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Xuan L, Yang S, Ren L, Liu H, Zhang W, Sun Y, Xu B, Gong L, Liu L. Akebia saponin D attenuates allergic airway inflammation through AMPK activation. J Nat Med 2024; 78:393-402. [PMID: 38175326 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01762-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Akebia saponin D (ASD) is a bioactive triterpenoid saponin extracted from Dipsacus asper Wall. ex DC.. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ASD on allergic airway inflammation. Human lung epithelial BEAS-2B cells and bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were pretreated with ASD (50, 100 and 200 μΜ) and AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) (1 mM), and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or IL-33. Pretreatment with ASD and AICAR significantly inhibited TNF-α and IL-6 production from BEAS-2B cells, and IL-13 production from BMMCs. Moreover, pretreatment with ASD and AICAR significantly increased p-AMPK expression in BEAS-2B cells. Inhibition of AMPK by siRNA and compound C partly abrogated the suppression effect of ASD on TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-13 production. Asthma murine model was induced by ovalbumin (OVA) challenge and treated with ASD (150 and 300 mg/kg) or AICAR (100 mg/kg). Infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, and production of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-13 were attenuated in ASD and AICAR treated mice. Lung histopathological changes were also ameliorated after ASD and AICAR treatment. Additionally, it showed that treatment with ASD and AICAR increased p-AMPK expression in the lung tissues. In conclusion, ASD exhibited protective effects on allergic airway inflammation through the induction of AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Lulu Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - He Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Benshan Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Lili Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Lihong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 8 Gongren Tiyuchang Nanlu, Beijing, 100020, China.
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Jia Q, Zhang H, Hu P, Yang Y, Yang Y, Kang X, Li X, Wu Y, Xiao J, Zhou B. Chemical profiling and quality evaluation of Callicarpa nudiflora from different regions in China by UPLC-QTOF-MS fingerprint. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200444. [PMID: 36066484 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Callicarpa nudiflora, belonging to the family Verbenaceaae, is wildly used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine (Luo-hua-zi-zhu) for hemostasis, antibiosis and antiphlogosis in clinlic. However, the underlying chemical basis of C. nudiflora for the significant effects remains obscure. Hence, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry method was established for the characterization of multi-constituents in C. nudiflora. As a result, 57 chemical compounds were identified based on their retention times, accurate masses and MS/MS data, and 20 of them were uncovered for the first time in C. nudiflora. In addition, an optimized UHPLC fingerprint analysis, combined with chemometrics including similarity analysis , principal component analysis and partial least squares-discriminant analysis was developed for quality assessment and origin discrimination of C. nudiflora. Multivariate data analysis revealed the resemblances and differences of C. nudiflora related to regions, while partial least squares-discriminant analysis screened nine characteristic markers including luteoloside, acteoside, luteolin-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, pachypodol, isoquercitrin, nudifloside, 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-8-methoxy-6-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl flavone, 7α-acetoxysandaracopimaric acid and sandaracopimaric acid which contributed the most to the classification. This was the first report on the comprehensive profiling of chemical components in C. nudiflora, which helped to uncover the material basis of C. nudiflora and possess potential value for quality evaluation and clinical application purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Jia
- Qinghai University, state key laboratory, 251 Ning Road, Chengbei District, Xining City, Qinghai Province, 810016, xining, CHINA
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- East-China Institute of Technology: East China University of Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, 130 meilong road, 810016, shanghai, CHINA
| | - Ping Hu
- East China University of Science and Technology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Meilong road, 200237, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry: China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry: China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 ge bai ni road, shanghai, CHINA
| | - Yifang Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry: China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry: China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 ge bai ni road, shanghai, CHINA
| | - Xingdong Kang
