1
|
Laupattarakasem P, Cook JL, Stannard JP, Smith PA, Blecha KM, Guess TM, Sharp RL, Leary E. Using a Markerless Motion Capture System to Identify Preinjury Differences in Functional Assessments. J Knee Surg 2023. [PMID: 37586406 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Functional assessments identify biomechanical issues which may indicate risk for injury and can be used to monitor functional recovery after an injury or surgery. Although the gold standard to assess functional movements is marker-based motion capture systems, these are cost prohibitive and have high participant burden. As such, this study was conducted to determine if a markerless motion capture system could detect preinjury differences in functional movements between those who did and did not experience a noncontact lower extremity injury (NCLEI). A three-dimensional markerless motion capture system comprised an area of 3 m × 5 m × 2.75 m was used. Participants were Division I collegiate athletes wearing plain black long-sleeve shirts, pants, and running shoes of their choice. Functional assessments were the bilateral squat, right and left squat, double leg drop vertical jump, static vertical jump, right and left vertical jump, and right and left 5 hop. Measures were recorded once and the first NCLEI was recorded during the first year after measurement. Two-factor analysis of variance models were used for each measure with factors sex and injury status. Preinjury functional measures averaged 8.4 ± 3.4 minutes capture time. Out of the 333 participants recruited, 209 were male and 124 were female. Of those, 127 males (61%) and 92 females (74%) experienced later NCLEI. The most common initial NCLEI was nonanterior cruciate ligament knee injury in 38 females (41.3%) and 80 males (62.0%). Females had decreased flexion and lower valgus/varus displacement during the bilateral squat (p < 0.006). In addition, knee loading flexion for those who were not injured were more than that seen in the injured group, and was more pronounced for injured females (p < 0.03). The markerless motion capture system can efficiently provide data that can identify preinjury functional differences for lower extremity noncontact injuries. This method holds promise for effectively screening patients or other populations at risk of injury, as well as for monitoring pre-/postsurgery function, without the large costs or participant burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pat Laupattarakasem
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James L Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, Columbia, Missouri
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - James P Stannard
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Kyle M Blecha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, Columbia, Missouri
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Trent M Guess
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rex L Sharp
- Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Emily Leary
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
- Thompson Laboratory for Regenerative Orthopaedics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Steingrebe H, Stetter BJ, Sell S, Stein T. Effects of Hip Bracing on Gait Biomechanics, Pain and Function in Subjects With Mild to Moderate Hip Osteoarthritis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:888775. [PMID: 35898647 PMCID: PMC9309805 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.888775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hip Osteoarthritis (HOA) is a common joint disease with serious impact on the quality of life of the affected persons. Additionally, persons with HOA often show alterations in gait biomechanics. Developing effective conservative treatment strategies is of paramount importance, as joint replacement is only indicated for end-stage HOA. In contrast to knee osteoarthritis, little is known about the effectiveness of hip bracing for the management of HOA. Studies analysing mechanically unloading hip braces partly showed beneficial results. However, methodological limitations of these studies, such as small sample sizes or lack of control groups, limit the applicability of the results. Additionally, mechanically unloading braces might impose restrictions on motion and comfort and thus, might not be suitable for people with only mild or moderate symptoms. The aim of this study was to comprehensively quantify the effects of unilateral HOA as well as functional hip bracing on gait biomechanics, pain, proprioception and functional capacity in people with mild to moderate HOA. Hip and pelvis biomechanics during walking were analysed in 21 subjects with mild to moderate HOA under three bracing conditions: unbraced, immediately after brace application and after 1 week of brace usage. Additionally, pain, hip proprioception and functional capacity were assessed. A matched group of 21 healthy subjects was included as reference. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using a 16-camera infrared motion capturing system and two force plates. Visual analogue scales, an angle reproduction test and a 6-min walking test were applied to measure pain, hip proprioception and functional capacity, respectively. Subjects with HOA walked slower, with reduced step length, sagittal hip range of motion and peak extension angle and had a reduced functional capacity. After 1 week of brace application step length, walking speed and functional capacity were significantly increased. Additionally, pain perception was significantly lower in the intervention period. These results encourage the application of functional hip braces in the management of mild to moderate HOA. However, as key parameters of HOA gait such as a reduced peak extension angle remained unchanged, the underlying mechanisms remain partly unclear and have to be considered in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Steingrebe
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Sports Orthopedics, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- *Correspondence: Hannah Steingrebe,
| | - Bernd J. Stetter
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Sports Orthopedics, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Sell
- Sports Orthopedics, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Joint Center Black Forest, Hospital Neuenbürg, Neuenbürg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Milner J, Hartnettt D, DeFroda SF. Alternatives to Knee Braces. J Knee Surg 2022; 35:266-272. [PMID: 34600439 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Knee braces continue to be a widely utilized piece of medical equipment, ranging from simple over the counter sleeves to more complex functional braces, with the ability to provide electrical stimulation to muscle groups. Despite their popularity, alternatives to knee braces exist for patients who find braces to be ineffective, uncomfortable, cumbersome, or overly expensive. While high-quality studies are lacking for modalities such as neoprene sleeves, compression stockings, and kinesiotaping, there is promising evidence that these interventions can confer an element of stability and pain relief for a variety of knee pathologies both with regard to acute and chronic injuries as well as in the postoperative rehabilitation period. While no "holy grail" exists for the ideal brace, or bracing alternative, it is important for providers to be aware of the options available to patients as well as the current evidence for these various modalities, so that the provider can best guide musculoskeletal care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Milner
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Davis Hartnettt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Steven F DeFroda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Missouri System, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Knee Pads Do Not Affect Physical Performance in Young Female Volleyball Players. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8090748. [PMID: 34572180 PMCID: PMC8470544 DOI: 10.3390/children8090748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Knee pads have become increasingly popular among volleyball players. Given the fact high-intensity activities that are crucial to successfully playing this sport lead to an increased risk of a knee injury, the primary use of knee pads is to prevent potential injury. However, no research has been carried out to explain the effects of knee pads on the most important physical abilities in volleyball players, thus directly affecting performance. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of knee pads on the explosive power of the lower extremities, linear speed, and agility in young female volleyball players. In two separated sessions, 84 female volleyball players (age: 14.83 ± 0.72 years; height: 163.19 ± 8.38 cm; body mass: 53.64 ± 10.42 kg; VE: 5.30 ± 3.39 years) completed squat jumps (SJ), countermovement jumps (CMJ) with and without arm swing, linear sprints at 5-m and 10-m, modified t-test, and 5-10-5 shuttle test. Data analyses included descriptive statistics, paired sample T-tests and use of effect size (ES). There was no statistical difference between the two conditions for SJ (p = 0.156; ES = 0.18), CMJ (p = 0.817; ES = 0.03), CMJ with arm swing (p = 0.194; ES = 0.14), linear sprint at 5 m (p = 0.789; ES = 0.03) and 10 m (p = 0.907; ES = −0.01), modified t-test (p = 0.284; ES = 0.13), and 5-10-5 shuttle test (p = 0.144; ES = 0.19). Wearing knee pads has neither an inhibitory nor positive effects on explosive power of the lower extremities, linear speed, and agility in young female volleyball players.
