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Mariano CA, Sattari S, Ramirez GO, Eskandari M. Effects of tissue degradation by collagenase and elastase on the biaxial mechanics of porcine airways. Respir Res 2023; 24:105. [PMID: 37031200 PMCID: PMC10082978 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common respiratory illnesses, such as emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are characterized by connective tissue damage and remodeling. Two major fibers govern the mechanics of airway tissue: elastin enables stretch and permits airway recoil, while collagen prevents overextension with stiffer properties. Collagenase and elastase degradation treatments are common avenues for contrasting the role of collagen and elastin in healthy and diseased states; while previous lung studies of collagen and elastin have analyzed parenchymal strips in animal and human specimens, none have focused on the airways to date. METHODS Specimens were extracted from the proximal and distal airways, namely the trachea, large bronchi, and small bronchi to facilitate evaluations of material heterogeneity, and subjected to biaxial planar loading in the circumferential and axial directions to assess airway anisotropy. Next, samples were subjected to collagenase and elastase enzymatic treatment and tensile tests were repeated. Airway tissue mechanical properties pre- and post-treatment were comprehensively characterized via measures of initial and ultimate moduli, strain transitions, maximum stress, hysteresis, energy loss, and viscoelasticity to gain insights regarding the specialized role of individual connective tissue fibers and network interactions. RESULTS Enzymatic treatment demonstrated an increase in airway tissue compliance throughout loading and resulted in at least a 50% decrease in maximum stress overall. Strain transition values led to significant anisotropic manifestation post-treatment, where circumferential tissues transitioned at higher strains compared to axial counterparts. Hysteresis values and energy loss decreased after enzymatic treatment, where hysteresis reduced by almost half of the untreated value. Anisotropic ratios exhibited axially led stiffness at low strains which transitioned to circumferentially led stiffness when subjected to higher strains. Viscoelastic stress relaxation was found to be greater in the circumferential direction for bronchial airway regions compared to axial counterparts. CONCLUSION Targeted fiber treatment resulted in mechanical alterations across the loading range and interactions between elastin and collagen connective tissue networks was observed. Providing novel mechanical characterization of elastase and collagenase treated airways aids our understanding of individual and interconnected fiber roles, ultimately helping to establish a foundation for constructing constitutive models to represent various states and progressions of pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Mariano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Samaneh Sattari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Gustavo O Ramirez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Mona Eskandari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
- BREATHE Center, School of Medicine, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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2
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Joglekar MM, Nizamoglu M, Fan Y, Nemani SSP, Weckmann M, Pouwels SD, Heijink IH, Melgert BN, Pillay J, Burgess JK. Highway to heal: Influence of altered extracellular matrix on infiltrating immune cells during acute and chronic lung diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:995051. [PMID: 36408219 PMCID: PMC9669433 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.995051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental insults including respiratory infections, in combination with genetic predisposition, may lead to lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung fibrosis, asthma, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Common characteristics of these diseases are infiltration and activation of inflammatory cells and abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, leading to tissue damage and impairments in lung function. The ECM provides three-dimensional (3D) architectural support to the lung and crucial biochemical and biophysical cues to the cells, directing cellular processes. As immune cells travel to reach any site of injury, they encounter the composition and various mechanical features of the ECM. Emerging evidence demonstrates the crucial role played by the local environment in recruiting immune cells and their function in lung diseases. Moreover, recent developments in the field have elucidated considerable differences in responses of immune cells in two-dimensional versus 3D modeling systems. Examining the effect of individual parameters of the ECM to study their effect independently and collectively in a 3D microenvironment will help in better understanding disease pathobiology. In this article, we discuss the importance of investigating cellular migration and recent advances in this field. Moreover, we summarize changes in the ECM in lung diseases and the potential impacts on infiltrating immune cell migration in these diseases. There has been compelling progress in this field that encourages further developments, such as advanced in vitro 3D modeling using native ECM-based models, patient-derived materials, and bioprinting. We conclude with an overview of these state-of-the-art methodologies, followed by a discussion on developing novel and innovative models and the practical challenges envisaged in implementing and utilizing these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha M. Joglekar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mehmet Nizamoglu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
| | - YiWen Fan
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sai Sneha Priya Nemani
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology &Allergology, University Children’s Hospital, Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
- Epigenetics of Chronic Lung Disease, Priority Research Area Chronic Lung Diseases; Leibniz Lung Research Center Borstel; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Markus Weckmann
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology &Allergology, University Children’s Hospital, Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
- Epigenetics of Chronic Lung Disease, Priority Research Area Chronic Lung Diseases; Leibniz Lung Research Center Borstel; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Simon D. Pouwels
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Irene H. Heijink
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Barbro N. Melgert
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Janesh Pillay
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Critical Care, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Janette K. Burgess
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, Groningen, Netherlands
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Zhang CY, Fu CP, Li XY, Lu XC, Hu LG, Kankala RK, Wang SB, Chen AZ. Three-Dimensional Bioprinting of Decellularized Extracellular Matrix-Based Bioinks for Tissue Engineering. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113442. [PMID: 35684380 PMCID: PMC9182049 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is one of the most promising additive manufacturing technologies for fabricating various biomimetic architectures of tissues and organs. In this context, the bioink, a critical element for biofabrication, is a mixture of biomaterials and living cells used in 3D printing to create cell-laden structures. Recently, decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based bioinks derived from natural tissues have garnered enormous attention from researchers due to their unique and complex biochemical properties. This review initially presents the details of the natural ECM and its role in cell growth and metabolism. Further, we briefly emphasize the commonly used decellularization treatment procedures and subsequent evaluations for the quality control of the dECM. In addition, we summarize some of the common bioink preparation strategies, the 3D bioprinting approaches, and the applicability of 3D-printed dECM bioinks to tissue engineering. Finally, we present some of the challenges in this field and the prospects for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chao-Ping Fu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Correspondence: (C.-P.F.); (A.-Z.C.)
