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Zhang H, Li M, Hu CJ, Stenmark KR. Fibroblasts in Pulmonary Hypertension: Roles and Molecular Mechanisms. Cells 2024; 13:914. [PMID: 38891046 PMCID: PMC11171669 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts, among the most prevalent and widely distributed cell types in the human body, play a crucial role in defining tissue structure. They do this by depositing and remodeling extracellular matrixes and organizing functional tissue networks, which are essential for tissue homeostasis and various human diseases. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a devastating syndrome with high mortality, characterized by remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature and significant cellular and structural changes within the intima, media, and adventitia layers. Most research on PH has focused on alterations in the intima (endothelial cells) and media (smooth muscle cells). However, research over the past decade has provided strong evidence of the critical role played by pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts in PH. These fibroblasts exhibit the earliest, most dramatic, and most sustained proliferative, apoptosis-resistant, and inflammatory responses to vascular stress. This review examines the aberrant phenotypes of PH fibroblasts and their role in the pathogenesis of PH, discusses potential molecular signaling pathways underlying these activated phenotypes, and highlights areas of research that merit further study to identify promising targets for the prevention and treatment of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Min Li
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cheng-Jun Hu
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kurt R. Stenmark
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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New Insights into Pulmonary Hypertension: A Role for Connexin-Mediated Signalling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010379. [PMID: 35008804 PMCID: PMC8745497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a serious clinical condition characterised by increased pulmonary arterial pressure. This can lead to right ventricular failure which can be fatal. Connexins are gap junction-forming membrane proteins which serve to exchange small molecules of less than 1 kD between cells. Connexins can also form hemi-channels connecting the intracellular and extracellular environments. Hemi-channels can mediate adenosine triphosphate release and are involved in autocrine and paracrine signalling. Recently, our group and others have identified evidence that connexin-mediated signalling may be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. In this review, we discuss the evidence that dysregulated connexin-mediated signalling is associated with pulmonary hypertension.
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McNair AJ, Wilson KS, Martin PE, Welsh DJ, Dempsie Y. Connexin 43 plays a role in proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial fibroblasts in response to hypoxia. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:2045894020937134. [PMID: 32670564 PMCID: PMC7338651 DOI: 10.1177/2045894020937134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease associated with vasoconstriction and remodelling of the pulmonary vasculature. Pulmonary artery fibroblasts (PAFs) play an important role in hypoxic-induced remodelling. Connexin 43 (Cx43) is involved in cellular communication and regulation of the pulmonary vasculature. Using both in vitro and in vivo models of PH, the aims of this study were to (i) investigate the role of Cx43 in hypoxic-induced proliferation and migration of rat PAFs (rPAFs) and rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (rPASMCs) and (ii) determine whether Cx43 expression is dysregulated in the rat sugen5416/hypoxic model of PH. The role of Cx43 in hypoxic-induced proliferation and migration was investigated using Gap27 (a pharmacological inhibitor of Cx43) or genetic knockdown of Cx43 using siRNA. Cx43 protein expression was increased by hypoxia in rPAFs but not rPASMCs. Hypoxic exposure, in the presence of serum, resulted in an increase in proliferation of rPAFs but not rPASMCs. Hypoxic exposure caused migration of rPAFs but not rPASMCs. Phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ERK1/2 were increased by hypoxia in rPAFs. The effects of hypoxia on proliferation, migration and MAPK phosphorylation in rPAFs were attenuated in the presence of Gap27 or Cx43 siRNA. Cx43 protein expression was increased in sugen5416/hypoxic rat lung; this increased expression was not observed in sugen5416/hypoxic rats treated with the MAPK pathway inhibitor GS-444217. In conclusion, Cx43 is involved in the proliferation and migration of rPAFs in response to hypoxia via the MAPK signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J McNair
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kathryn S Wilson
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - Patricia E Martin
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | - David J Welsh
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yvonne Dempsie
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Science, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
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Wang A, Cao S, Aboelkassem Y, Valdez-Jasso D. Quantification of uncertainty in a new network model of pulmonary arterial adventitial fibroblast pro-fibrotic signalling. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2020; 378:20190338. [PMID: 32448066 PMCID: PMC7287331 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a novel network model of the pulmonary arterial adventitial fibroblast (PAAF) that represents seven signalling pathways, confirmed to be important in pulmonary arterial fibrosis, as 92 reactions and 64 state variables. Without optimizing parameters, the model correctly predicted 80% of 39 results of input-output and inhibition experiments reported in 20 independent papers not used to formulate the original network. Parameter uncertainty quantification (UQ) showed that this measure of model accuracy is robust to changes in input weights and half-maximal activation levels (EC50), but is more affected by uncertainty in the Hill coefficient (n), which governs the biochemical cooperativity or steepness of the sigmoidal activation function of each state variable. Epistemic uncertainty in model structure, due to the reliance of some network components and interactions on experiments using non-PAAF cell types, suggested that this source of uncertainty had a smaller impact on model accuracy than the alternative of reducing the network to only those interactions reported in PAAFs. UQ highlighted model parameters that can be optimized to improve prediction accuracy and network modules where there is the greatest need for new experiments. This article is part of the theme issue 'Uncertainty quantification in cardiac and cardiovascular modelling and simulation'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniela Valdez-Jasso
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA
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Pirfenidone Inhibits Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension through the NADPH/ROS/p38 Pathway in Adventitial Fibroblasts in the Pulmonary Artery. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:2604967. [PMID: 32587469 PMCID: PMC7305537 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2604967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is a devastating disease characterized by progressive vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. Pirfenidone (PFD) inhibits the progression of HPH, though the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. This study is aimed at determining the role and mechanism of PFD in HPH in human pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts (HPAAFs), which were cultured under normal or hypoxic conditions. NOX4 and Rac1 were inhibited or overexpressed by shRNA or pcDNA3.1, respectively. Proliferation of HPAAFs was quantified by colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assays to assess cellular metabolic activity, cell counts, and ethynyldeoxyuridine (EdU) assays to detect DNA synthesis. Migration of HPAAFs was assessed by a wound healing assay. The expression levels of smooth muscle alpha-actin (a-SMA) and procollagen I (COL1A1) were assessed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. PFD suppressed hypoxia-induced proliferation and migration of HPAAFs. Compared with the hypoxic control group, PFD reduced the expression of a-SMA and procollagen I (COL1A1). PFD reduced hypoxia-induced phosphorylation of p38 through the NOX4/reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathway. Moreover, Rac1 also decreased hypoxia-induced phosphorylation of p38, without any cross-interaction with NOX4. These findings demonstrate that PFD is a novel therapeutic agent to prevent cell proliferation, migration, and fibrosis, which might be useful in inhibiting vascular remodeling in patients with HPH.
