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Guo L, Qin T, Wang X, Zhang K, Liu L, Xue Y, Lai P, Li J, Li J, Wang F, Li W, Ding G. SCF/C-kit drives spermatogenesis disorder induced by abscopal effects of cranial irradiation in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116504. [PMID: 38795418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Cranial radiotherapy is a major treatment for leukemia and brain tumors. Our previous study found abscopal effects of cranial irradiation could cause spermatogenesis disorder in mice. However, the exact mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In the study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were administrated with 20 Gy X-ray cranial irradiation (5 Gy per day for 4 days consecutively) and sacrificed at 1, 2 and 4 weeks. Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics of testis was combined with bioinformatics analysis to identify key molecules and signal pathways related to spermatogenesis at 4 weeks after cranial irradiation. GO analysis showed that spermatogenesis was closely related to oxidative stress and inflammation. Severe oxidative stress occurred in testis, serum and brain, while serious inflammation also occurred in testis and serum. Additionally, the sex hormones related to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis were disrupted. PI3K/Akt pathway was activated in testis, which upstream molecule SCF/C-Kit was significantly elevated. Furthermore, the proliferation and differentiation ability of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) were altered. These findings suggest that cranial irradiation can cause spermatogenesis disorder through brain-blood-testicular cascade oxidative stress, inflammation and the secretory dysfunction of HPG axis, and SCF/C-kit drive this process through activating PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Tongzhou Qin
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Liyuan Liu
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yizhe Xue
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Panpan Lai
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianzhe Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Affiliated Tai'an City Central Hospital, Qingdao University, Tai'an 250102, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Fuli Wang
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Guirong Ding
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Mothersill C, Seymour C, Cocchetto A, Williams D. Factors Influencing Effects of Low-dose Radiation Exposure. HEALTH PHYSICS 2024; 126:296-308. [PMID: 38526248 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT It is now well accepted that the mechanisms induced by low-dose exposures to ionizing radiation (LDR) are different from those occurring after high-dose exposures. However, the downstream effects of these mechanisms are unclear as are the quantitative relationships between exposure, effect, harm, and risk. In this paper, we will discuss the mechanisms known to be important with an overall emphasis on how so-called "non-targeted effects" (NTE) communicate and coordinate responses to LDR. Targeted deposition of ionizing radiation energy in cells causing DNA damage is still regarded as the dominant trigger leading to all downstream events whether targeted or non-targeted. We regard this as an over-simplification dating back to formal target theory. It ignores that last 100 y of biological research into stress responses and signaling mechanisms in organisms exposed to toxic substances, including ionizing radiation. We will provide evidence for situations where energy deposition in cellular targets alone cannot be plausible as a mechanism for LDR effects. An example is where the energy deposition takes place in an organism not receiving the radiation dose. We will also discuss how effects after LDR depend more on dose rate and radiation quality rather than actual dose, which appears rather irrelevant. Finally, we will use recent evidence from studies of cataract and melanoma induction to suggest that after LDR, post-translational effects, such as protein misfolding or defects in energy metabolism or mitochondrial function, may dominate the etiology and progression of the disease. A focus on such novel pathways may open the way to successful prophylaxis and development of new biomarkers for better risk assessment after low dose exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St., Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St., Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8
| | - Alan Cocchetto
- The National CFIDS Foundation, 285 Beach Ave., Hull, MA 02045
| | - David Williams
- Cambridge University, The Old Schools, Trinity Lane, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
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Roa-Tort K, Saavedra Y, Villanueva-Martínez A, Ganem-Rondero A, Pérez-Carranza LA, de la Rosa-Vázquez JM, Ugalde-Femat G, Molina-Alejandre O, Becerril-Osnaya AA, Rivera-Fernández JD. In Vitro Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Inhibition Using a Green Light Source. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:518. [PMID: 38675180 PMCID: PMC11053950 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been based on using photosensitizers (PS) and applying light of a specific wavelength. When this technique is used for treating infections, it is known as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Currently, the use of lighting sources for in vitro studies using aPDT is generally applied in multiwell cell culture plates; however, depending on the lighting arrangement, there are usually errors in the application of the technique because the light from a well can affect the neighboring wells or it may be that not all the wells are used in the same experiment. In addition, one must be awarded high irradiance values, which can cause unwanted photothermal problems in the studies. Thus, this manuscript presents an in vitro antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) inhibition study using an arrangement of thermally isolated and independently illuminated green light source systems for eight tubes in vitro aPDT, determining the effect of the following factors: (i) irradiance level, (ii) exposure time, and (iii) Rose Bengal (RB) concentration (used as a PS), registering the Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) inhibition rates. The results show that in the dark, RB had a poor antimicrobial rate for P. aeruginosa, finding the maximum inhibition (2.7%) at 30 min with an RB concentration of 3 µg/mL. However, by applying light in a correct dosage (time × irradiance) and the adequate RB concentration, the inhibition rate increased by over 37%. In the case of MRSA, there was no significant inhibition with RB in complete darkness and, in contrast, the rate was 100% for those experiments that were irradiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Roa-Tort
- Laboratorio de Optomecatrónica, UPIIH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito de Educación, Salud, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42162, Mexico;
| | - Yael Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME ZAC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (Y.S.); (J.M.d.l.R.-V.); (G.U.-F.)