- jiangxi puzheng pharmaceutical Co.Ltd, jiangxi puzheng pharmaceutical Co.Ltd, 5 ji an road, ji an, CHINA
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- jiangxi puzheng pharmaceutical Co.Ltd, iangxi puzheng pharmaceutical Co.Ltd, 5 ji an road, ji an, CHINA
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- jiangxi puzheng pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., jiangxi puzheng pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 5 ji an road, ji an, CHINA
| | - Junping Xiao
- jiangxi puzheng pharmaceutical Co.Ltd., jiangxi puzheng pharmaceutical Co.Ltd., 5 ji an road, ji an, CHINA
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry: China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry: China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 ge bai ni road, shanghai, CHINA
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Xu Y, Liu J, Zeng Y, Jin S, Liu W, Li Z, Qin X, Bai Y. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and quality control of medicinal genus Aralia: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114671. [PMID: 34627983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aralia, which belongs to Araliaceae family, is mainly distributed in Asia, such as China, Japan and South Korea. It has a long medicinal history and is widely used in the treatment of various diseases, such as hepatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, bruises, lumps and carbuncles. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this review is to systematically evaluate the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and quality control of main medicinal plants of Aralia, discusses the application of ethnic medicine, modern scientific research and the relationship between them, and put forward some suggestions to promote the further development and utilization of Aralia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relevant information on Aralia was collected through electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, CNKI and Wanfang), Chinese herbal classics, Ph.D. and M.Sc. dissertations, Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Plant names were verified by "The Plant List" (http://www.theplantlist.org). The literature cited in this review can be traced back to 1878 to 2021. RESULTS More than 290 chemical constituents have been isolated from the genus Aralia, including triterpenoid saponins, terpenoids, organic acids, flavonoids, polyacetylenes, phenylpropanoids and other constituents. Pharmacological studies have shown that the extracts and compounds of Aralia have a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation, analgesic, anti-tumor, liver protection, protection of cardiovascular and nervous system, regulating substance metabolism, antibacterial, antiviral and antioxidation. CONCLUSIONS The genus Aralia is not only an excellent traditional herbal medicine, but also a source of bioactive molecules with good application prospects. However, the structure-activity relationship, in vivo activity and action mechanism of its bioactive components need to be further studied. In addition, more toxicological and quality control studies are essential to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Aralia as medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yuanlian Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Shenrui Jin
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zulun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xuhua Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yaolin Bai
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, PR China.
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Borghi SM, Domiciano TP, Rasquel-Oliveira FS, Ferraz CR, Bussmann AJC, Vignoli JA, Camilios-Neto D, Ambrósio SR, Arakawa NS, Casagrande R, Verri WA. Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski-derived kaurenoic acid prevents ovalbumin-induced asthma in mice: Effect on Th2 cytokines, STAT6/GATA-3 signaling, NFκB/Nrf2 redox sensitive pathways, and regulatory T cell phenotype markers. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114708. [PMID: 34619320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski is used in traditional medicine in Brazil for inflammatory diseases treatment including asthma. The diterpene kaurenoic acid (KA) is one of its active compounds, but whether KA activity could explain the traditional use of S. trilobata in asthma is unknown. AIM Investigate KA effect and mechanisms in asthma. METHODS Experimental asthma was induced by ovalbumin immunization and challenge in male Swiss mice. KA (0.1-10 mg/kg, gavage) was administered 1 h before the ovalbumin challenge. Total leukocytes, eosinophil, and mast cell were counted in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung histopathology was performed. Lung mRNA expression of Th2 and regulatory T cells markers, and BALF type 2 cytokine production were quantitated. NFκB activation and oxidative stress-related components in pulmonary tissue were measured. RESULTS KA inhibited the migration of total leukocytes and eosinophils to BALF, reduced lung histopathology (inflammatory cells and mast cells), mRNA expression of IL-33/ST2, STAT6/GATA-3 and NFκB activation in the lung, and reduced IL-33, IL-4, IL-5 production in the BALF. KA also reduced the mRNA expression of iNOS and gp91phox, and superoxide anion production accompanied by the induction of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 mRNA expression, thus, exerting an antioxidant effect. Finally, KA induced nTreg-like and Tr1-like, but not Th3-like markers of suppressive T cell phenotypes in the lung tissue. CONCLUSION KA prevents antigen-induced asthma by down-regulating Th2 and NFκB/cytokine-related pathways, and up-regulating Nrf2 and regulatory T cells' markers. Thus, explaining the ethnopharmacological use of S. trilobata for the treatment of lung inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M Borghi