Collapse
|
5
|
Kemker BP, Kankaria R, Patel N, Golladay G. Hip and Knee Bracing: Categorization, Treatment Algorithm, and Systematic Review. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev 2021; 5:e20.00181-12. [PMID: 34096901 PMCID: PMC8189624 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-20-00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hip and knee braces or orthoses are often used to provide support after surgery and to prevent or reduce the severity of injuries. The braces are used for stabilization, immobilization, mechanical correction, and rehabilitation. Hip braces consist of stabilization and unloader variations, whereas knee braces are composed of knee sleeves and patellofemoral, prophylactic, unloader, and functional braces. Indications vary widely and depend on the type of brace. Hip braces can treat osteoarthritis to instability after total hip arthroplasty. Knee brace indications range from mild arthralgias to instability and osteoarthritis. Although braces are routinely used clinically, high-level evidence is sparse for their use. With this review, the different types and uses of hip and knee braces have been defined, and their indications exemplified in hopes of spurring future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard P Kemker
- From the Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Focke A, Steingrebe H, Möhler F, Ringhof S, Sell S, Potthast W, Stein T. Effect of Different Knee Braces in ACL-Deficient Patients. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:964. [PMID: 32984272 PMCID: PMC7479127 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Knee braces are often used during rehabilitation after ACL injury. There are two main concepts, rigid and soft braces, but studies comparing the two show conflicting results. Most studies used movement tasks with low translational or rotational loads and did not provide joint kinematics. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of two different knee braces (rigid vs. soft) on knee joint kinematics in ACL-deficient patients compared to an unbraced control condition using two tasks (walking and 180° cutting) provoking knee movements in the frontal and transverse planes. 17 subjects with ACL-deficient knees participated in this study. 3D knee joint kinematics were recorded. To provoke frontal plane knee joint motion a laterally tilting plate was applied during a walking task. Both braces reduced the maximum valgus angle compared to the unbraced condition, stabilizing the knee joint against excessive valgus motion. Yet, no differences in peak abduction angle between the two braces were found. However, a significant extension deficit was observed with the rigid brace. Moreover, both braces increased transverse plane RoM and peak internal rotation angle, with the effects being significantly larger with the rigid brace. These effects have been associated with decreased knee stability and unphysiological cartilage loading. Therefore, the soft brace seems to be able to limit peak abduction with a lesser impact on physiological gait compared to the rigid brace. The cutting task was selected to provoke transverse plane knee movement and large external knee rotation was expected. However, none of the braces was able to reduce peak external knee rotation. Again, an increase in transverse plane RoM was observed with both braces. Based on these results, no brace outmatched the other in the second task. This study was the first attempt to clarify the effect of brace design for the stabilization of the knee joint during movements with frontal and transverse plane loading. However, to provide physicians and patients with a comprehensive guideline for brace usage, future studies will have to extent these findings to other daily or sportive movement tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Focke
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hannah Steingrebe
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Sports Orthopedics, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Felix Möhler
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steffen Ringhof
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Sell
- Sports Orthopedics, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Joint Center Black Forest, Neuenbürg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Potthast
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,ARCUS Clinics Pforzheim, Pforzheim, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- BioMotion Center, Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
García-Luna MA, Cortell-Tormo JM, García-Jaén M, Ortega-Navarro M, Tortosa-Martínez J. Acute Effects of ACL Injury-Prevention Warm-Up and Soccer-Specific Fatigue Protocol on Dynamic Knee Valgus in Youth Male Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155608. [PMID: 32759692 PMCID: PMC7432391 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Childhood anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries—which can pose a major risk to a child’s sporting career—have been on the rise in the last few decades. Dynamic knee valgus (DKV) has been linked to an increased risk of ACL injury. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of an ACL injury prevention protocol (ACL-IPP) and a soccer-specific fatigue protocol (SSFP) on DKV in youth male soccer players. The research hypothesis was that DKV would be reduced by the ACL-IPP and increased by the SSFP. Eighteen youth male soccer players were divided according to baseline DKV. Those with moderate or large DKV performed a neuromuscular training protocol based on activation of the abductor and external rotator hip muscles. Those with little or no DKV performed a soccer-specific fatigue protocol. DKV was assessed using the single-leg squat pre- and post-protocols in both legs. The ACL-IPP significantly decreased DKV during single-leg squat (p < 0.01, effect size = 1.39), while the SSFP significantly increased baseline DKV in the dominant leg during single-leg squat (p = 0.012; effect size = 1.74). In conclusion, the ACL-IPP appears to acutely reduce the DKV in youth male soccer players, and the SSFP seems to acutely increase the DKV in those players who showed a light or no DKV in a non-fatigue situation. By using the SSFP, it may be possible to determine which players would benefit from injury prevention programs due to increased DKV during game scenarios, while hip abductor and external rotator neuromuscular training may be beneficial for players who have moderate and severe DKV during single-leg squat under non-fatigued scenarios.
