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Begum A, Modumudi S, Subramani S, Khoont D, Vanaparti A, Master M, Khan J, Botticelli AL, Botticelli RW, Mian HS, Saad M, Abbas K. Novel putative biomarkers for infective endocarditis by serum proteomic analysis: a comprehensive review of literature. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:5497-5503. [PMID: 37915652 PMCID: PMC10617819 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a challenging condition with high mortality. Prompt detection of IE has become essential for early and immediate management. The authors aimed to comprehensively review the existing literature on novel putative biomarkers for IE through serum proteomic analysis. The literature reveals high levels of N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels in IE with staphylococcal etiology, valvular lesions, and when combined with cardiac troponin I (cTnI), had a more significant value for risk stratification. A higher pro-ADM level, copeptin, NT-proBNP, and the monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) all impacted mortality during the hospital stay. The biomarker matrix metalloproteinase-9 was utilized to predict new-onset embolic events in patients, thus serving as a predictive marker. Procalcitonin was an important diagnostic marker in IE complicated with severe infection. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interferon-γ, cTnI, and NT-proBNP were also discovered to be useful as prognostic indicators. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are possible using antiphospholipid antibodies as a diagnostic test for definite IE. It is also concluded that antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody positive individuals with IE had a lengthier hospital stay. These noninvasive biomarkers can identify patients at risk and provide appropriate and early clinical management. NT-proBNP, Cystatin C, troponins, IL-6, IL-8, S100A11, and AQP9 are examples of possible markers that appear promising for further research. In conclusion, large-scale validation studies should study these biomarkers further to establish their use in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sravani Modumudi
- Department of Medicine, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Hyderabad
| | - Sachin Subramani
- Department of Internal Medicine, ESIC Medical College and Hospital
| | - Dhruvi Khoont
- Department of Medicine, Narendra Modi Medical College
| | - Ankitha Vanaparti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana State, India
| | - Mahima Master
- Department of Medicine, LG Hospital, Maninagar, Ahmedabad
| | - Javeria Khan
- Department of Adult Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases
| | | | | | - Hafsa S. Mian
- Department of Medicine, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahimyar Khan, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saad
- Department of Medicine, FMH College of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - Kiran Abbas
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Karachi
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Bele A, Wagh V, Munjewar PK. A Comprehensive Review on Cardiovascular Complications of COVID-19: Unraveling the Link to Bacterial Endocarditis. Cureus 2023; 15:e44019. [PMID: 37746510 PMCID: PMC10517725 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has ushered in a new era of understanding the multifaceted nature of infectious diseases. Beyond its well-documented respiratory impact, COVID-19 has unveiled intricate interactions with the cardiovascular system, with potential implications that extend to bacterial endocarditis. This review explores the complex interplay between COVID-19 and bacterial endocarditis, elucidating shared risk factors, theoretical mechanisms, and clinical implications. We examine the diverse cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19, ranging from myocarditis and thromboembolic events to arrhythmias, and delve into the pathogenesis, clinical features, and diagnostic challenges of bacterial endocarditis. By analyzing potential connections, such as viral-induced endothelial disruption and immune modulation, we shed light on the plausible relationship between COVID-19 and bacterial endocarditis. Our synthesis highlights the significance of accurate diagnosis, optimal management, and interdisciplinary collaboration in addressing the challenges posed by these intricate interactions. In addition, we underscore the importance of future research, emphasizing prospective studies on bacterial endocarditis incidence and investigations into the long-term cardiovascular effects of COVID-19. As the boundaries of infectious diseases and cardiovascular complications converge, this review calls for continued research, vigilance, and coordinated efforts to enhance patient care and public health strategies in a rapidly evolving landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Bele
- Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Vasant Wagh
- Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Pratiksha K Munjewar
- Medical Surgical Nursing, Smt. Radhikabai Meghe Memorial College of Nursing, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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Henriquez E, Fatima N, Sayabugari R, Nasim MH, Noorayingarath H, Bai K, Garcia A, Habib A, Patel TP, Shaikh F, Razzaq W, Abdin ZU, Gupta I. Transesophageal Echocardiography vs. Transthoracic Echocardiography for Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis. Cureus 2023; 15:e39996. [PMID: 37416006 PMCID: PMC10321677 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis is an infection of the inner layers of the heart, seen often in intravenous drug users and patients with valvular lesions or prosthetic heart valves. This entity has high mortality and morbidity. The most common causative microorganism is Staphylococcus aureus. In this comprehensive literature review, we focused on both Staphylococcus aureus infections, i.e., methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endocarditis, demographics, use of transthoracic echocardiogram and/or transesophageal echocardiogram for diagnostics, and treatments. Although clinical criteria are relevant, transesophageal echocardiogram plays a vital role in establishing and identifying the presence of infective endocarditis and its local complications, with higher sensitivity in patients with prosthetic valves. The antibiotic selection posed a great challenge for clinicians due to antibiotic resistance and the aggressive nature of Staphylococcus aureus. Early diagnosis of infective endocarditis, when suspected, and effective management by a multispecialty team can improve the outcome for the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Henriquez
- Internal Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Las Tunas, CUB
| | - Neha Fatima
- Internal Medicine, Lisie Hospital, Kochi, IND
| | | | | | | | - Karoona Bai
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Civil Hospital Karachi, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Ayesha Habib
- Internal Medicine, Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, PAK
| | | | - Fouziya Shaikh
- Internal Medicine, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences, Karad, IND
| | - Waleed Razzaq
- Internal Medicine, Services Hospital Lahore, Lahore, PAK
| | - Zain U Abdin