| | - Xiong-Ya Li
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiao-Chang Lu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Long-Ge Hu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ranjith Kumar Kankala
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shi-Bin Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ai-Zheng Chen
- Institute of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (C.-Y.Z.); (X.-Y.L.); (X.-C.L.); (L.-G.H.); (R.K.K.); (S.-B.W.)
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biochemical Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Correspondence: (C.-P.F.); (A.-Z.C.)
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Differential Expression of Mitosis and Cell Cycle Regulatory Genes during Recovery from an Acute Respiratory Virus Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121625. [PMID: 34959580 PMCID: PMC8708581 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory virus infections can have profound and long-term effects on lung function that persist even after the acute responses have fully resolved. In this study, we examined gene expression by RNA sequencing in the lung tissue of wild-type BALB/c mice that were recovering from a sublethal infection with the pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), a natural rodent pathogen of the same virus family and genus as the human respiratory syncytial virus. We compared these responses to gene expression in PVM-infected mice treated with Lactobacillus plantarum, an immunobiotic agent that limits inflammation and averts the negative clinical sequelae typically observed in response to acute infection with this pathogen. Our findings revealed prominent differential expression of inflammation-associated genes as well as numerous genes and gene families implicated in mitosis and cell-cycle regulation, including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, cell division cycle genes, E2F transcription factors, kinesins, centromere proteins, and aurora kinases, among others. Of particular note was the differential expression of the cell division cycle gene Cdc20b, which was previously identified as critical for the ex vivo differentiation of multi-ciliated cells. Collectively, these findings provided us with substantial insight into post-viral repair processes and broadened our understanding of the mechanisms underlying Lactobacillus-mediated protection.
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Kim KH, Hur J, Lee HY, Lee EG, Lee SY. Cyclo-VEGI inhibits bronchial artery remodeling in a murine model of chronic asthma. Exp Lung Res 2021; 47:494-506. [PMID: 34890282 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2021.2015011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim: In the context of asthma, airway bronchial remodeling and angiogenesis in the bronchial mucosa are well established. Cyclopeptidic-vascular endothelial growth inhibitor (cyclo-VEGI) is an inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor that increases the proliferation of endothelial cells and the formation of new vessels. However, changes in the bronchial arteries of patients with asthma have not been clearly elucidated. We investigated whether structural changes occurred in bronchial arteries, as well as the effects of cyclo-VEGI in a mouse model of chronic asthma (in vivo) and human fibroblasts (in vitro). Materials and Methods: A validated mouse model of allergic airway inflammation with ovalbumin (OVA) as the causative allergen was used for the study. Mice were treated with cyclo-VEGI or fluticasone during OVA challenge. In vitro experiments were conducted to determine whether fibroblasts proliferated following elastin exposure and the effects of cyclo-VEGI on them. Results: OVA sensitization and challenge led to greater perivascular smooth muscle area, more elastic fibers, and elevated expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 antigen. These phenomena indicated changes to bronchial arteries. Cyclo-VEGI and fluticasone treatment both inhibited airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation. Cyclo-VEGI-treated mice exhibited decreased perivascular smooth muscle area, elastin fibers, and VCAM-1 expression. Fluticasone-treated mice exhibited reductions in perivascular smooth muscle but not in perivascular elastin or VCAM-1 expression. In vitro, fibroblast proliferation was enhanced by elastin treatment, which was inhibited by cyclo-VEGI treatment. Eotaxin expression was elevated in elastin-treated fibroblasts and decreased with cyclo-VEGI treatment. Conclusions: Vascular remodeling occurred in our mouse model of chronic asthma. Cyclo-VEGI could reduce airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness by inhibiting VCAM-1 expression and elastin deposition around the bronchial arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hoon Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Jung Hur
- Division of Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Hwa Young Lee
- Division of Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Eung Gu Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
| | - Sook Young Lee
- Division of Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of South Korea