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Pan Y, Yang J, Xu Y, Mao W. Yin Yang‐1 suppresses CD40 ligand‐CD40 signaling‐mediated anti‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐10 expression in pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts by promoting histone H3 tri‐methylation at lysine 27 modification on interleukin‐10 promoter. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1544-1555. [PMID: 32198816 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Yun Pan
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310006 PR China
| | - Jin‐Xiu Yang
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310006 PR China
| | - Yi‐Fei Xu
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310006 PR China
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou Zhejiang 310006 PR China
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Pan YY, Yang JX, Mao W, Wang XX. RNA-binding protein SFPQ cooperates with HDAC1 to suppress CD40 transcription in pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:166-176. [PMID: 31393052 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts, the most abundant cellular constituent of adventitia, are often the first to be activated and reprogrammed to then influence the tone and structure of the vessel wall in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Our previous study found that interruption of CD40 ligand (CD40L)-CD40 signaling improves the efficacy of transplanted endothelial progenitor cells in monocrotaline induced-PAH. However, whether CD40L-CD40 signaling is involved in the activation of adventitial fibroblasts in PAH and whether Drosophila behavior human splicing (DBHS) protein family members have any roles during adventitial fibroblasts activation are completely unclear. Here, we show that soluble CD40L (sCD40L) stimulation progressively increases pro-inflammatory activity, proliferation, and migration of pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts. Besides, sCD40L stimulation decreases splicing factor proline- and glutamine-rich protein (SFPQ) protein (one member of DBHS protein family) expression, while SFPQ overexpression suppresses sCD40L stimulation-induced proliferation and migration of pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts by repressing CD40 transcription. Moreover, ChIP assays found that sCD40L stimulation promotes histone H3 tri-methylation at lysine 4 (H3K4me3), H3K36me3, and H3K27 acetylation (H3K27ac) modifications on CD40 promoter region in pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts, while SFPQ overexpression decreases H3K36me3 modification and increases H3K36ac on CD40 promoter region by interacting with histone deacetylase-1 (HDAC1) to inhibit CD40 transcription. This in-depth study shows that CD40L-CD40 signaling promotes activation of pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts by increasing proliferation, migration, and pro-inflammatory activity of adventitial fibroblasts, and SFPQ could inhibit CD40 transcription though switching H3K36me3 to H3K36ac modifications on its promoter by interacting with HDAC1. This study, first, uncovers the roles of SFPQ on CD40L-CD40 signaling-mediated activation of pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Pan
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, PR China
| | - Jin-Xiu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, PR China
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, PR China
| | - Xing-Xiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, PR China
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Zhu N, Xiang Y, Zhao X, Cai C, Chen H, Jiang W, Wang Y, Zeng C. Thymoquinone suppresses platelet-derived growth factor-BB-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and neointimal formation. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:8482-8492. [PMID: 31638340 PMCID: PMC6850929 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The excessive proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are mainly responsible for vascular occlusion diseases, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension and restenosis. Our previous study demonstrated thymoquinone (TQ) attenuated monocrotaline‐induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. The aim of the present study is to systematically examine inhibitory effects of TQ on platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB)–induced proliferation and migration of VSMCs in vitro and neointimal formation in vivo and elucidate the potential mechanisms. Vascular smooth muscle cells were isolated from the aorta in rats. Cell viability and proliferation were measured in VSMCs using the MTT assay. Cell migration was detected by wound healing assay and Transwell assay. Alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) and Ki‐67‐positive cells were examined by immunofluorescence staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis were measured by flow cytometry and terminal deoxyribonucleotide transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining, respectively. Molecules including the mitochondria‐dependent apoptosis factors, matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), PTEN/AKT and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were determined by Western blot. Neointimal formation was induced by ligation in male Sprague Dawley rats and evaluated by HE staining. Thymoquinone inhibited PDGF‐BB–induced VSMC proliferation and the increase in α‐SMA and Ki‐67‐positive cells. Thymoquinone also induced apoptosis via mitochondria‐dependent apoptosis pathway and p38MAPK. Thymoquinone blocked VSMC migration by inhibiting MMP2. Finally, TQ reversed neointimal formation induced by ligation in rats. Thus, TQ is a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of occlusive vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated To Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yijia Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Xuyong Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated To Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Changhong Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated To Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenbing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated To Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Wenzhou Third Clinical Institute Affiliated To Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chunlai Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui, China
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Chai X, Sun D, Han Q, Yi L, Wu Y, Liu X. Hypoxia induces pulmonary arterial fibroblast proliferation, migration, differentiation and vascular remodeling via the PI3K/Akt/p70S6K signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2461-2472. [PMID: 29436587 PMCID: PMC5846667 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine whether hypoxia induces the proliferation, migration and differentiation of pulmonary arterial fibroblasts (PAFs) via the PI3K/Akt/p70S6K signaling pathway. PAFs were subjected to normoxia (21% O2) or hypoxia (1% O2). The proliferation, migration, differentiation and cellular p110α, p-Akt, and p-p70S6K expression levels of the PAFs were examined in vitro. In addition, rats were maintained under hypoxic conditions, and the right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI) and right ventricular weight/body weight ratio (RV/BW) were examined. The expression levels of p110α, p-Akt, p70S6K, fibronectin and α-SMA in the rat pulmonary vessels were also examined. Hypoxia significantly elevated the proliferation, migration and differentiation of rat PAFs. It also strongly elevated the expression of p110α, p-Akt and p-p70S6K in PAFs in vitro. NVP-BEZ235 was revealed to significantly reduce the hypoxia-induced proliferation, migration and differentiation. In vivo experiments demonstrated that hypoxia significantly induced the elevation of RVSP, RVHI, RV/BW, medial thickening, adventitious thickening, and fibronectin and collagen deposition around pulmonary artery walls. The expression of p110α, p-Akt and p70S6K was evident in the pulmonary arteries of the hypoxic rats. NVP-BEZ235 significantly reduced the hypoxia-induced hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling, as well as fibronectin and collagen deposition in the pulmonary arteries. Therefore, hypoxia was demonstrated to induce the proliferation, migration and differentiation of PAFs and the hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling of rats via the PI3K/Akt/p70S6K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Chai
