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Iwai-Saito K, Sato K, Fujii M, Kondo K. Pneumococcal vaccination, but not influenza vaccination, is negatively associated with incident dementia among Japanese older adults: The JAGES 2013-2022 prospective cohort study. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 120:452-463. [PMID: 38925416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether inactivated influenza vaccination (IIV) or pneumococcal vaccination are associated with the risk of dementia; however, both types of vaccination are recommended for older adults. Studies have shown that the IIV is negatively associated with incident dementia; however, the uptake of pneumococcal vaccinations has not been considered. We investigated the independent associations of IIV and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) with incident dementia in older adults. METHODS Health-related information on older Japanese adults was obtained through a baseline survey conducted in 2013 (baseline survey). The uptake of IIV and PPSV23 was determined in a second survey conducted in 2016 (second wave). Both surveys were conducted among independent Japanese older adults aged ≥ 65 years at the two surveys and who had not been certified as needing long-term care (LTC). In the second wave, 9,865 participants were followed up for 3.5 years (short-term follow-up), and 6,995 participants were followed up for six years and five months (long-term follow-up) until they required LTC due to dementia onset (incident dementia). A competing risk model with stabilized inverse probability weighting (SIPW) was constructed to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of incident dementia. RESULTS PPSV23 uptake was negatively associated with incident dementia among participants in both the short- and long-term follow-up periods after SIPW (short-term follow-up: HR: 0.77, 95 % CI: 0.63 - 0.95; long-term follow-up: HR: 0.83, 95 % CI: 0.70 - 0.97). Conversely, IIV uptake was not associated with incident dementia among participants in either follow-up group (short-term follow-up: HR: 0.86, 95 % CI: 0.63-1.16; long-term follow-up: HR: 0.99, 95 % CI: 0.76-1.29). The PPSV23 uptake was negatively associated with incident dementia in participants without the IIV uptake (short-term follow-up: HR: 0.44, 95 % CI: 0.24 - 0.81; long-term follow-up: HR: 0.47, 95 % CI: 0.29 - 0.76). Conversely, the IIV uptake was not associated with incident dementia regardless of the PPSV23 status (short-term follow-up: HR: 0.87, 95 % CI: 0.62 - 1.23; long-term follow-up: HR: 1.00, 95 % CI: 0.74 - 1.35). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the PPSV23 uptake was independently associated with the incidence of dementia. However, the IIV uptake was not associated with the incidence of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Iwai-Saito
- Division of International Health, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Koryu Sato
- Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, 5322 Endo, Fujisawa-shi, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Fujii
- Division of Virology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Katsunori Kondo
- Department of Social Preventive Medical Sciences, Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 360-0856, Japan; Department of Gerontological Evaluation, Center for Gerontology and Social Science, Research Institution, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan.
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Physical activity for cognitive health promotion: An overview of the underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101868. [PMID: 36736379 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity is one of the modifiable factors of cognitive decline and dementia with the strongest evidence. Although many influential reviews have illustrated the neurobiological mechanisms of the cognitive benefits of physical activity, none of them have linked the neurobiological mechanisms to normal exercise physiology to help the readers gain a more advanced, comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. In this review, we address this issue and provide a synthesis of the literature by focusing on five most studied neurobiological mechanisms. We show that the body's adaptations to enhance exercise performance also benefit the brain and contribute to improved cognition. Specifically, these adaptations include, 1), the release of growth factors that are essential for the development and growth of neurons and for neurogenesis and angiogenesis, 2), the production of lactate that provides energy to the brain and is involved in the synthesis of glutamate and the maintenance of long-term potentiation, 3), the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines that reduce neuroinflammation, 4), the increase in mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant enzyme activity that reduce oxidative stress, and 5), the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and 5-HT that regulate neurogenesis and modulate cognition. We also discussed several issues relevant for prescribing physical activity, including what intensity and mode of physical activity brings the most cognitive benefits, based on their influence on the above five neurobiological mechanisms. We hope this review helps readers gain a general understanding of the state-of-the-art knowledge on the neurobiological mechanisms of the cognitive benefits of physical activity and guide them in designing new studies to further advance the field.