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Esquer C, Echeagaray O, Firouzi F, Savko C, Shain G, Bose P, Rieder A, Rokaw S, Witon-Paulo A, Gude N, Sussman MA. Fundamentals of vaping-associated pulmonary injury leading to severe respiratory distress. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 5:5/2/e202101246. [PMID: 34810278 PMCID: PMC8616545 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaping of flavored liquids has been touted as safe alternative to traditional cigarette smoking with decreased health risks. The popularity of vaping has dramatically increased over the last decade, particularly among teenagers who incorporate vaping into their daily life as a social activity. Despite widespread and increasing adoption of vaping among young adults, there is little information on long-term consequences of vaping and potential health risks. This study demonstrates vaping-induced pulmonary injury using commercial JUUL pens with flavored vape juice using an inhalation exposure murine model. Profound pathological changes to upper airway, lung tissue architecture, and cellular structure are evident within 9 wk of exposure. Marked histologic changes include increased parenchyma tissue density, cellular infiltrates proximal to airway passages, alveolar rarefaction, increased collagen deposition, and bronchial thickening with elastin fiber disruption. Transcriptional reprogramming includes significant changes to gene families coding for xenobiotic response, glycerolipid metabolic processes, and oxidative stress. Cardiac systemic output is moderately but significantly impaired with pulmonary side ventricular chamber enlargement. This vaping-induced pulmonary injury model demonstrates mechanistic underpinnings of vaping-related pathologic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Esquer
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Oscar Echeagaray
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Fareheh Firouzi
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Clarissa Savko
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Grant Shain
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Pria Bose
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Abigail Rieder
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sophie Rokaw
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Witon-Paulo
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Gude
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- San Diego State University Integrated Regenerative Research Institute and Biology Department, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Vindin HJ, Oliver BG, Weiss AS. Elastin in healthy and diseased lung. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 74:15-20. [PMID: 34781101 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Elastic fibers are an essential part of the pulmonary extracellular matrix (ECM). Intact elastin is required for normal function and its damage contributes profoundly to the etiology and pathology of lung disease. This highlights the need for novel lung-specific imaging methodology that enables high-resolution 3D visualization of the ECM. We consider elastin's involvement in chronic respiratory disease and examine recent methods for imaging and modeling of the lung in the context of advances in lung tissue engineering for research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard J Vindin
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 2006 Sydney, NSW, Australia; The Woolcock Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Brian Gg Oliver
- The Woolcock Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony S Weiss
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, 2006 Sydney, NSW, Australia; Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006 Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Imaging the pulmonary extracellular matrix. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Matrix metalloproteinases activation in Toxocara canis induced pulmonary pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 54:1147-1153. [PMID: 32826193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxocara canis, a source of visceral larva migrans, causes toxocariasis and induces respiratory symptoms. The reasons by which the pulmonary pathological alteration in the lungs infected with T. canis remain unclear. METHODS The involvement of the pulmonary pathological alteration by histology, enzyme activity, and Western blot analysis in the lungs of BALB/c mice after the infection of 2000 embryonated eggs. RESULTS The pathological effects gradually increased after the infection culminated in severe leukocyte infiltration and hemorrhage from days 4-14 post-inoculation. Gelatin zymography using substrate showed that the relative activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -9 and MMP-2 significantly increased in T. canis-infected mice. Western blot analysis indicated that the MMPs protein level of fibronectin monomer significantly increased in T. canis-infected mice compared with that in uninfected control. T. canis larvae mainly initiated leukocyte infiltration and hemorrhage in the lungs. CONCLUSION These phenomena subsequently induced the activities of MMPs in parallel with the pathological changes in early stage pulmonary inflammation. In conclusion, T. canis larval migration activated the MMPs and caused pulmonary pathogenesis.