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Qian Han
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Liang Yi
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, P.R. China
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Kojonazarov B, Novoyatleva T, Boehm M, Happe C, Sibinska Z, Tian X, Sajjad A, Luitel H, Kriechling P, Posern G, Evans SM, Grimminger F, Ghofrani HA, Weissmann N, Bogaard HJ, Seeger W, Schermuly RT. p38 MAPK Inhibition Improves Heart Function in Pressure-Loaded Right Ventricular Hypertrophy. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:603-614. [PMID: 28657795 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0374oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is known to have a role in ischemic heart disease and many other diseases, its contribution to the pathobiology of right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy and failure is unclear. Therefore, we sought to investigate the role of p38 MAPK in the pathophysiology of pressure overload-induced RV hypertrophy and failure. The effects of the p38 MAPK inhibitor PH797804 were investigated in mice with RV hypertrophy/failure caused by exposure to hypoxia or pulmonary artery banding. In addition, the effects of p38 MAPK inhibition or depletion (by small interfering RNA) were studied in isolated mouse RV fibroblasts. Echocardiography, invasive hemodynamic measurements, immunohistochemistry, collagen assays, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blotting were performed. Expression of phosphorylated p38 MAPK was markedly increased in mouse and human hypertrophied/failed RVs. In mice, PH797804 improved RV function and inhibited cardiac fibrosis compared with placebo. In isolated RV fibroblasts, p38 MAPK inhibition reduced transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-induced collagen production as well as stress fiber formation. Moreover, p38 MAPK inhibition/depletion suppressed TGF-β-induced SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) nuclear translocation, and prevented TGF-β-induced cardiac fibroblast transdifferentiation. Moreover, p38 MAPK inhibition in mice exposed to pulmonary artery banding led to diminished nuclear levels of MRTF-A and phosphorylated SMAD3 in RV fibroblasts. Together, our data indicate that p38 MAPK inhibition significantly improves RV function and inhibits RV fibrosis. Inhibition of p38 MAPK in RV cardiac fibroblasts, resulting in coordinated attenuation of MRTF-A cytoplasmic-nuclear translocation and SMAD3 deactivation, indicates that p38 MAPK signaling contributes to distinct disease-causing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baktybek Kojonazarov
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Tatyana Novoyatleva
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Mario Boehm
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Chris Happe
- 2 VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zaneta Sibinska
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Xia Tian
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Amna Sajjad
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Himal Luitel
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philipp Kriechling
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Guido Posern
- 3 Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Steven M Evans
- 4 Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hossein A Ghofrani
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Harm J Bogaard
- 2 VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Werner Seeger
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany.,5 Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- 1 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
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Zhu N, Zhao X, Xiang Y, Ye S, Huang J, Hu W, Lv L, Zeng C. Thymoquinone attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary artery hypertension via inhibiting pulmonary arterial remodeling in rats. Int J Cardiol 2016; 221:587-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Li Q, Mao M, Qiu Y, Liu G, Sheng T, Yu X, Wang S, Zhu D. Key Role of ROS in the Process of 15-Lipoxygenase/15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoiccid-Induced Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Hypoxia Pulmonary Hypertension. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149164. [PMID: 26871724 PMCID: PMC4752324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) and its metabolite 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) were up-regulated in pulmonary arterial cells from both pulmonary artery hypertension patients and hypoxic rats and that these factors mediated the progression of pulmonary hypertension (PH) by affecting the proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary arterial (PA) cells. However, the underlying mechanisms of the remodeling induced by 15-HETE have remained unclear. As reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 15-LO are both induced by hypoxia, it is possible that ROS are involved in the events of hypoxia-induced 15-LO expression that lead to PH. We employed immunohistochemistry, tube formation assays, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assays, and cell cycle analyses to explore the role of ROS in the process of 15-HETE-mediated hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH). We found that exogenous 15-HETE facilitated the generation of ROS and that this effect was mainly localized to mitochondria. In particular, the mitochondrial electron transport chain and nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (Nox4) were responsible for the significant 15-HETE-stimulated increase in ROS production. Moreover, ROS induced by 15-HETE stimulated endothelial cell (EC) migration and promoted pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation under hypoxia via the p38 MAPK pathway. These results indicated that 15-HETE-regulated ROS mediated hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling (PVR) via the p38 MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Min Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Harbin, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanli Qiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Gaofeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Tingting Sheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiufeng Yu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Daling Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Bio-pharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Harbin, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Qian J, Tian W, Jiang X, Tamosiuniene R, Sung YK, Shuffle EM, Tu AB, Valenzuela A, Jiang S, Zamanian RT, Fiorentino DF, Voelkel NF, Peters-Golden M, Stenmark KR, Chung L, Rabinovitch M, Nicolls MR. Leukotriene B4 Activates Pulmonary Artery Adventitial Fibroblasts in Pulmonary Hypertension. Hypertension 2015; 66:1227-1239. [PMID: 26558820 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A recent study demonstrated a significant role for leukotriene B4 (LTB4) causing pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension. LTB4 was found to directly injure luminal endothelial cells and promote growth of the smooth muscle cell layer of pulmonary arterioles. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of LTB4 on the pulmonary adventitial layer, largely composed of fibroblasts. Here, we demonstrate that LTB4 enhanced human pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblast proliferation, migration, and differentiation in a dose-dependent manner through its cognate G-protein-coupled receptor, BLT1. LTB4 activated human pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblast by upregulating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase as well as Nox4-signaling pathways. In an autoimmune model of pulmonary hypertension, inhibition of these pathways blocked perivascular inflammation, decreased Nox4 expression, reduced reactive oxygen species production, reversed arteriolar adventitial fibroblast activation, and attenuated pulmonary hypertension development. This study uncovers a novel mechanism by which LTB4 further promotes pulmonary arterial hypertension pathogenesis, beyond its established effects on endothelial and smooth muscle cells, by activating adventitial fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qian