- Medicine, District Head Quarters Hospital, Faisalabad, PAK
| | - Ishita Gupta
- Medicine, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Government Medical College, Kangra, IND
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Kinthala S, Yarramneni A, Huang J, Yepuri N, Saththasivam P, Sattur S. Perioperative Evaluation of Infective Endocarditis Via Multimodality Imaging for the Surgical Management of Aortic Root Abscess. Cureus 2021; 13:e17817. [PMID: 34660027 PMCID: PMC8500339 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infection of the endothelium of the heart, that typically affects heart valves. While echocardiography remains crucial in the diagnosis and management of IE, multimodality cardiac imaging helps obtain additional information for the management of complex cases. Alternative imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT), computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are playing an increasing role in the diagnosis and management of IE, especially for patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). Here we present a case of a 60-year-old Caucasian male who was diagnosed with IE, complicated by aortic root abscess, and multiorgan failure. In this challenging case, multimodality cardiac imaging helped in the precise understanding of the extent of endocarditis, cannulation strategy, and direct the course of the surgical procedure that resulted in successful patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akhila Yarramneni
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, USA
| | - Jordan Huang
- Anesthesiology, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, USA
| | - Natesh Yepuri
- Anesthesiology, Guthrie Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, USA
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Saeedan MB, Wang TKM, Cremer P, Wahadat AR, Budde RPJ, Unai S, Pettersson GB, Bolen MA. Role of Cardiac CT in Infective Endocarditis: Current Evidence, Opportunities, and Challenges. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging 2021; 3:e200378. [PMID: 33778655 PMCID: PMC7977690 DOI: 10.1148/ryct.2021200378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) can present with variable clinical and imaging findings and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Substantial improvement of CT technology, most notably improved temporal and spatial resolution, has resulted in increased use of this modality in the evaluation of IE. The aim of this article is to review the potential role of cardiac CT in evaluating IE. Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mnahi Bin Saeedan
- From the Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Imaging Institute (M.B.S., T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Heart and Vascular Institute (T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), and Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute (S.U., G.B.P.), Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, J1-4, Cleveland, OH 44915; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W., R.P.J.B.); Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Haga Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands (A.R.W.)
| | - Tom Kai Ming Wang
- From the Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Imaging Institute (M.B.S., T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Heart and Vascular Institute (T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), and Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute (S.U., G.B.P.), Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, J1-4, Cleveland, OH 44915; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W., R.P.J.B.); Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Haga Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands (A.R.W.)
| | - Paul Cremer
- From the Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Imaging Institute (M.B.S., T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Heart and Vascular Institute (T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), and Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute (S.U., G.B.P.), Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, J1-4, Cleveland, OH 44915; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W., R.P.J.B.); Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Haga Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands (A.R.W.)
| | - Ali R. Wahadat
- From the Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Imaging Institute (M.B.S., T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Heart and Vascular Institute (T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), and Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute (S.U., G.B.P.), Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, J1-4, Cleveland, OH 44915; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W., R.P.J.B.); Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Haga Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands (A.R.W.)
| | - Ricardo P. J. Budde
- From the Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Imaging Institute (M.B.S., T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Heart and Vascular Institute (T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), and Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute (S.U., G.B.P.), Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, J1-4, Cleveland, OH 44915; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W., R.P.J.B.); Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Haga Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands (A.R.W.)
| | - Shinya Unai
- From the Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Imaging Institute (M.B.S., T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Heart and Vascular Institute (T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), and Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute (S.U., G.B.P.), Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, J1-4, Cleveland, OH 44915; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W., R.P.J.B.); Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Haga Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands (A.R.W.)
| | - Gosta B. Pettersson
- From the Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Imaging Institute (M.B.S., T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Heart and Vascular Institute (T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), and Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute (S.U., G.B.P.), Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, J1-4, Cleveland, OH 44915; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W., R.P.J.B.); Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Haga Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands (A.R.W.)
| | - Michael A. Bolen
- From the Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Imaging Institute (M.B.S., T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Heart and Vascular Institute (T.K.M.W., P.C., M.A.B.), and Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute (S.U., G.B.P.), Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, J1-4, Cleveland, OH 44915; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W., R.P.J.B.); Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.R.W.); and Department of Cardiology, Haga Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands (A.R.W.)
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