Collapse
|
8
|
Cinque ME, Bodendorfer BM, Shu HT, Arnold NA, Gray AD, Summerhays BJ, Guess TM, Sherman SL. The effect of silicone ankle sleeves and lace-up ankle braces on neuromuscular control, joint torque, and cutting agility. J Orthop 2020; 20:359-366. [PMID: 32684673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jor.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the effects of silicone ankle sleeves (SASs) and lace-up ankle braces (LABs) on neuromuscular control, net joint torques, and cutting agility in healthy, active individuals. Design Markerless motion-capture technology tracked subjects fitted with SASs, LABs, or no brace while they performed the movements: Y-excursion, left cutting, right cutting, single-leg drop vertical jump (SLDVJ), 45-degree bound, and single-leg squat (SLS). Setting University Laboratory. Participants Ten healthy, active individuals (5 males and 5 females, mean ± SD 23.60 ± 1.43 years of age). Main outcome measures Degrees of joint range of motion (ROM), Newton-meters of joint torque, time to perform a cutting maneuver. Results SASs and LABs resulted in significantly different knee and ankle ROM and hip internal rotation in the SLDVJ, SLS, Y-excursion, cutting maneuver, and 45-degree bound when compared to control (p < .05). Both ankle and knee torque were significantly reduced in the 45-degree bound and cutting movements with both types of PABs (p < .05). There were minimal differences between the SASs and LABs for all conditions. There were no statistically significant differences in cutting times for any of the 3 conditions. Conclusion Both SAS and LAB positively impacted neuromuscular control, reduced net joint torque, and neither impaired cutting agility when compared to control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Cinque
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Blake M Bodendorfer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Henry T Shu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nicholas A Arnold
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aaron D Gray
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Trent M Guess
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Seth L Sherman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hop test does not correlate with neuromuscular control during drop vertical jump test: A prognostic comparative study utilizing healthy subjects. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0000000000000890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Looney AM, Leider JD, Horn AR, Bodendorfer BM. Bioaugmentation in the surgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries: A review of current concepts and emerging techniques. SAGE Open Med 2020; 8:2050312120921057. [PMID: 32435488 PMCID: PMC7222656 DOI: 10.1177/2050312120921057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Injuries involving the anterior cruciate ligament are among the most common athletic injuries, and are the most common involving the knee. The anterior cruciate ligament is a key translational and rotational stabilizer of the knee joint during pivoting and cutting activities. Traditionally, surgical intervention in the form of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has been recommended for those who sustain an anterior cruciate ligament rupture and wish to remain active and return to sport. The intra-articular environment of the anterior cruciate ligament makes achieving successful healing following repair challenging. Historically, results following repair were poor, and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction emerged as the gold-standard for treatment. While earlier literature reported high rates of return to play, the results of more recent studies with longer follow-up have suggested that anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may not be as successful as once thought: fewer athletes are able to return to sport at their preinjury level, and many still go on to develop osteoarthritis of the knee at a relatively younger age. The four principles of tissue engineering (cells, growth factors, scaffolds, and mechanical stimuli) combined in various methods of bioaugmentation have been increasingly explored in an effort to improve outcomes following surgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries. Newer technologies have also led to the re-emergence of anterior cruciate ligament repair as an option for select patients. The different biological challenges associated with anterior cruciate ligament repair and reconstruction each present unique opportunities for targeted bioaugmentation strategies that may eventually lead to better outcomes with better return-to-play rates and fewer revisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Daniel Leider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrew Ryan Horn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|