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Wen Tian
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Xinguo Jiang
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Rasa Tamosiuniene
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yon K Sung
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Eric M Shuffle
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Allen B Tu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Shirley Jiang
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | | | | | | | - Kurt R Stenmark
- University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Lorinda Chung
- Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Mark R Nicolls
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
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14
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Church AC, Martin DH, Wadsworth R, Bryson G, Fisher AJ, Welsh DJ, Peacock AJ. The reversal of pulmonary vascular remodeling through inhibition of p38 MAPK-alpha: a potential novel anti-inflammatory strategy in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L333-47. [PMID: 26024891 PMCID: PMC4538235 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00038.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) system is increasingly recognized as an important inflammatory pathway in systemic vascular disease but its role in pulmonary vascular disease is unclear. Previous in vitro studies suggest p38 MAPKα is critical in the proliferation of pulmonary artery fibroblasts, an important step in the pathogenesis of pulmonary vascular remodeling (PVremod). In this study the role of the p38 MAPK pathway was investigated in both in vitro and in vivo models of pulmonary hypertension and human disease. Pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPKα in both chronic hypoxic and monocrotaline rodent models of pulmonary hypertension prevented and reversed the pulmonary hypertensive phenotype. Furthermore, with the use of a novel and clinically available p38 MAPKα antagonist, reversal of pulmonary hypertension was obtained in both experimental models. Increased expression of phosphorylated p38 MAPK and p38 MAPKα was observed in the pulmonary vasculature from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, suggesting a role for activation of this pathway in the PVremod A reduction of IL-6 levels in serum and lung tissue was found in the drug-treated animals, suggesting a potential mechanism for this reversal in PVremod. This study suggests that the p38 MAPK and the α-isoform plays a pathogenic role in both human disease and rodent models of pulmonary hypertension potentially mediated through IL-6. Selective inhibition of this pathway may provide a novel therapeutic approach that targets both remodeling and inflammatory pathways in pulmonary vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair C Church
- Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom;
| | - Damien H Martin
- Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Wadsworth
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth Bryson
- Department of Pathology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David J Welsh
- Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Peacock
- Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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15
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Pugliese SC, Poth JM, Fini MA, Olschewski A, El Kasmi KC, Stenmark KR. The role of inflammation in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension: from cellular mechanisms to clinical phenotypes. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L229-52. [PMID: 25416383 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00238.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (PH) comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases sharing the common feature of chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling. The disease is usually characterized by mild to moderate pulmonary vascular remodeling that is largely thought to be reversible compared with the progressive irreversible disease seen in World Health Organization (WHO) group I disease. However, in these patients, the presence of PH significantly worsens morbidity and mortality. In addition, a small subset of patients with hypoxic PH develop "out-of-proportion" severe pulmonary hypertension characterized by pulmonary vascular remodeling that is irreversible and similar to that in WHO group I disease. In all cases of hypoxia-related vascular remodeling and PH, inflammation, particularly persistent inflammation, is thought to play a role. This review focuses on the effects of hypoxia on pulmonary vascular cells and the signaling pathways involved in the initiation and perpetuation of vascular inflammation, especially as they relate to vascular remodeling and transition to chronic irreversible PH. We hypothesize that the combination of hypoxia and local tissue factors/cytokines ("second hit") antagonizes tissue homeostatic cellular interactions between mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts and/or smooth muscle cells) and macrophages and arrests these cells in an epigenetically locked and permanently activated proremodeling and proinflammatory phenotype. This aberrant cellular cross-talk between mesenchymal cells and macrophages promotes transition to chronic nonresolving inflammation and vascular remodeling, perpetuating PH. A better understanding of these signaling pathways may lead to the development of specific therapeutic targets, as none are currently available for WHO group III disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Pugliese
- Developmental Lung Biology, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado;
| | - Jens M Poth
- Developmental Lung Biology, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mehdi A Fini
- Developmental Lung Biology, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; and
| | - Karim C El Kasmi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Developmental Lung Biology, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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16
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Serotonin drives the activation of pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts and TGF-β1/Smad3-mediated fibrotic responses through 5-HT2A receptors. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 397:267-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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17
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Zhao Y, Lv W, Piao H, Chu X, Wang H. Role of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 34:254-60. [PMID: 24804810 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.908915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a vascular remodeling disease characterized by enhanced proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and suppressed apoptosis. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent mitogen involved in cell proliferation and migration. PDGF-BB induces the proliferation and migration of PASMCs and has been proposed to be a key mediator in the progression of PAH. Previous studies have shown that PDGF and its receptor are substantially elevated in lung tissues and PASMCs isolated from patients and animals with PAH, but the underlying mechanisms are still poorly manifested. MAP kinases, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase1/2 (JNK1/2), and p38 are the key intracellular signals for stimuli-induced cell proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine whether PDGF-BB on cell proliferation process is mediated through the MAP kinases pathway in human PASMCs (HPASMCs). Our results showed PDGF-BB-induced proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cyclin A and Cyclin E expression in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression levels of phosphorylated JNK (p-JNK) was upregulated with 20 ng/ml PDGF-BB treatment, while PDGF-BB could not increase phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and p-38 (p-p38) expression. The effects of PDGF-BB on cell proliferation and survival were weakened after the administration of antagonist of the JNK pathway or si-JNK. In addition, PDGF-BB protected against the loss of mitochondrial membrane potentials evoked by serum deprivation (SD) in a JNK-dependent manner. These results suggest that PDGF-BB promotes HPASMCs proliferation and survival, which is likely to be mediated via the JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital , Daqing , China and
