1
|
Huang X, He Y, Xu H, Shen Y, Pan X, Wu J, Chen K. Association between sociodemographic status and the T2DM-related risks in China: implication for reducing T2DM disease burden. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1297203. [PMID: 38259760 PMCID: PMC10801005 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1297203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Analyzing the association between sociodemographic status and the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-related risks in China to reduce the disease burden of T2DM. Methods We downloaded data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 to estimate the disease burden of T2DM in China. Secondary analyses were performed by year, age, gender, summary exposure value (SEV), and sociodemographic index (SDI). Results In China, it is estimated that 3.74 (3.44-4.10) million incidence, 90.0 (82.3-98.5) million prevalence, 168.4 (143.2-194.0) thousand deaths, and 9.6 (7.6-11.9) million DALYs occurred in 2019, showing an increase of 96.8, 156.7, 162.8, and 145.4% compared to 1990. An inverse U-shaped curve was observed for the correlations between T2DM-related burden and SDI. A heavier burden was found in males. The top four risk factors were high body mass index (HBMI), dietary risks, air pollution and tobacco. HBMI, as the key risk, accounted for half of the disease burden of T2DM in China. Lower degree of SEV and higher level of attributable T2DM-related burden could be found in main risks, meaning their critical role of them in the development and progression of T2DM. An inverse U-shaped curve could be found in the association between age-standardized incidence, mortality, DALYs rate, and SDI. Conclusion The disease burden of T2DM has rapidly increased in China. Gender disparities, different age distributions and inconsistent socioeconomic levels all played an important role in it. The key risk was HBMI. With the improvement of socioeconomic level, the main risk factors for T2DM have changed from environmental factors to lifestyle factors. Targeted control and preventative strategies to address adjustable risk factors could put an end to this soaring burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Yinhui He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Yuyan Shen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of ZheJiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaowen Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of ZheJiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junyun Wu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Affiliated Hospital of ZheJiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hao N, Bai X, Hu A, Zhao G, Chen Y, Zhao J, Ling Q, Li X, Cai C, Wang Q, Wang Z, Fang J. Assessing the Global, Regional, and National Impact of High Body Mass Index on Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias Between 1990 and 2019. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:293-307. [PMID: 38043013 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity significantly increases Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia risk. Understanding the link between a high body mass index (BMI) and these conditions is crucial for effective management and prevention. OBJECTIVE We aimed to estimate the burden of AD and other dementias attributed to high BMI from 1990 to 2019 based on sex, age, and socio-demographic indicators (SDI) at global, regional, and national levels. METHODS We collected data on deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR), and age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR) from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study for AD and dementia attributed to high BMI. We explored the correlation between SDI levels and ASDR. RESULTS In 2019, there were 198,476.2 deaths (95% UI: 32,695.4-593,366.4) and 3,159,912.4 DALYs (848,330.5-8,042,531) attributed to high BMI. Numbers of deaths, DALYs, ASMR, and ASDR increased since 1990. Females had higher deaths, ASMR, and ASDR than males. Mortality and DALYs rates increased with age. ASMR and ASDR increased across five SDI levels, with the highest rise in Low-middle SDI. High-income North America had the most deaths [30,993.9 (5,101.7-89,912.9)], while North Africa and the Middle East had the highest ASMR [4.61 (0.79-13.64)] and ASDR [72.56 (20.98-181.16)] in 2019. CONCLUSIONS The burden of AD and other dementias attributed to high BMI increased since 1990 globally and is still heaviest in developed regions. Females accounted predominantly for the burden than males. Timely measures are needed to against high BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue Bai
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - An Hu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gaofeng Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yansheng Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhe Zhao
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiong Ling
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuipu Cai
- College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiansong Fang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Irschik S, Brandt JB, Eisenkölbl J. COVID-19 pandemic-related weight gain in the pediatric population declined after restrictions ended, except among obese patients. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1260269. [PMID: 37942242 PMCID: PMC10628554 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1260269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Childhood obesity has become an important topic, not only of increasing relevance during the COVID-19 pandemic but specifically enhanced by it. Restrictions implemented to mitigate further outbreaks led to major constraints on daily physical activity, leading to a severe increase in body weight among children. This study highlights changes in BMI and weight development in children during and (in particular) after the COVID-19 restrictions in Austria, focusing on various socioeconomic factors. Methods Weight development throughout the pandemic and socioeconomic factors were evaluated by anonymous cross-sectional surveys filled out by parents at a pediatric practice. Results This study included 388 children. The rate of obesity increased by 88.5%, from 6.4 to 12.1%, throughout the pandemic, reaching a maximum of 15.2% during the restrictions. Overall, age-adapted BMI z-scores increased significantly by 0.22 during the restrictions and remained increased by 0.19 compared to pre-pandemic levels. With the exception of obese children, all children in the study population experienced significant weight loss after the restrictions were lifted. Obese children continued to gain weight without any sign of the onset of normalization. Socioeconomic factors, such as participation in regular activity in the form of organized sport or the availability of an outdoor area, were associated with relevant differences before the pandemic but had no protective effect against intra-pandemic weight gain. A higher level of parental education was the only factor associated with less weight gain in children during the early phase of the pandemic. Discussion Austrian COVID-19 restrictions have had concerning effects on pediatric BMI, with very little effect of socioeconomic background. After restrictions were loosened, measurable weight loss occurred, but the significant increase in children's BMI percentiles persisted. No weight loss was observed among children who were obese prior to the pandemic. There is a need for broad projects tackling childhood obesity, as obese children are the most vulnerable group with the strongest and most severe long-term effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer B. Brandt
- Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hoveidaei AH, Nakhostin-Ansari A, Chalian M, Roshanshad A, Khonji MS, Mashhadiagha A, Pooyan A, Citak M. Burden of knee osteoarthritis in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): an epidemiological analysis from 1990 to 2019. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2023; 143:6323-6333. [PMID: 37005934 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-023-04852-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knee is the most affected joint in osteoarthritis (OA) and accounts for almost four-fifths of the burden of OA globally. We aimed to explore the prevalence, incidence, trends, and burden of knee OA during 1990-2019 in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study data. METHODS This is an epidemiological study based on the GBD data from 1990 to 2019 on knee OA in MENA countries. The prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLD) numbers of knee OA were obtained for both genders. Similarly, age-standardized rates of these indexes per 100,000 people and the proportion of total YLD caused by knee OA in each country and for the MENA region were evaluated. RESULTS The prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the MENA region increased 2.88-fold, from 6.16 million cases to 17.75 million, between 1990 and 2019. Furthermore, in 2019, knee osteoarthritis accounted for approximately 1.69 million (95% UI 1.46-1.95) incident cases in MENA. The age-standardized prevalence was higher in women between 1990 (3.94% [95% UI 3.39-4.55] in women and 3.24% [95% UI 2.79-3.72] in men) and 2019 (4.44% [95% UI 3.83-5.10] in women and 3.66% [3.14-4.21] in men). Total YLDs due to knee osteoarthritis increased by more than 2.88-fold, rising from 196.29 thousand [95% UI 97.17-399.29] in 1990 to 564.66 thousand [95% UI 275.06-1,150.68] in 2019. In the year 2019, Kuwait, Turkey, and Oman had the highest age-standardized prevalence (4.42% [95% UI 3.79-5.08]), YLD (132.41 [95% UI 65.79-267.56] per 100 000), and increase (21.17%) in YLD compared with 1990 in MENA region, respectively. CONCLUSION The prevalence of and YLDs due to knee OA in MENA has escalated over the last three decades. Considering the expanding burden of knee OA in MENA, policymakers should be more concerned to implement preventive strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Human Hoveidaei
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Nakhostin-Ansari
- Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Chalian
- Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amirhossein Roshanshad
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Khonji
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Mashhadiagha
- Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Atefe Pooyan
- Department of Radiology, Division of Musculoskeletal Imaging and Intervention, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mustafa Citak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, ENDO-Klinik Hamburg, Holstenstrasse 2, 22767, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The global burden of disease attributable to high body mass index in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003198. [PMID: 32722671 PMCID: PMC7386577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity represents an urgent problem that needs to be properly addressed, especially among children. Public and global health policy- and decision-makers need timely, reliable quantitative information to develop effective interventions aimed at counteracting the burden generated by high body mass index (BMI). Few studies have assessed the high-BMI-related burden on a global scale. METHODS AND FINDINGS Following the methodology framework and analytical strategies used in the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2017, the global deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to high BMI were analyzed by age, sex, year, and geographical location and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI). All causes of death and DALYs estimated in GBD 2017 were organized into 4 hierarchical levels: level 1 contained 3 broad cause groupings, level 2 included more specific categories within the level 1 groupings, level 3 comprised more detailed causes within the level 2 categories, and level 4 included sub-causes of some level 3 causes. From 1990 to 2017, the global deaths and DALYs attributable to high BMI have more than doubled for both females and males. However, during the study period, the age-standardized rate of high-BMI-related deaths remained stable for females and only increased by 14.5% for males, and the age-standardized rate of high-BMI-related DALYs only increased by 12.7% for females and 26.8% for males. In 2017, the 6 leading GBD level 3 causes of high-BMI-related DALYs were ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, hypertensive heart disease, and low back pain. For most GBD level 3 causes of high-BMI-related DALYs, high-income North America had the highest attributable proportions of age-standardized DALYs due to high BMI among the 21 GBD regions in both sexes, whereas the lowest attributable proportions were observed in high-income Asia Pacific for females and in eastern sub-Saharan Africa for males. The association between SDI and high-BMI-related DALYs suggested that the lowest age-standardized DALY rates were found in countries in the low-SDI quintile and high-SDI quintile in 2017, and from 1990 to 2017, the age-standardized DALY rates tended to increase in regions with the lowest SDI, but declined in regions with the highest SDI, with the exception of high-income North America. The study's main limitations included the use of information collected from some self-reported data, the employment of cutoff values that may not be adequate for all populations and groups at risk, and the use of a metric that cannot distinguish between lean and fat mass. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed that the number of global deaths and DALYs attributable to high BMI has substantially increased between 1990 and 2017. Successful population-wide initiatives targeting high BMI may mitigate the burden of a wide range of diseases. Given the large variations in high-BMI-related burden of disease by SDI, future strategies to prevent and reduce the burden should be developed and implemented based on country-specific development status.