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Tsuchiya T, Doi R, Obata T, Hatachi G, Nagayasu T. Lung Microvascular Niche, Repair, and Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:105. [PMID: 32154234 PMCID: PMC7047880 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials have been used for a long time in the field of medicine. Since the success of "tissue engineering" pioneered by Langer and Vacanti in 1993, tissue engineering studies have advanced from simple tissue generation to whole organ generation with three-dimensional reconstruction. Decellularized scaffolds have been widely used in the field of reconstructive surgery because the tissues used to generate decellularized scaffolds can be easily harvested from animals or humans. When a patient's own cells can be seeded onto decellularized biomaterials, theoretically this will create immunocompatible organs generated from allo- or xeno-organs. The most important aspect of lung tissue engineering is that the delicate three-dimensional structure of the organ is maintained during the tissue engineering process. Therefore, organ decellularization has special advantages for lung tissue engineering where it is essential to maintain the extremely thin basement membrane in the alveoli. Since 2010, there have been many methodological developments in the decellularization and recellularization of lung scaffolds, which includes improvements in the decellularization protocols and the selection and preparation of seeding cells. However, early transplanted engineered lungs terminated in organ failure in a short period. Immature vasculature reconstruction is considered to be the main cause of engineered organ failure. Immature vasculature causes thrombus formation in the engineered lung. Successful reconstruction of a mature vasculature network would be a major breakthrough in achieving success in lung engineering. In order to regenerate the mature vasculature network, we need to remodel the vascular niche, especially the microvasculature, in the organ scaffold. This review highlights the reconstruction of the vascular niche in a decellularized lung scaffold. Because the vascular niche consists of endothelial cells (ECs), pericytes, extracellular matrix (ECM), and the epithelial-endothelial interface, all of which might affect the vascular tight junction (TJ), we discuss ECM composition and reconstruction, the contribution of ECs and perivascular cells, the air-blood barrier (ABB) function, and the effects of physiological factors during the lung microvasculature repair and engineering process. The goal of the present review is to confirm the possibility of success in lung microvascular engineering in whole organ engineering and explore the future direction of the current methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshi Tsuchiya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Division of Nucleic Acid Drug Development, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Doi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Obata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Go Hatachi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagayasu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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A Dual Role for Macrophages in Modulating Lung Tissue Damage/Repair during L2 Toxocara canis Infection. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040280. [PMID: 31810203 PMCID: PMC6963574 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages that are classically activated (M1) through the IFN-γ/STAT1 signaling pathway have a major role in mediating inflammation during microbial and parasitic infections. In some cases, unregulated inflammation induces tissue damage. In helminth infections, alternatively activated macrophages (M2), whose activation occurs mainly via the IL-4/STAT6 pathway, have a major role in mediating protection against excessive inflammation, and has been associated with both tissue repair and parasite clearance. During the lung migratory stage of Toxocara canis, the roles of M1 and M2 macrophages in tissue repair remain unknown. To assess this, we orally infected wild-type (WT) and STAT1 and STAT6-deficient mice (STAT1-/- and STAT6-/-) with L2 T. canis, and evaluated the role of M1 or M2 macrophages in lung pathology. The absence of STAT1 favored an M2 activation pattern with Arg1, FIZZ1, and Ym1 expression, which resulted in parasite resistance and lung tissue repair. In contrast, the absence of STAT6 induced M1 activation and iNOS expression, which helped control parasitic infection but generated increased inflammation and lung pathology. Next, macrophages were depleted by intratracheally inoculating mice with clodronate-loaded liposomes. We found a significant reduction in alveolar macrophages that was associated with higher lung pathology in both WT and STAT1-/- mice; in contrast, STAT6-/- mice receiving clodronate-liposomes displayed less tissue damage, indicating critical roles of both macrophage phenotypes in lung pathology and tissue repair. Therefore, a proper balance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses during T. canis infection is necessary to limit lung pathology and favor lung healing.
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12
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Bullone M, Lavoie JP. The equine asthma model of airway remodeling: from a veterinary to a human perspective. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 380:223-236. [PMID: 31713728 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human asthma is a complex and heterogeneous disorder characterized by chronic inflammation, bronchospasm and airway remodeling. The latter is a major determinant of the structure-function relationship of the respiratory system and likely contributes to the progressive and accelerated decline in lung function observed in patients over time. Corticosteroids are the cornerstone of asthma treatment. While their action on inflammation and lung function is well characterized, their effect on remodeling remains largely unknown. An important hindrance to the study of airway remodeling as a major focus in asthma research is the lack of reliable non-invasive biomarkers. In consequence, the physiologic and clinical consequences of airway wall thickening and altered composition are not well understood. In this perspective, equine asthma provides a unique and ethical (non-terminal) preclinical model for hypothesis testing and generation. Severe equine asthma is a spontaneous disease affecting adult horses characterized by recurrent and reversible episodes of disease exacerbations. It is associated with bronchoalveolar neutrophilic inflammation, bronchospasm, and excessive mucus secretion. Severe equine asthma is also characterized by bronchial remodeling, which is only partially improved by prolonged period of disease remission induced by therapy or antigen avoidance strategies. This review will focus on the similarities and differences of airway remodeling in equine and human asthma, on the strengths and limitations of the equine model, and on the challenges the model has to face to keep up with human asthma research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Bullone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Montreal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada.