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod Celso Garcia Cid KM480 PR445, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Norte do Paraná - Unopar, Rua Marselha, 591, Jardim Piza, 86.041-140, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Talita P Domiciano
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod Celso Garcia Cid KM480 PR445, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda S Rasquel-Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod Celso Garcia Cid KM480 PR445, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Camila R Ferraz
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod Celso Garcia Cid KM480 PR445, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Allan J C Bussmann
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod Celso Garcia Cid KM480 PR445, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Josiane A Vignoli
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM480 PR445, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Doumit Camilios-Neto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biotecnologia, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM480 PR445, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Sergio R Ambrósio
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca - Unifran, Avenida Dr. Armando de Sáles Oliveira, 201, Parque Universitário, Franca, São Paulo, 14404-600, Brazil.
| | - Nilton S Arakawa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências de Saúde, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86039-440, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid KM480 PR445, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências de Saúde, Avenida Robert Koch, 60, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86039-440, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rod Celso Garcia Cid KM480 PR445, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Borghi SM, Mizokami SS, Carvalho TT, Rasquel-Oliveira FS, Ferraz CR, Fattori V, Hayashida TH, Peron JPS, Camilios-Neto D, Ambrosio SR, Arakawa NS, Casagrande R, Verri WA. The diterpene from Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski, kaurenoic acid, reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced peritonitis and pain in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 273:113980. [PMID: 33652112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski is a plant species belonging to the Asteraceae family. Kaurenoid acid (KA) is a diterpene metabolite and one of the active ingredients of Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski. Extracts containing KA are used in traditional medicine to treat pain, inflammation, and infection. AIM The goal of the present study was to investigate the in vivo effects of KA (1-10 mg/kg, per oral gavage) upon LPS inoculation in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intraplantar (i.pl.; subcutaneous plantar injection) routes at the dose of 200 ng (200 μL or 25 μL, respectively). METHODS In LPS paw inflammation, mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia MPO activity and oxidative imbalance (TBARS, GSH, ABTS and FRAP assays) were evaluated. In LPS peritonitis we evaluated leukocyte migration, cytokine production, oxidative stress, and NF-κB activation. RESULTS KA inhibited LPS-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, MPO activity and modulated redox status in the mice paw. Pre- and post-treatment with KA inhibited migration of neutrophils and monocytes in LPS peritonitis. KA inhibited the pro-inflammatory/hyperalgesic cytokine (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-33) production while enhanced anti-inflammatory/analgesic cytokine IL-10 in peritoneal cavity. In agreement with the effect of KA over pro-inflammatory cytokines it inhibited oxidative stress (total ROS, superoxide production and superoxide positive cells) and NF-κB activation during peritonitis. CONCLUSION KA efficiently dampens LPS-induced peritonitis and hyperalgesia in vivo, suggesting it as a suitable candidate to control excessive inflammation and pain during gram-negative bacterial infections and bringing mechanistic explanation to the ethnopharmacological application of Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski in inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M Borghi
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisa Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Norte Do Paraná, 86041-140, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Sandra S Mizokami
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Thacyana T Carvalho
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda S Rasquel-Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Camila R Ferraz