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18
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Welsh DJ, Peacock AJ. Cellular responses to hypoxia in the pulmonary circulation. High Alt Med Biol 2014; 14:111-6. [PMID: 23795730 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2013.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia can be defined as a reduction in available oxygen, whether in a whole organism or in a tissue or cell. It is a real life cause of pulmonary hypertension in humans both in terms of patients with chronic hypoxic lung disease and people living at high altitude. The effect of hypoxia on the pulmonary vasculature can be described in two ways; Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) (resulting from smooth muscle cell contraction) and pulmonary vascular remodelling (PVR) (resulting from pulmonary vascular cell proliferation). The pulmonary artery is made up of three resident cell types, the endothelial (intima), smooth muscle (media) and fibroblast (adventitia) cells. This review will examine the effects of hypoxia on the cells of the pulmonary vasculature and give an insight into the possible underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Welsh
- Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Regional Heart and Lung Center, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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19
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Farmer DGS, Ewart MA, Mair KM, Kennedy S. Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) attenuates haemodynamic changes to chronic hypoxia in the mouse. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2014; 29:7-14. [PMID: 24417910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The calgranulin-like protein MTS1/S100A4 and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) have recently been implicated in mediating pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and vascular remodelling in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension (PH). Here, the effects of RAGE antagonism upon 2 weeks of hypobaric hypoxia (10% O2)-induced PH in mice were assessed. Treatment with sRAGE was protective against hypobaric hypoxia-induced increases in right ventricular pressure but distal pulmonary vascular remodelling was unaffected. Intralobar pulmonary arteries from hypobaric hypoxic mice treated with sRAGE showed protection against a hypoxia-induced reduction in compliance. However, a combination of sRAGE and hypoxia also dramatically increased the force of contractions to KCl and 5-HT observed in these vessels. The acute addition of sRAGE to the organ bath produced a small, sustained contraction in intralobar pulmonary vessels and produced a synergistic enhancement of the maximal force of contraction in subsequent concentration-response curves to 5-HT. sRAGE had no effect on 5-HT-induced proliferation of Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (CCL39), used since they have a similar pharmacological profile to mouse pulmonary fibroblasts but, surprisingly, produced a marked increase in hypoxia-induced proliferation. These data implicate RAGE as a modulator of both vasoreactivity and of proliferative processes in the response of the pulmonary circulation to chronic-hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G S Farmer
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Marie-Ann Ewart
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Kirsty M Mair
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon Kennedy
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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20
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Zhang L, Li Y, Chen M, Su X, Yi D, Lu P, Zhu D. 15-LO/15-HETE mediated vascular adventitia fibrosis via p38 MAPK-dependent TGF-β. J Cell Physiol 2013; 229:245-57. [PMID: 23982954 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
15-Lipoxygenase/15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-LO/15-HETE) is known to modulate pulmonary vascular medial hypertrophy and intimal endothelial cells migration and angiogenesis after hypoxia. However, it is unclear whether 15-HETE affects the adventitia of the pulmonary arterial wall. We performed immunohistochemistry, adventitia fibrosis, pulmonary artery fibroblasts phenotype and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition to determine the role of 15-HETE in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular adventitia remodeling. Our studies showed that O2 deprivation induced adventitia hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries with ECM accumulation in both humans with pulmonary arterial hypertension and hypoxic rats. Hypoxia induced 15-LO expression in adventitia. With the inhibitor, NDGA depressed the hypoxia induced ECM deposition and 15-LO production in hypoxic rats. Hypoxia up-regulated the expression of α-SMA, type-Ia collagen and fibronectin in cultured fibroblasts, which seemed to be due to the increased 15-LO/15-HETE. Exogenous 15-HETE mediated the ECM and phenotypic alterations of the fibroblasts as well. The 15-LO/15-HETE induced adventitia fibrosis and fibroblasts phenotypic alterations depended on signaling of the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad2/3 pathway. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPKs) was likely to mediate 15-LO induced TGF-β1 and Smad2/3 activation after hypoxia. The results suggest that adventitia fibrosis is an important event in the hypoxia induced pulmonary arterial remodeling, which relies on 15-LO/15-HETE induced p38 MAPK-dependent TGF-β1/Smad2/3 intracellular signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University-Daqing, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
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21
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Stenmark KR, Nozik-Grayck E, Gerasimovskaya E, Anwar A, Li M, Riddle S, Frid M. The adventitia: Essential role in pulmonary vascular remodeling. Compr Physiol 2013; 1:141-61. [PMID: 23737168 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c090017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A rapidly emerging concept is that the vascular adventitia acts as a biological processing center for the retrieval, integration, storage, and release of key regulators of vessel wall function. It is the most complex compartment of the vessel wall and comprises a variety of cells including fibroblasts, immunomodulatory cells, resident progenitor cells, vasa vasorum endothelial cells, and adrenergic nerves. In response to vascular stress or injury, resident adventitial cells are often the first to be activated and reprogrammed to then influence tone and structure of the vessel wall. Experimental data indicate that the adventitial fibroblast, the most abundant cellular constituent of adventitia, is a critical regulator of vascular wall function. In response to vascular stresses such as overdistension, hypoxia, or infection, the adventitial fibroblast is activated and undergoes phenotypic changes that include proliferation, differentiation, and production of extracellular matrix proteins and adhesion molecules, release of reactive oxygen species, chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and metalloproteinases that, collectively, affect medial smooth muscle cell tone and growth directly and that stimulate recruitment and retention of circulating inflammatory and progenitor cells to the vessel wall. Resident dendritic cells also participate in "sensing" vascular stress and actively communicate with fibroblasts and progenitor cells to simulate repair processes that involve expansion of the vasa vasorum, which acts as a conduit for further delivery of inflammatory/progenitor cells. This review presents the current evidence demonstrating that the adventitia acts as a key regulator of pulmonary vascular wall function and structure from the "outside in."