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13
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Eskandari M, Nordgren TM, O'Connell GD. Mechanics of pulmonary airways: Linking structure to function through constitutive modeling, biochemistry, and histology. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:513-523. [PMID: 31330329 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breathing involves fluid-solid interactions in the lung; however, the lack of experimental data inhibits combining the mechanics of air flow to airway deformation, challenging the understanding of how biomaterial constituents contribute to tissue response. As such, lung mechanics research is increasingly focused on exploring the relationship between structure and function. To address these needs, we characterize mechanical properties of porcine airways using uniaxial tensile experiments, accounting for bronchial orientation- and location- dependency. Structurally-reinforced constitutive models are developed to incorporate the role of collagen and elastin fibers embedded within the extrafibrillar matrix. The strain-energy function combines a matrix description (evaluating six models: compressible NeoHookean, unconstrained Ogden, uncoupled Mooney-Rivlin, incompressible Ogden, incompressible Demiray and incompressible NeoHookean), superimposed with non-linear fibers (evaluating two models: exponential and polynomial). The best constitutive formulation representative of all bronchial regions is determined based on curve-fit results to experimental data, accounting for uniqueness and sensitivity. Glycosaminoglycan and collagen composition, alongside tissue architecture, indicate fiber form to be primarily responsible for observed airway anisotropy and heterogeneous mechanical behavior. To the authors' best knowledge, this study is the first to formulate a structurally-motivated constitutive model, augmented with biochemical analysis and microstructural observations, to investigate the mechanical function of proximal and distal bronchi. Our systematic pulmonary tissue characterization provides a necessary foundation for understanding pulmonary mechanics; furthermore, these results enable clinical translation through simulations of airway obstruction in disease, fluid-structure interaction insights during breathing, and potentially, predictive capabilities for medical interventions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The advancement of pulmonary research relies on investigating the biomechanical response of the bronchial tree. Experiments demonstrating the non-linear, heterogeneous, and anisotropic material behavior of porcine airways are used to develop a structural constitutive model representative of proximal and distal bronchial behavior. Calibrated material parameters exhibit regional variation in biomaterial properties, initially hypothesized to originate from tissue constituents. Further exploration through biochemical and histological analysis indicates mechanical function is primarily governed by microstructural form. The results of this study can be directly used in finite element and fluid-structure interaction models to enable physiologically relevant and more accurate computational simulations aimed to help diagnose and monitor pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Eskandari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; BREATHE Center School of Medicine, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; BREATHE Center School of Medicine, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Grace D O'Connell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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14
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Jendzjowsky NG, Kelly MM. The Role of Airway Myofibroblasts in Asthma. Chest 2019; 156:1254-1267. [PMID: 31472157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.08.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling is a characteristic feature of asthma and is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of airway hyperresponsiveness. Myofibroblasts are key structural cells involved in injury and repair, and there is evidence that dysregulation of their normal function contributes to airway remodeling. Despite the importance of myofibroblasts, a lack of specific cellular markers and inconsistent nomenclature have limited recognition of their key role in airway remodeling. Myofibroblasts are increased several-fold in the airways in asthma, in proportion to the severity of the disease. Myofibroblasts are postulated to be derived from both tissue-resident and bone marrow-derived cells, depending on the stage of injury and the tissue. A small number of studies have demonstrated attenuation of myofibroblast numbers and also reversal of established myofibroblast populations in asthma and other inflammatory processes. In this article, we review what is currently known about the biology of myofibroblasts in the airways in asthma and identify potential targets to reduce or reverse the remodeling process. However, further translational research is required to better understand the mechanistic role of the myofibroblast in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Jendzjowsky
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Margaret M Kelly
- Airway Inflammation Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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15
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Ferrari CR, Cooley J, Mujahid N, Costa LR, Wills RW, Johnson ME, Swiderski CE. Horses With Pasture Asthma Have Airway Remodeling That Is Characteristic of Human Asthma. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:144-158. [PMID: 29254472 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817741729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe equine asthma, formerly recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), is the horse counterpart of human asthma, affecting horses maintained indoors in continental climates. Equine pasture asthma, formerly summer pasture RAO, is clinically similar but affects grazing horses during hot, humid conditions in the southeastern United States and United Kingdom. To advance translational relevance of equine pasture asthma to human asthma, histologic features of airway remodeling in human asthma were scored in lung lobes from 15 pasture asthma-affected and 9 control horses of mixed breeds. All noncartilaginous airways were scored using a standardized grading rubric (0-3) in hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Movat's pentachrome-stained sections; 15 airways were chosen randomly from each lobe for analysis. Logistic regression identified disease, age, and lobe effects on probability of histologic outcomes. Airway smooth muscle (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5, P < .001), goblet cell hyperplasia/metaplasia (OR = 37.6, P < .0001), peribronchiolar elastic system fibers (OR = 4.2, P < .001), peribronchiolar fibrosis (OR = 3.8, P = .01), airway occlusion by mucus/inflammation (OR = 4.2, P = .04), and airway adventitial inflammation (OR = 3.0, P = .01) were significantly greater in diseased airways. A novel complex tissue disorganization, designated terminal bronchiolar remodeling, was overrepresented in diseased airways (OR = 3.7, P < .0001). Distribution of terminal bronchiolar remodeling corresponded to putative sites of air trapping in human asthma, at secondary pulmonary lobules. Age (>15 years) was an independent risk factor for increased peribronchiolar fibrosis, elastic system fibers, and terminal bronchiolar remodeling. Remodeling differed significantly between lung lobes, congruent with nonhomogeneous remodeling in human asthma. Equine pasture asthma recapitulates airway remodeling in human asthma in a manner not achieved in induced animal asthma models, endorsing its translational relevance for human asthma investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudenir R Ferrari