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Arafa A, Teramoto M, Maeda S, Sakai Y, Nosaka S, Gao Q, Kawachi H, Kashima R, Matsumoto C, Kokubo Y. Playing a musical instrument and the risk of dementia among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:395. [PMID: 36303117 PMCID: PMC9608922 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Engaging in leisure activities was suggested to protect older adults from dementia. However, the association between playing a musical instrument and the risk of dementia is not well-established. This study aimed to investigate this association in older adults using a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Methods Pooled hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of having dementia for older adults playing a musical instrument were calculated using the random-effects model. We performed the I2 statistic to detect heterogeneity across studies and the test for funnel plot asymmetry to assess publication bias. The risk of bias assessment was conducted using the modified Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results A total of three prospective cohort studies were found eligible: two from the U.S. and one from Japan. Playing a musical instrument, in the meta-analysis, was significantly associated with a decreased risk of dementia (HR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.98) among older adults. No signs of significant heterogeneity across studies (I2 = 23.3% and p-heterogeneity = 0.27) or publication bias (z= -1.3 and p-publication bias = 0.18) were identified. Conclusion Playing a musical instrument was associated with a decreased risk of dementia among older adults. Older adults should be encouraged to engage in leisure activities, especially playing musical instruments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-022-02902-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Arafa
- grid.410796.d0000 0004 0378 8307Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1, Kishibe- Shinmachi, 564-8565 Suita, Osaka Japan ,grid.411662.60000 0004 0412 4932Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Masayuki Teramoto
- grid.410796.d0000 0004 0378 8307Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1, Kishibe- Shinmachi, 564-8565 Suita, Osaka Japan ,grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Saori Maeda
- grid.410796.d0000 0004 0378 8307Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1, Kishibe- Shinmachi, 564-8565 Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Yukie Sakai
- grid.410796.d0000 0004 0378 8307Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1, Kishibe- Shinmachi, 564-8565 Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Saya Nosaka
- grid.410796.d0000 0004 0378 8307Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1, Kishibe- Shinmachi, 564-8565 Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Qi Gao
- grid.410796.d0000 0004 0378 8307Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1, Kishibe- Shinmachi, 564-8565 Suita, Osaka Japan
| | - Haruna Kawachi
- grid.410796.d0000 0004 0378 8307Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1, Kishibe- Shinmachi, 564-8565 Suita, Osaka Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Environmental Medicine and Population Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Rena Kashima
- grid.410796.d0000 0004 0378 8307Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1, Kishibe- Shinmachi, 564-8565 Suita, Osaka Japan ,grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Chisa Matsumoto
- grid.412781.90000 0004 1775 2495Department of Cardiology, Center for Health Surveillance and Preventive Medicine, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kokubo
- grid.410796.d0000 0004 0378 8307Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1, Kishibe- Shinmachi, 564-8565 Suita, Osaka Japan
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Arafa A, Kokubo Y, Kashima R, Teramoto M, Sakai Y, Nosaka S, Nakao YM, Watanabe E. The Lifelong Health Support 10: a Japanese prescription for a long and healthy life. Environ Health Prev Med 2022; 27:23. [PMID: 35675977 PMCID: PMC9251624 DOI: 10.1265/ehpm.22-00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the age-adjusted incidence and mortality of cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) have been decreasing steadily in Japan, both diseases remain major contributors to morbidity and mortality along with the aging society. Herein, we aim to provide a prescription of 10 health tips for long and healthy life named the "Lifelong Health Support 10 (LHS10)." METHOD The LHS10 was developed by the preventive medicine specialists at the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center in Suita, where it has been used for health guidance to prevent CVD, cancer, and cognitive decline in addition to their major risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. It consisted of the lifestyle modification recommendations of the 2014 Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines and the 2017 Japan Atherosclerosis Society Guidelines for preventing atherosclerotic CVD. Further, it came in line with other international lifestyle modification guidelines. In this narrative review, we summarized the results of several Japanese epidemiological studies investigating the association between the LHS10 items and the risk of cancer, CVD, and other chronic diseases including dementia, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. RESULTS The LHS10 included avoiding smoking and secondhand smoke exposure, engaging in physical activity, refraining from excessive alcohol drinking, reducing fried foods and sugary soft drinks, cutting salt in food, consuming more vegetables, fruits, fish, soy foods, and fibers, and maintaining proper body weight. All items of the LHS10 were shown to reduce the risk of cancer, CVD, and other chronic diseases. CONCLUSIONS The LHS10 can be a helpful tool for health guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Arafa
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Yoshihiro Kokubo
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Rena Kashima
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Masayuki Teramoto
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Yukie Sakai
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Saya Nosaka
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Youko M. Nakao
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Emi Watanabe
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Contemporary Human Life Science, Tezukayama University, Nara, Japan
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