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R Stenmark
- University of Colorado Denver - Pediatric Critical Care, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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22
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Wang Y, Yang J, Li H, Wang X, Zhu L, Fan M, Wang X. Hypoxia promotes dopaminergic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and shows benefits for transplantation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54296. [PMID: 23342124 PMCID: PMC3546985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of differentiating into dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons, which is one of the major cell types damaged in Parkinson’s disease (PD). For this reason, MSCs are considered a potential cell source for PD therapy. It has been proved that hypoxia is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of hypoxia on MSC proliferation and DAergic neuronal differentiation. Our results demonstrate that 3% O2 treatment can enhance rat MSC proliferation by upregulation of phosphorylated p38 MAPK and subsequent nuclear translocation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α. During neural differentiation, 3% O2 treatment increases the expression of HIF-1α, phosphorylated ERK and p38 MAPK. These changes are followed by promotion of neurosphere formation and further DAergic neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, we explored the physiological function of hypoxia-induced DAergic neurons from human fetal MSCs by transplanting them into parkinsonian rats. Grafts induced with hypoxia display more survival of DAergic neurons and greater amelioration of behavioral impairments. Altogether, these results suggest that hypoxia can promote MSC proliferation and DAergic neuronal differentiation, and benefit for intrastriatal transplantation. Therefore, this study may provide new perspectives in application of MSCs to clinical PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Neuroscience (PKU), Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Education Ministry, Youanmen, Beijing, China
- Beijing An Ding Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haisheng Li
- Department of Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Education Ministry, Youanmen, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Department of Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Brain Protection, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XMW); (MF)
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Education Ministry, Youanmen, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (XMW); (MF)
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23
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Stenmark KR, Yeager ME, El Kasmi KC, Nozik-Grayck E, Gerasimovskaya EV, Li M, Riddle SR, Frid MG. The adventitia: essential regulator of vascular wall structure and function. Annu Rev Physiol 2012; 75:23-47. [PMID: 23216413 PMCID: PMC3762248 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vascular adventitia acts as a biological processing center for the retrieval, integration, storage, and release of key regulators of vessel wall function. It is the most complex compartment of the vessel wall and is composed of a variety of cells, including fibroblasts, immunomodulatory cells (dendritic cells and macrophages), progenitor cells, vasa vasorum endothelial cells and pericytes, and adrenergic nerves. In response to vascular stress or injury, resident adventitial cells are often the first to be activated and reprogrammed to influence the tone and structure of the vessel wall; to initiate and perpetuate chronic vascular inflammation; and to stimulate expansion of the vasa vasorum, which can act as a conduit for continued inflammatory and progenitor cell delivery to the vessel wall. This review presents the current evidence demonstrating that the adventitia acts as a key regulator of vascular wall function and structure from the outside in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R. Stenmark
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Michael E. Yeager
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Karim C. El Kasmi
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Aurora, CO 80045
| | | | - Min Li
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Suzette R. Riddle
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Maria G. Frid
- University of Colorado Denver, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Aurora, CO 80045
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24
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Carlin CM, Celnik DF, Pak O, Wadsworth R, Peacock AJ, Welsh DJ. Low-dose fluvastatin reverses the hypoxic pulmonary adventitial fibroblast phenotype in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:140-8. [PMID: 22383583 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0411oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension is a worldwide public health problem. Statins attenuate hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in animal models, but the mechanism of action and applicability of these results to human treatment are not established. In hypoxic models, pulmonary artery fibroblast proliferation contributes substantially to pulmonary vascular remodeling. We previously showed that acute hypoxic pulmonary adventitial fibroblast proliferation can be selectively inhibited by statins and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors. Here we used complementary chronic hypoxic and acute hypoxic coculture models to obtain necessary preclinical information regarding the utility of fluvastatin in the treatment of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. The effects of fluvastatin, cholesterol pathway intermediates, and related inhibitors on hypoxic adventitial fibroblast proliferation, p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation, and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation were determined, using complementary chronic hypoxic rat and acute hypoxic bovine cell models. Fluvastatin reversed the proliferative phenotypic switch in adventitial fibroblasts from chronic hypoxic animals. This effect was circulation-specific, and implicated a Rac1-p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway. Coculture and conditioned media experiments also implicated this statin-sensitive signaling pathway in the release of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell mitogens by hypoxic pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts. Treprostinil, sildenafil, and bosentan exerted no effect on the hypoxic fibroblast phenotype. Phenotypic changes (increased proliferation and mitogen release) in pulmonary artery fibroblasts during chronic hypoxia are dependent on a Rac1-p38 MAP kinase signaling pathway. The inhibition of these phenotypic changes with fluvastatin may be therapeutically relevant in high-altitude residents and in patients with hypoxic lung disease.
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25
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Cohen S, Efraim ANB, Levi-Schaffer F, Eliashar R. The effect of hypoxia and cycloxygenase inhibitors on nasal polyp derived fibroblasts. Am J Otolaryngol 2011; 32:564-73. [PMID: 21315485 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis is unknown. Chronic inflammation along with local tissue hypoxia may effect polyp's growth. Activation of Cycloxygenases may also be involved. COX-2 up-regulates in response to different stimuli including hypoxia. Its activation is associated with enhanced cell proliferation. Histologically, besides inflammatory cells, increased stromal fibrosis is seen in nasal polyposis. The aims of this study were to test whether hypoxia amplifies nasal polyp fibroblasts proliferation, whether treatment with various COX inhibitors could influence fibroblasts, and whether this effect may be modulated in response to different oxygenation conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Polyp fibroblasts were incubated under hypoxic or normoxic conditions with or without NSAIDs at different concentrations for 12 or 24 hours. Cell proliferation was quantified using BrdU ELISA. Metabolic activity was evaluated using MTT assay. Cell death was measured using Annexin V staining and FACS scan. RESULTS No significant difference was found between proliferation of fibroblasts treated under hypoxia or normoxia. Cells incubated with indomethacin proliferated in a slightly enhanced manner compared with non-treated cells. Celecoxib inhibited fibroblast proliferation (P < .001) but did not influence cell survival. Metabolic activity of cells treated with celecoxib was significantly reduced (P < .003), unlike cells treated with indomethacin or rofecoxib. CONCLUSION Hypoxia does not affect fibroblasts proliferation. It may contribute to nasal polyposis pathogenesis in other ways. The anti-proliferative effect of celecoxib may be associated with cell cycle arrest rather than with pro-apoptotic activity. Celecoxib may be considered for treating nasal polyposis.