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Victor Fattori
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Thiago H Hayashida
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86038-350, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Jean P S Peron
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Ed. Biomédicas IV, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Lineu Prestes, 1730, 05508-900, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Doumit Camilios-Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Exact Sciences Center, Londrina State University, Londrina, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Sergio R Ambrosio
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Em Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade de Franca, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Nilton S Arakawa
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86038-350, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Rubia Casagrande
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86038-350, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Kim JG, Lee JW, Le TPL, Han JS, Kwon H, Lee D, Hong JT, Kim Y, Lee MK, Hwang BY. Diterpenoids and Diacetylenes from the Roots of Aralia cordata with Inhibitory Effects on Nitric Oxide Production. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:230-238. [PMID: 33476145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioactivity-guided isolation of a MeOH extract of Aralia cordata led to the isolation of four new ent-pimarane diterpenoids (1-4) and a diacetylene (5) together with 21 known compounds (6-26). Their structures were established based on the interpretation of one- and two-dimensional NMR and HRESIMS data. The absolute configurations of the new isolates were determined by electronic circular dichroism data analysis, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and Mosher's esterification method. All compounds exhibited inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages with IC50 values ranging from 1.1 to 69.4 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Thi Phuong Linh Le
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Jae Sang Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Haeun Kwon
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea
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Matos DMD, Viana MR, Alvim MCDO, Carvalho LSAD, Leite LHR, Da Silva Filho AA, Nascimento JWL. Pharmacokinetic profile and oral bioavailability of Kaurenoic acid from Copaifera spp. in rats. Fitoterapia 2018; 128:142-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Vangipuram R, Mask-Bull L, Kim SJ. Cutaneous implications of essential oils. World J Dermatol 2017; 6:27-31. [DOI: 10.5314/wjd.v6.i2.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) as home remedies and for health benefits have been used for millennia, but with the recent surge in the popularity of natural products, these oils have garnered increased attention. EOs are complex natural mixtures obtained plant materials, and have demonstrated potent biological effects in vitro. They have commercial value in the food, cosmetics, and fragrance industries, and also have also experienced a steady rise in personal and home use as part of aromatherapy. Currently, widespread acceptance and use of EOs is limited by a lack of large-scale clinical trials in humans. In addition, they are associated with notable side effects such as contact and allergic dermatitis, among a myriad of rare but serious systemic side effects. This review is intended to provide the clinician with key background information and biology of essentials oils, identify key trials demonstrating benefits, and describe adverse effects, with a focus on cutaneous presentations.
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Wong YF, Uekane TM, Rezende CM, Bizzo HR, Marriott PJ. Qualitative analysis of Copaifera oleoresin using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and gas chromatography with classical and cold electron ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1477:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Herbal Medicines for Asthmatic Inflammation: From Basic Researches to Clinical Applications. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:6943135. [PMID: 27478309 PMCID: PMC4958455 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6943135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is one of the most common chronic inflammatory disorders, associated with reversible airflow obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling. This disease has a significant impact on individuals, their families, and society. Standardized therapeutics such as inhaled corticosteroid in combination with long acting β2 agonist have been applied for asthma control; however, complementary and alternative medicines, especially herbal medicines, are still widely used all over the world. A growing body of literature suggests that various herbals or related products might be effective in inhibiting asthmatic inflammation. In this review, we summarize recent advances about the mechanistic studies of herbal medicines on allergic airway inflammation in animal models and their potential application into clinic for asthma control.
