JAPAN
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, JAPAN.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, JAPAN.,Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, JAPAN
| | - Kakeru Inoue
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, JAPAN.,Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, JAPAN
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