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.,2 Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Jim Cooley
- 2 Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Nisma Mujahid
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Lais R Costa
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Robert W Wills
- 2 Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Melanie E Johnson
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.,2 Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Cyprianna E Swiderski
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
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16
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King GG, James A, Harkness L, Wark PAB. Pathophysiology of severe asthma: We've only just started. Respirology 2018; 23:262-271. [PMID: 29316003 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Severe asthma is defined by the high treatment requirements to partly or fully control the clinical manifestations of disease. It remains a problem worldwide with a large burden for individuals and health services. The key to improving targeted treatments, reducing disease burden and improving patient outcomes is a better understanding of the pathophysiology and mechanisms of severe disease. The heterogeneity, complexity and difficulties in undertaking clinical studies in severe asthma remain challenges to achieving better understanding and better outcomes. In this review, we focus on the structural, mechanical and inflammatory abnormalities that are relevant in severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G King
- NHMRC Centre for Excellence in Severe Asthma, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alan James
- NHMRC Centre for Excellence in Severe Asthma, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Louise Harkness
- NHMRC Centre for Excellence in Severe Asthma, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,The Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter A B Wark
- NHMRC Centre for Excellence in Severe Asthma, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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17
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Markus MA, Borowik S, Reichardt M, Tromba G, Alves F, Dullin C. X-ray-based lung function measurement reveals persistent loss of lung tissue elasticity in mice recovered from allergic airway inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 313:L763-L771. [PMID: 28775094 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00136.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic asthma patients experience difficulties even years after the inciting allergen. Although studies in small animal asthma models have enormously advanced progress in uncovering the mechanisms of inception and development of the disease, little is known about the processes involved in the persistence of asthma symptoms in the absence of allergen exposure. Long-term asthma mouse models have so far been scarce or not been able to reproduce the findings in patients. Here we used a common ovalbumin-induced acute allergic airway inflammation mouse model to study lung function and remodeling after a 4-mo recovery period. We show by X-ray-based lung function measurements that the recovered mice continue to show impaired lung function by displaying significant air trapping compared with controls. High-resolution synchrotron phase-contrast computed tomography of structural alterations and diaphragm motion analysis suggest that these changes in pulmonary function are the result of a pronounced loss in lung elasticity. Histology of lung sections confirmed that this is most likely caused by a decrease in elastic fibers, indicating that remodeling can develop or persist independent of acute inflammation and is closely related to a loss in lung function. Our findings demonstrate that this X-ray-based imaging platform has the potential to comprehensively and noninvasively unravel long-term effects in preclinical mouse models of allergic airway inflammation and thus benefits our understanding of chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andrea Markus
- Max-Plank-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sergej Borowik
- Institute for Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marius Reichardt
- Institute for Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Frauke Alves
- Max-Plank-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute for Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany.,Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Dullin
- Synchrotron Light Source "Elettra," Trieste, Italy; and .,Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
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18
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Ingram JL, Slade D, Church TD, Francisco D, Heck K, Sigmon RW, Ghio M, Murillo A, Firszt R, Lugogo NL, Que L, Sunday ME, Kraft M. Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases-1 and -2 in Interleukin-13-Suppressed Elastin in Airway Fibroblasts in Asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:41-50. [PMID: 26074138 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0290oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastin synthesis and degradation in the airway and lung parenchyma contribute to airway mechanics, including airway patency and elastic recoil. IL-13 mediates many features of asthma pathobiology, including airway remodeling, but the effects of IL-13 on elastin architecture in the airway wall are not known. We hypothesized that IL-13 modulates elastin expression in airway fibroblasts from subjects with allergic asthma. Twenty-five subjects with mild asthma (FEV1, 89 ± 3% predicted) and 30 normal control subjects (FEV1, 102 ± 2% predicted) underwent bronchoscopy with endobronchial biopsy. Elastic fibers were visualized in airway biopsy specimens using Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin elastic stain. Airway fibroblasts were exposed to IL-13; a pan-matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor (GM6001); specific inhibitors to MMP-1, -2, -3, and -8; and combinations of IL-13 with MMP inhibitors in separate conditions in serum-free media for 48 hours. Elastin (ELN) expression as well as MMP secretion and activity were quantified. Results of this study show that elastic fiber staining of airway biopsy tissue was significantly associated with methacholine PC20 (i.e., the provocative concentration of methacholine resulting in a 20% fall in FEV1 levels) in patients with asthma. IL-13 significantly suppressed ELN expression in asthmatic airway fibroblasts as compared with normal control fibroblasts. The effect of IL-13 on ELN expression was significantly correlated with postbronchodilator FEV1/FVC in patients with asthma. MMP inhibition significantly stimulated ELN expression in patients with asthma as compared with normal control subjects. Specific inhibition of MMP-1 and MMP-2, but not MMP-3 or MMP-8, reversed the IL-13-induced suppression of ELN expression. In asthma, MMP-1 and MMP-2 mediate IL-13-induced suppression of ELN expression in airway fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Karissa Heck
- 3 Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary E Sunday
- Departments of 1 Medicine.,3 Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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19
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Stabler CT, Lecht S, Mondrinos MJ, Goulart E, Lazarovici P, Lelkes PI. Revascularization of decellularized lung scaffolds: principles and progress. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1273-85. [PMID: 26408553 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00237.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a clear unmet clinical need for novel biotechnology-based therapeutic approaches to lung repair and/or replacement, such as tissue engineering of whole bioengineered lungs. Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of decellularizing the whole organ by removal of all its cellular components, thus leaving behind the extracellular matrix as a complex three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic scaffold. Implantation of decellularized lung scaffolds (DLS), which were recellularized with patient-specific lung (progenitor) cells, is deemed the ultimate alternative to lung transplantation. Preclinical studies demonstrated that, upon implantation in rodent models, bioengineered lungs that were recellularized with airway and vascular cells were capable of gas exchange for up to 14 days. However, the long-term applicability of this concept is thwarted in part by the failure of current approaches to reconstruct a physiologically functional, quiescent endothelium lining the entire vascular tree of reseeded lung scaffolds, as inferred from the occurrence of hemorrhage into the airway compartment and thrombosis in the vasculature in vivo. In this review, we explore the idea that successful whole lung bioengineering will critically depend on 1) preserving and/or reestablishing the integrity of the subendothelial basement membrane, especially of the ultrathin respiratory membrane separating airways and capillaries, during and following decellularization and 2) restoring vascular physiological functionality including the barrier function and quiescence of the endothelial lining following reseeding of the vascular compartment. We posit that physiological reconstitution of the pulmonary vascular tree in its entirety will significantly promote the clinical translation of the next generation of bioengineered whole lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin T Stabler
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shimon Lecht
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark J Mondrinos
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ernesto Goulart
- Human Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Philip Lazarovici
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Peter I Lelkes
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
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20
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Abstract
Elastin is the dominant mammalian elastic protein found in soft tissue. Elastin-based biomaterials have the potential to repair elastic tissues by improving local elasticity and providing appropriate cellular interactions and signaling. Studies that combine these biomaterials with mesenchymal stem cells have demonstrated their capacity to also regenerate non-elastic tissue. Mesenchymal stem cell differentiation can be controlled by their immediate environment, and their sensitivity to elasticity makes them an ideal candidate for combining with elastin-based biomaterials. With the growing accessibility of the elastin precursor, tropoelastin, and elastin-derived materials, the amount of research interest in combining these two fields has increased and, subsequently, is leading to the realization of a potentially new strategy for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin Ozsvar
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia ; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Mithieux
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia ; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard Wang
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia ; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony S Weiss
- School of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia ; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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21
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A fungal protease allergen provokes airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6763. [PMID: 25865874 PMCID: PMC4396684 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma, a common disorder that affects more than 250 million people worldwide, is defined by exaggerated bronchoconstriction to inflammatory mediators including acetylcholine, bradykinin, and histamine—also termed airway hyper-responsiveness Nearly 10% of people with asthma have severe, treatment-resistant disease, which is frequently associated with IgE sensitization to ubiquitous fungi, typically Aspergillus fumigatus. Here we show that a major Aspergillus fumigatus allergen, Asp f13, which is a serine protease, alkaline protease 1 (Alp 1), promotes airway hyper-responsiveness by infiltrating the bronchial submucosa and disrupting airway smooth muscle cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Alp 1-mediated extracellular matrix degradation evokes pathophysiological RhoA-dependent Ca2+ sensitivity and bronchoconstriction. These findings support a pathogenic mechanism in asthma and other lung diseases associated with epithelial barrier impairment, whereby airway smooth muscle cells respond directly to inhaled environmental allergens to generate airway hyper-responsiveness.