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Islam MT, da Mata AMOF, de Aguiar RPS, Paz MFCJ, de Alencar MVOB, Ferreira PMP, de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante AA. Therapeutic Potential of Essential Oils Focusing on Diterpenes. Phytother Res 2016; 30:1420-44. [PMID: 27307034 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Among all plant derivates, essential oils (EOs) have gained the attention of many scientists. Diterpenes, a family of components present in some EO, are becoming a milestone in the EOs world. The goal of this review is to describe a scenario of diterpenes taking into health-consumption deportment. Previous studies revealed that diterpenes have antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, cytotoxic, anticancer, antigenotoxic, antimutagenic, chemopreventive, antiinflammatory, antinociceptive, immunostimulatory, organoprotective, antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, antiallergic, antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and antitoxin activities. In conclusion, diterpenes may be an immense featuring concern in pharmaceutical consumption from a drug discovery point of view. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Torequl Islam
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, 22-Shahid Mirza Lane (E), Academic Building-II, 1st floor, 739/A, Mehedibag Road, Mehedibag-4000, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | | | - Raí Pablo Sousa de Aguiar
- Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Marcia Fernanda Correia Jardim Paz
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius Oliveira Barros de Alencar
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
| | - Ana Amélia de Carvalho Melo-Cavalcante
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Post-graduation Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil.,Post-graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, 64.049-550, Brazil
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12
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Boskabady MH, Tabatabai SA, Farkhondeh T. Inhaled lead affects lung pathology and inflammation in sensitized and control guinea pigs. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:452-460. [PMID: 25346352 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The association between lead exposure and respiratory diseases including asthma is controversial. Some studies indicate that exposure to environmental lead pollution may cause asthma; however, there is not sufficient data in this regard. The effect of lead on lung pathological findings and serum inflammatory mediators in sensitized and non-sensitized guinea pigs exposed to inhaled lead was examined. Eleven animal groups including control, sensitized, three groups of non sensitized animals, three groups during sensitization, and three groups after sensitization exposed to aerosol of three lead concentrations (n = 6 for each group) were studied. Serum inflammatory mediators levels and lung pathological changes were evaluated. All pathological changes and serum ET-1, EPO, NO levels were significantly higher in the sensitized and non sensitized animals exposed to lead than control group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between non sensitized groups exposed to high lead concentration and sensitized group. Serum inflammatory mediators levels and pathological findings in sensitized groups exposed to lead both during and after sensitization were significantly higher than sensitized non exposed group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). The data of exposed animals to high lead concentration were significantly higher than those of medium and low concentrations; those of medium concentration were also higher than low concentration (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). In summary, the present study indicates that exposure to inhaled lead is able to induce respiratory changes similar to asthma. In addition, the results indicated that exposure to environmental lead is able to aggravate asthma severity both during development of asthma or after its manifestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Yang CT, Hou SQ, Tian K, Hu QF, Huang XZ, Jiang ZY. Newent-Pimarane Diterpenes from the Roots ofAralia dumetorum. Helv Chim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201500221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education; Yunnan Minzu University; Jingming South Road Chenggong New District Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Shu-Qun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education; Yunnan Minzu University; Jingming South Road Chenggong New District Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Kai Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education; Yunnan Minzu University; Jingming South Road Chenggong New District Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Qiu-Fen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education; Yunnan Minzu University; Jingming South Road Chenggong New District Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Zhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education; Yunnan Minzu University; Jingming South Road Chenggong New District Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources in Ethnic Regions; Yunnan Minzu University; Kunming 650500 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Yi Medicine Resources & Pharmacodynamics Research; Yunnan Minzu University; Chenggong New District Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources; State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education; Yunnan Minzu University; Jingming South Road Chenggong New District Kunming Yunnan 650500 P. R. China