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26
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Li C, Yin T, Dong N, Dong F, Fang X, Qu YL, Tan Y, Wu H, Liu Z, Li W. Oxygen tension affects terminal differentiation of corneal limbal epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2429-37. [PMID: 21660966 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen concentration has been shown to be crucial in the proliferation and differentiation of various types of cells, while the impact of oxygen tension on the lineage commitment of epithelial cells remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the effect of hypoxia on the differentiation of corneal limbal epithelium using an ex vivo squamous metaplasia model. Under normoxic conditions when exposed to air, the hyperproliferation and abnormal epidermal-like differentiation of human corneal limbal epithelium was induced, whereas when exposed to air under hypoxic conditions, although we observed augmented proliferation, the abnormal differentiation was inhibited. The Notch signaling pathway was activated in hypoxic cultures, whereas the p38 MAPK signaling pathway was downregulated. The addition of Notch inhibitor under hypoxic conditions restored the activation of p38 MAPK and resulted in the recidivation of limbal epithelial cells to epidermal-like differentiation. Moreover, the epidermal-like differentiation of rabbit limbal epithelial cells was also blocked under hypoxic conditions in corneal epithelial cell sheets engineered ex vivo. We concluded that hypoxia can prevent abnormal differentiation while enhancing the proliferation of corneal limbal epithelial cells. Hypoxia coupled with air exposure can be used in the tissue engineering of corneal limbal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Eye Institute & Affiliated Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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A transient inflammatory reaction in the lung after experimental hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation with a hemoglobin-vesicles solution compared with rat RBC transfusion. ASAIO J 2009; 55:478-83. [PMID: 19625952 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0b013e3181b17f34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfusion for hemorrhagic shock can improve oxygenation, but immunoreactions may induce inflammation. Artificial oxygen carriers have been developed to address clinical concerns of infection and stability, but whether an artificial oxygen carrier might induce inflammation is not well known. To address this question, we compared inflammatory reactions after resuscitation with hemoglobin vesicles (HbVs) or red blood cells (RBCs) in a hemorrhagic shock rat model. Both HbVs and the stored and irradiated rat RBCs deprived of buffy coat were suspended in recombinant human serum albumin [(Hb) = 8.6 g/dL]. Under anesthesia, hemorrhagic shock was induced for 30 min, followed by resuscitation by 20 min transfusion of HbVs or rat RBCs in a volume equivalent to the volume of withdrawn blood. Lungs were excised 2 or 24 h after resuscitation, and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), nitric oxide synthase 2 (iNOS), nitric oxide synthase 3, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were measured. In rats resuscitated with HbVs, mRNA levels of TNF-alpha and HO-1 2 h after resuscitation were significantly higher than those in the rat RBC group, but the levels at 24 h were similar in both groups. The expression of iNOS and ICAM-1, second messengers of inflammation, was not affected, and inflammatory levels after 24 h with HbVs are similar to rat RBC transfusion. The rat RBC group did not show an expected inflammatory reaction related to a transfusion-induced lung injury, and a clinical relevance concerning this level of transient inflammatory reaction induced by HbVs is not known; however, attention to the early stage of resuscitation in ongoing studies of HbV is required.
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Chatzinikolaou G, Nikitovic D, Berdiaki A, Zafiropoulos A, Katonis P, Karamanos NK, Tzanakakis GN. Heparin regulates colon cancer cell growth through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling. Cell Prolif 2009; 43:9-18. [PMID: 19845689 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2009.00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Heparin acts as an extracellular stimulus capable of activating major cell signalling pathways. Thus, we examined the putative mechanisms utilized by heparin to stimulate HT29, SW1116 and HCT116 colon cancer cell growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Possible participation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade on heparin-induced HT29, SW1116 and HCT116 colon cancer cell growth was evaluated using specific MAPK cascade inhibitors, Western blot analysis, real-time quantitative PCR and FACS apoptosis analysis. RESULTS Treatment with a highly specific p38 kinase inhibitor, SB203580, significantly (50-70%) inhibited heparin-induced colon cancer cell growth, demonstrating that p38 MAPK signalling is involved in their heparin-induced proliferative response. This was shown to be correlated with increased (up to 3-fold) phosphorylation of 181/182 threonine/tyrosine residues on p38 MAP kinase. Furthermore, heparin inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1/CIP1) and p53 tumour suppressor gene and protein expression up to 2-fold or 1.8-fold, respectively, and stimulated cyclin D1 expression up to 1.8-fold, in these cell lines through a p38-mediated mechanism. On the other hand, treatment with heparin did not appear to affect HT29, SW1116 and HCT116 cell levels of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that an extracellular glycosaminoglycan, heparin, finely modulates expression of genes crucial to cell cycle regulation through specific activation of p38 MAP kinase to stimulate colon cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Histology, Division of Morphology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
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Weerackody RP, Welsh DJ, Wadsworth RM, Peacock AJ. Inhibition of p38 MAPK reverses hypoxia-induced pulmonary artery endothelial dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1312-20. [PMID: 19201999 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00977.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced endothelial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. p38 MAPK expression is increased in the pulmonary artery following hypoxic exposure. Recent evidence suggests that increased p38 MAPK activity is associated with endothelial dysfunction. However, the role of p38 MAPK activation in pulmonary artery endothelial dysfunction is not known. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 2 wk hypobaric hypoxia, which resulted in the development of pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of intrapulmonary vessels from hypoxic animals was impaired due to a reduced nitric oxide (NO) generation. This was despite increased endothelial NO synthase immunostaining and protein expression. Hypoxia exposure increased superoxide generation and p38 MAPK expression. The inhibition of p38 MAPK restored endothelium-dependent relaxation, increased bioavailable NO, and reduced superoxide production. In conclusion, the pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAPK was effective in increasing NO generation, reducing superoxide burden, and restoring hypoxia-induced endothelial dysfunction in rats with hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. p38 MAPK may be a novel target for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan P Weerackody
- Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Level 8, Western Infirmary, Dumbarton Rd., Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
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30
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Dempsie Y, MacLean MR. Pulmonary hypertension: therapeutic targets within the serotonin system. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 155:455-62. [PMID: 18536742 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by a sustained and progressive elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular remodelling leading to right heart failure and death. Prognosis is poor and novel therapeutic approaches are needed. The serotonin hypothesis of PAH originated in the 1960s after an outbreak of the disease was reported among patients taking the anorexigenic drugs aminorex and fenfluramine. These are indirect serotonergic agonists and serotonin transporter substrates. Since then many advances have been made in our understanding of the role of serotonin in the pathobiology of PAH. The rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin is tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph). Serotonin is synthesized, through Tph1, in the endothelial cells of the pulmonary artery and can then act on underlying pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells and pulmonary arterial fibroblasts in a paracrine fashion causing constriction and remodelling. These effects of serotonin can be mediated through both the serotonin transporter and serotonin receptors. This review will discuss our current understanding of 'the serotonin hypothesis' of PAH and highlight possible therapeutic targets within the serotonin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Dempsie