Collapse
|
6
|
Li C, Zeng L, Wang D, Dang S, Chen T, Watson V, Yan H. Effect of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and weekly gestational weight gain on the development of infants. Nutr J 2019; 18:6. [PMID: 30674315 PMCID: PMC6345052 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-019-0432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present study is to identify the average effect across different time points and to specify the time effects of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and weekly gestational weight gain on the mental development and physical growth of infants. Methods The present cohort study used a repeated measures study design that began in 2004 with follow up at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. The participants were a subset from a controlled, cluster-randomized, double-blind trial. Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) were used to estimate the mental development of infants. A generalized estimating equation linear model was used to estimate the effects of maternal BMI and weight gain. Results The average effect of maternal BMI and weight gain on the weight for age Z scores (WAZ), length for age Z scores (LAZ) and mental development index (MDI) across the different time points of infants was significant. In addition, the maternal BMI and weight gain were positively and significantly associated with the WAZ and LAZ in infants of different ages. However, the effect of weekly gestational weight gain was significant only during the earlier period of life (3 months, Coefficient: 11.15, 95%CI: 4.89–17.41). Conclusions Our results indicate positive effects of pre-pregnancy and prenatal nutrition on the physical growth of infants. Weekly gestational weight gain of the pregnant women had a positive effect on the mental development of the infants, but this effect appears to decline over time. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12937-019-0432-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingxia Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Duolao Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Shaonong Dang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Victoria Watson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. .,Nutrition and Food Safety Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China. .,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. .,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, No. 76 West Yanta Road, PO Box 46, Xi'an, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li C, Zhu N, Zeng L, Dang S, Zhou J, Pei L, Watson V, Chen T, Wang D, Yan H. Effect of maternal pre-pregnancy underweight and average gestational weight gain on physical growth and intellectual development of early school-aged children. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12014. [PMID: 30104682 PMCID: PMC6089877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of low maternal weight at pre-pregnancy and the average gestational weight gain on undernourished children and their intellectual development. From October 2012 to September 2013, we followed 1744 offspring of women who participated in a trial conducted from 2002 to 2006. Pregnant women recruited in the original trial could receive three prenatal health checks for free, at which maternal weight and height were measured. WISC-IV was used to estimate the intellectual development of children. Weight and height of both pregnant women and children were measured by trained anthropometrists using standard procedures. Having low maternal weight at pre-pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of undernutrition amongst children (underweight: OR = 2.02, 95%CI: 1.14-3.56, thinness: OR = 2.79, 95%CI: 1.50-5.17) and a decrease in verbal comprehension index (-2.70 points, 95%CI: -4.95-0.44) of children. The effect of average gestational weight gain on occurrences of underweight children (OR = 0.08, 95%CI: 0.01-0.55) was also found. We identified the effect of maternal pre-pregnancy underweight on impairment of the separate intellectual domains (verbal comprehension index) and increasing occurrence of undernourished children. Average gestational weight gain was positively associated with a decreased prevalence of underweight children but not with the intellectual development of children in rural China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Ni Zhu
- Department of Health Information, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, China
| | - Lingxia Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Shaonong Dang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Leilei Pei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Victoria Watson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Duolao Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China.
- Nutrition and Food Safety Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Apouey BH. Child physical development in the UK: the imprint of time and socioeconomic status. Public Health 2016; 141:255-263. [PMID: 27932011 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Social health inequalities remain a key policy challenge. The existing literature has not presented a synthetic view on the evolution of inequalities in physical development across childhood. We examine social disparities as children grow older using a range of different outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Population-based secondary data analysis. METHODS We employ longitudinal data on British children aged 9 months to 12 years from the Millennium Cohort Study (n = 13,811-18,987) and focus on multiple child physical measures: weight, body mass index (BMI), overweight, fat mass and waist circumference. RESULTS Higher family income is associated with lower BMI (for females), less body fat and a smaller likelihood of overweight (for both genders) on average throughout childhood. When income is multiplied by 3, the probability of overweight decreases by 2.8 (95% CI -0.041 to -0.016) percentage points for females and by 2.7 (95% CI -0.038 to -0.016) percentage points for males. Social inequalities in weight, BMI, overweight and body fat significantly widen as children grow older, for both genders. For instance, for females, when income is multiplied by 3, the probability of overweight decreases by 1.6 (95% CI -0.032 to -0.000) percentage points at ages 2-3 years, but by 8.6 (95% CI -0.112 to -0.060) percentage points at ages 10-12 years. CONCLUSIONS The trajectory of social inequalities, which may reflect the cumulative effect of family socioeconomic status, is a precursor of inequalities in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B H Apouey
- Paris School of Economics - CNRS, France
| |
Collapse
|