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Boskabady MH, Tabatabaee A, Jalali S. Potential effect of the extract of Zataria multiflora and its constituent, carvacrol, on lung pathology, total and differential WBC, IgE and eosinophil peroxidase levels in sensitized guinea pigs. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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15
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Bertolucci SKV, Pereira ABD, Pinto JEBP, Oliveira AB, Braga FC. Seasonal variation on the contents of coumarin and kaurane-type diterpenes in Mikania laevigata and M. glomerata leaves under different shade levels. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:288-95. [PMID: 23418176 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Coumarin (1) and kaurane-type diterpenes are considered the bioactive constituents of Mikania glomerata and M. laevigata, used in Brazil to treat respiratory affective disorders. The seasonal variation of 1, ortho-coumaric acid (2), benzoylgrandifloric acid (3), cinnamoylgrandifloric acid (4), and kaurenoic acid (5) in leaves of both species, cultivated in full sunlight and under shade levels of 40 and 80%, was quantified by HPLC. Compound 2 was detected solely in M. laevigata in concentrations below the limit of quantification. Coumarin was not found in M. glomerata, whereas its concentration reached 0.94±0.24% (w/w) in M. laevigata farmed in summer under 80% shading. Both Mikania species produced higher amounts of kaurane diterpenes when cultivated in plenty of sunlight. Hence, maximum contents of 1 are reached in M. laevigata cultivated under high shading, but with reduced concentrations of 3-5. Conversely, M. glomerata should be cultivated under full sunlight and harvested in winter for highest concentrations of kaurane-type diterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Kelly V Bertolucci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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16
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Mizokami SS, Arakawa NS, Ambrosio SR, Zarpelon AC, Casagrande R, Cunha TM, Ferreira SH, Cunha FQ, Verri WA. Kaurenoic acid from Sphagneticola trilobata Inhibits Inflammatory Pain: effect on cytokine production and activation of the NO-cyclic GMP-protein kinase G-ATP-sensitive potassium channel signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:896-904. [PMID: 22574649 DOI: 10.1021/np200989t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Kaurenoic acid [ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (1)] is a diterpene present in several plants including Sphagneticola trilobata. The only documented evidence for its antinociceptive effect is that it inhibits the writhing response induced by acetic acid in mice. Therefore, the analgesic effect of 1 in different models of pain and its mechanisms in mice were investigated further. Intraperitoneal and oral treatment with 1 dose-dependently inhibited inflammatory nociception induced by acetic acid. Oral treatment with 1 also inhibited overt nociception-like behavior induced by phenyl-p-benzoquinone, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), and both phases of the formalin test. Compound 1 also inhibited acute carrageenin- and PGE(2)-induced and chronic CFA-induced inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia. Mechanistically, 1 inhibited the production of the hyperalgesic cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β. Furthermore, the analgesic effect of 1 was inhibited by l-NAME, ODQ, KT5823, and glybenclamide treatment, demonstrating that such activity also depends on activation of the NO-cyclic GMP-protein kinase G-ATP-sensitive potassium channel signaling pathway, respectively. These results demonstrate that 1 exhibits an analgesic effect in a consistent manner and that its mechanisms involve the inhibition of cytokine production and activation of the NO-cyclic GMP-protein kinase G-ATP-sensitive potassium channel signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra S Mizokami
- Departamento de Ciências Patológicas-Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina , 86051990 Londrina, Brazil
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Li H, O'Neill T, Webster D, Johnson JA, Gray CA. Anti-mycobacterial diynes from the Canadian medicinal plant Aralia nudicaulis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:141-4. [PMID: 22234257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aralia nudicaulis, or wild sarsaparilla, is used as a traditional medicinal plant for the treatment of various illnesses by many of the Canadian First Nations. Iroquois and Algonquin First Nations of Eastern Canada use a tea prepared from dried Aralia nudicaulis rhizome as a cough medicine and for the treatment of tuberculosis. Previous investigations of aqueous extracts of Aralia nudicaulis rhizomes have shown it to possess antimycobacterial activity. AIM OF THE STUDY To isolate and identify antimycobacterial constituents from Aralia nudicaulis rhizomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Methanolic extracts of Aralia nudicaulis rhizomes were subjected to bioassay