- Division of Neuroscience and Biomedical Systems, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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31
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Carlin CM, Peacock AJ, Welsh DJ. Fluvastatin inhibits hypoxic proliferation and p38 MAPK activity in pulmonary artery fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2007; 37:447-56. [PMID: 17556673 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2007-0012oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest structural change in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension is increased proliferation of adventitial fibroblasts. This fibroproliferative response occurs in acute and chronic hypoxic models, is dependent on p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation, is selective for the pulmonary circulation, and would seem an important therapeutic target. Simvastatin attenuates pulmonary vascular remodeling in animal models, but additional information regarding mechanisms of action, differential antiproliferative effects and dose responses of available statins is required for appropriate clinical trial design. Our objectives were to determine the effects of statins on acute hypoxia-induced proliferation and p38 MAP kinase activation in pulmonary and systemic artery fibroblasts, to assess the effects of cholesterol intermediates, prenyltransferase and related inhibitors, and to determine the statin's mechanism of action. Atorvastatin, fluvastatin, and simvastatin inhibited adventitial fibroblast proliferation. At low doses (1 microM), this effect was selective for hypoxic (versus serum-induced) proliferation and was also selective for pulmonary (versus systemic) fibroblasts. Complete inhibition of hypoxia-induced p38 MAP kinase activity was achieved at this 1-microM dose. The lipophilic statins exhibited similar potency. The statin effect was reversed by geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and mimicked by geranylgeranyl transferase and Rac1 inhibitors. Hypoxia-induced p38 MAP kinase activation and proliferation in pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts is dependent on a geranylgeranylated signaling protein, probably Rac1. One micromolar of fluvastatin exhibits a circulation- and stimulus-selective antiproliferative effect on pulmonary artery fibroblasts. The pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin would suggest that its antiproliferative effects may be useful in pulmonary hypertension associated with hypoxia.
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Goto Y, Terajima K, Tsueshita T, Miyashita M, Horinouchi H, Sakai H, Tsuchida E, Sakamoto A. Fluid resuscitation with hemoglobin-vesicle solution does not increase hypoxia or inflammatory responses in moderate hemorrhagic shock. Biomed Res 2007; 27:283-8. [PMID: 17213684 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.27.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the hypoxic and inflammatory effects of transfusing hemoglobin-vesicles (HbV) or lactated Ringer's (LR) solution on several organs in a hemorrhagic shock model. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in 48 anesthetized rats by withdrawing 28 mL/kg blood. The animals were resuscitated by replacing the blood with an equal volume of HbV solution or three times the volume of LR solution. The heart, lung, liver, kidney and spleen were extracted at different time points following resuscitation, and mRNA expression levels of hypoxia-induced factor 1-alpha (HIF-1alpha) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were determined. Blood lactate concentrations in the HbV group rapidly returned to baseline levels, whereas elevated lactate concentrations in the LR group were prolonged. There were no significant differences between the two resuscitation groups in terms of HIF-1alpha and TNF-alpha expression in the organs examined. HIF-1alpha and TNF-alpha expression in the lungs was significantly greater than in other organs. Our results suggest that resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock with HbV did not increase hypoxic or inflammatory effects in major organs, compared with resuscitation using LR solution, despite prolonged elevation of blood lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitugu Goto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Tokyo, Japan
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Mortimer HJ, Peacock AJ, Kirk A, Welsh DJ. p38 MAP kinase: essential role in hypoxia-mediated human pulmonary artery fibroblast proliferation. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2006; 20:718-25. [PMID: 17055760 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease that results in thickening of the vascular wall. Some of the most prominent changes are seen in the adventitia as a result of fibroblast proliferation and increased extracellular matrix deposition. Previous work from this laboratory using animal models has shown that pulmonary but not systemic artery fibroblasts proliferate to hypoxic exposure and that this response is dependent on activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK). In this study, we wished to determine whether human pulmonary artery fibroblasts (HPAFs) behaved similarly under conditions of acute hypoxic exposure (35 mmHg for 24 h). Fibroblast proliferation was assessed by [(3)H]thymidine uptake and protein assays performed using Western blotting techniques. HPAFs proliferated in response to acute hypoxic exposure, human systemic artery fibroblasts did not. This hypoxia-mediated proliferation was p38 MAPK dependent and could be blocked using a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) expression was increased in hypoxic pulmonary but not systemic cells and could be partially abrogated with the p38 inhibitor. This work in man confirmed our previous findings in animals that significant differences exist between the pulmonary and systemic circulations in response to hypoxic exposure. This study highlights the importance of p38 MAPK and HIF-1 in hypoxia-mediated proliferation of pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Mortimer
- Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit, Level 8, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, G11 6NT, Scotland, UK
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Stenmark KR, Davie N, Frid M, Gerasimovskaya E, Das M. Role of the adventitia in pulmonary vascular remodeling. Physiology (Bethesda) 2006; 21:134-45. [PMID: 16565479 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00053.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing volume of experimental data indicates that the adventitial fibroblast, in both the pulmonary and systemic circulations, is a critical regulator of vascular wall function in health and disease. A rapidly emerging concept is that the vascular adventitia acts as biological processing center for the retrieval, integration, storage, and release of key regulators of vessel wall function. In response to stress or injury, resident adventitial cells can be activated and reprogrammed to exhibit different functional and structural behaviors. In fact, under certain conditions, the adventitial compartment may be considered the principal injury-sensing tissue of the vessel wall. In response to vascular stresses such as overdistension and hypoxia, the adventitial fibroblast is activated and undergoes phenotypic changes, which include proliferation, differentiation, upregulation of contractile and extracellular matrix proteins, and release of factors that directly affect medial smooth muscle cell tone and growth and that stimulate recruitment of inflammatory and progenitor cells to the vessel wall. Each of these changes in fibroblast phenotype modulates either directly or indirectly changes in overall vascular function and structure. The purpose of this review is to present the current evidence demonstrating that the adventitial fibroblast acts as a key regulator of pulmonary vascular function and structure from the "outside-in."
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R Stenmark
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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