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22
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Setlakwe EL, Lemos KR, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, Duguay JD, Lavoie JP. Airway collagen and elastic fiber content correlates with lung function in equine heaves. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L252-60. [PMID: 24879055 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00019.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The consequences on lung function and inflammation of alterations in the extracellular matrix affecting the peripheral airway wall in asthma are largely unknown. We hypothesized that remodeling of collagen and elastic fibers in the peripheral airway wall leads to airway obstruction and contributes to neutrophilic airway inflammation. Animals used were six heaves-affected horses and five controls. Large peripheral lung biopsies were obtained from horses with heaves in clinical remission (Baseline) and during disease exacerbation and from age-matched controls. The area of collagen and elastic fiber content in the lamina propria was measured by histological staining techniques and corrected for airway size. Collagen type 1 and type 3 content was further assessed from additional horses after postmortem lung samples by immunohistochemistry. The collagen breakdown products proline-glycine-proline (PGP) and N-acetylated-PGP (N-α-PGP) were also measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) by mass spectrometry. Compared with controls, heaves-affected horses had an increase in collagen (P = 0.05) and elastic fiber contents (P = 0.04) at baseline. Collagen types 1 and 3 content was also significantly increased in diseased horses (P = 0.015) when both collagen types were combined. No further change in collagen content was observed after a 30-day antigenic challenge. Airway collagen at baseline was positively correlated with pulmonary resistance in asthmatic horses (r(2) = 0.78, P = 0.03) and elastic fiber content was positively associated with pulmonary elastance in controls (r(2) = 0.95, P = 0.02). No difference between groups was appreciated in PGP and N-α-PGP peptides in BALF. Increased airway wall collagen and elastic fiber content may contribute to residual obstruction in the asthmatic airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie L Setlakwe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karen R Lemos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anouk Lavoie-Lamoureux
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-David Duguay
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Tropoelastin modulates TGF-β1-induced expression of VEGF and CTGF in airway smooth muscle cells. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:407-13. [PMID: 23597635 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Elastin is predominantly comprised of crosslinked tropoelastin. For many years elastin was considered to serve a solely structural role but is now being increasingly identified as causal in cell signaling, development and repair. We introduced tropoelastin into an in vitro model in which airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) were stimulated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 to examine the modulatory effect of this modular elastin sequence on release of angiogenic factors and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Human ASMCs were presented to surfaces coated with tropoelastin or collagen and controls, then stimulated with TGF-β1. Transcript levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were quantified 4 and 24 h after TGF-β1 stimulation. Protein VEGF release from cells and CTGF sequestered at cell surfaces were measured by ELISA at 24 and 48 h. TGF-β1 increased VEGF mRNA 2.4 fold at 4 h and 5 fold at 24 h, accompanied by elevated cognate protein release 3 fold at 24 h and 2.5 fold at 48 h. TGF-β1 stimulation increased CTGF mRNA 6.9 fold at 4 h and 11.8 fold at 24 h, accompanied by increased sequestering of its protein counterpart 1.2 fold at 24 h and 1.4 fold at 48 h. Pre-incubation of cells with tropoelastin did not modulate VEGF or CTGF mRNA expression, but combined with TGF-β1 stimulation it led to enhanced VEGF release 5.1-fold at 24h and 4.4-fold at 48 h. Pre-incubation with tropoelastin decreased CTGF sequestering 0.6-fold at 24 and 48 h, and increased MMP-2 production. Collagen pre-incubation under the same conditions displayed no effect on TGF-β1 stimulation apart from a slightly decreased (0.9 fold) sequestered CTGF at 48 h. As CTGF is known to anchor VEGF to the matrix and inhibit its angiogenic activity, a process which can be reversed by digestion with MMP-2, these findings reveal that elastin sequences can disrupt the balance of angiogenic factors, with implications for aberrant angiogenesis. The results suggest a model of molecular crosstalk and support an active role for elastin in vascular remodeling.
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24
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Rothuizen TC, Wong C, Quax PHA, van Zonneveld AJ, Rabelink TJ, Rotmans JI. Arteriovenous access failure: more than just intimal hyperplasia? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:1085-92. [PMID: 23543595 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gft068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemodialysis vascular access patency is severely compromised by fistula non-maturation and access stenosis. Intimal hyperplasia (IH) is considered the culprit lesion in failed fistulas, resulting in luminal narrowing and stenosis. This review focuses on the biology and pathophysiology of fistula failure and highlights not only the classically associated IH but also some relatively neglected but potentially important contributors such as inadequate outward remodelling. In addition, the complex process and fragile balance of successful fistula maturation might be partially hindered by pre-existent chronic kidney disease-mediated vasculopathy. Further unravelling the (patho)physiology of outward remodelling and IH could contribute to novel therapies and enhance fistula patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia C Rothuizen
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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