guided fractionation using the microplate resazurin assay (MRA) to assess inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Ra. The antimycobacterial constituents were identified by NMR, MS and polarimetry. RESULTS Two C17 polyacetylenes with significant antimycobacterial activity were isolated from the Aralia nudicaulis rhizome extract. The polyacetylenes were identified as (3R)-falcarinol and (3R, 9R, 10S)-panaxydol. Falcarinol and panaxydol displayed MICs of 25.6μM and 36.0μM and IC(50)s of 15.3μM and 23.5μM against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. CONCLUSIONS Falcarinol and panaxydol were identified as the principal constituents responsible for the antimycobacterial activity of Aralia nudicaulis rhizomes validating an ethnopharmacological use of this plant by the Canadian First Nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoxin Li
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada E2L 4L5
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Lee JY, Lee JG, Sim SS, Whang WK, Kim CJ. Anti-asthmatic effects of phenylpropanoid glycosides from Clerodendron trichotomum leaves and Rumex gmelini herbes in conscious guinea-pigs challenged with aerosolized ovalbumin. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:134-142. [PMID: 20739157 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Clerodendron trichotomum leaves and Rumex aquatica herbs are used as a folk medicine for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, but their active ingredients are not known until now. We isolated caffeic acid and phenylpropanoid glycosides, 1-O-caffeoyl glycoside and acteoside [β-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl(1→3)-β-d-(4-O-caffeoyl)-glucopyranoside] from their ethylacetate fractions, respectively, and evaluated their anti-asthmatic effects on the aerosolized ovalbumin (OA) challenge in the OA-sensitized guinea-pigs measuring the specific airway resistance (sRaw) during the immediate-phase response (IAR) and late-phase response (LAR), and also measured recruitment of leukocytes and chemical mediators on the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) in LAR, as well as histopathological survey. Acteoside and 1-O-caffeoyl glycoside (25mg/kg) significantly (P<0.05) inhibited sRaw by 32.14 and 26.79% in IAR, and by 55.88% and 52.94% in LAR, respectively, whereas caffeic acid (25mg/kg) inhibited sRaw by 30.36% in IAR and 44.12% in LAR, compared to control, but with less effective than dexamethasone, disodium cromoglycate, and salbutamol, respectively. In addition, phenylpropanoid glycosides (25mg/kg) significantly inhibited the recruitments of leukocytes, particularly neutrophils and eosinophils into lung, Furthermore, 1-O-caffeoyl glycoside, acteoside and caffeic acid significantly (P<0.05) inhibited protein content at a dose of 25mg/kg, and histamine content and PLA(2) activity at a dose of 50mg/kg, in BALF. Acteoside had more active than caffeic acid and 1-O-caffeoyl glycoside. However, their anti-asthmatic effects were less than the reference drugs. These results indicated that caffeic acid and its glycosides (25mg/kg) have anti-asthmatic effect as the same manner with dexamethasone and disodium cromoglycate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Lee
- Division of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 221 Huksuk-dong, Dongjak-Ku, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Kim TD, Lee JY, Cho BJ, Park TW, Kim CJ. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of 7-oxosandaracopimaric acid isolated from the roots of Aralia cordata. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:509-14. [PMID: 20422358 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0403-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2009] [Revised: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The root of Aralia cordata is a traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation, fever, pain, and spasm in the various diseases in Korea. We isolated a dibenzylbutyrolactone diterpene acid, 7-oxosandaracopimaric acid (OSA), from the ether fraction of Aralia cordata MeOH extract, and studied the effect of OSA on phenylquinone (PQ)-induced writhing syndrome and PQ-induced capillary permeability increase, compound 48/80-induced histamine release by peritoneal mast cells, cycloxygenase (COX) activities, and silica-induced RAW 264.7 cell reactive oxygen species production. OSA (30 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited PQ-induced writhes by 25.8% and the PQ-induced capillary permeability increase levels by 33.13% as compared with PQ control. Furthermore, OSA (10 mM) inhibited COX-1 by 22.82 +/- 1.94%, and COX-2 by 15.86 +/- 1.35%, respectively, to the same extent as indomethacin at the same concentration (10 mM). And OSA (3.0 mM) significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited compound 48/80-induced histamine release from rat mast cells, and its activity was similar to that of celebrex (1 mM), but no piracetam (0.1 mM) inhibited them. OSA did not inhibit ROS production in RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicated that OSA has analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects due to its inhibitory effects on capillary permeability, COX activities, and histamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Doo Kim
- Division of Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Korea
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