| | - Angélica Villanueva-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica (L-322), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (A.V.-M.); (A.G.-R.); (O.M.-A.)
| | - Adriana Ganem-Rondero
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica (L-322), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (A.V.-M.); (A.G.-R.); (O.M.-A.)
| | - Laura Abril Pérez-Carranza
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Diagnóstica de la Sección de Ciencias de la Salud Humana (anexo al L-513, Campo1), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico;
| | - José M. de la Rosa-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME ZAC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (Y.S.); (J.M.d.l.R.-V.); (G.U.-F.)
| | - Gabriel Ugalde-Femat
- Laboratorio de Biofotónica, ESIME ZAC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (Y.S.); (J.M.d.l.R.-V.); (G.U.-F.)
| | - Omar Molina-Alejandre
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Posgrado en Tecnología Farmacéutica (L-322), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico; (A.V.-M.); (A.G.-R.); (O.M.-A.)
| | - Andrea Angela Becerril-Osnaya
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología Diagnóstica de la Sección de Ciencias de la Salud Humana (anexo al L-513, Campo1), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico;
| | - Josué D. Rivera-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Optomecatrónica, UPIIH, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Distrito de Educación, Salud, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, San Agustín Tlaxiaca 42162, Mexico;
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Gopinathan L, Gopinathan C. Ionizing radiation-induced cancer: perplexities of the bystander effect. Ecancermedicalscience 2023; 17:1579. [PMID: 37533937 PMCID: PMC10393308 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2023.1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a carcinogen. This has been established beyond doubt from many years of studies such as those conducted among the survivors of the atomic bomb attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and later from the Chernobyl accident. Despite immense progress in the field of carcinogenesis, complete understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind IR-induced cancer remains elusive. In particular, the long gestation period between exposure to IR and the onset of cancer, frequently unpredictable, and sometimes lasting for many years, remains poorly understood. The centrality of DNA damage and misrepair in carcinogenesis research has not entirely benefited IR-induced cancer research and the past decade has seen a shift in understanding radiation-driven cellular mechanisms beyond simplistic models of targeted DNA damage. This paper presents a viewpoint on the gaps in our knowledge of IR-induced cancer with a focus on the non-targeted bystander effect, the mechanisms underlying which may be key to radiotherapeutic advances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Gopinathan
- Independent consultant, Navi Mumbai 400703, India
- Ex-Head, Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
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5
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Moloudi K, Sarbadhikary P, Abrahamse H, George BP. Understanding the Photodynamic Therapy Induced Bystander and Abscopal Effects: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1434. [PMID: 37507972 PMCID: PMC10376621 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved minimally/non-invasive treatment modality that has been used to treat various conditions, including cancer. The bystander and abscopal effects are two well-documented significant reactions involved in imparting long-term systemic effects in the field of radiobiology. The PDT-induced generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and immune responses is majorly involved in eliciting the bystander and abscopal effects. However, the results in this regard are unsatisfactory and unpredictable due to several poorly elucidated underlying mechanisms and other factors such as the type of cancer being treated, the irradiation dose applied, the treatment regimen employed, and many others. Therefore, in this review, we attempted to summarize the current knowledge regarding the non-targeted effects of PDT. The review is based on research published in the Web of Science, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar databases up to June 2023. We have highlighted the current challenges and prospects in relation to obtaining clinically relevant robust, reproducible, and long-lasting antitumor effects, which may offer a clinically viable treatment against tumor recurrence and metastasis. The effectiveness of both targeted and untargeted PDT responses and their outcomes in clinics could be improved with more research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kave Moloudi
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Paromita Sarbadhikary
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
| | - Blassan P George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doornfontein Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
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6
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Lai X, Najafi M. Redox Interactions in Chemo/Radiation Therapy-induced Lung Toxicity; Mechanisms and Therapy Perspectives. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1261-1276. [PMID: 35792117 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220705123315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Lung toxicity is a key limiting factor for cancer therapy, especially lung, breast, and esophageal malignancies. Radiotherapy for chest and breast malignancies can cause lung injury. However, systemic cancer therapy with chemotherapy may also induce lung pneumonitis and fibrosis. Radiotherapy produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly via interacting with water molecules within cells. However, radiation and other therapy modalities may induce the endogenous generation of ROS and nitric oxide (NO) by immune cells and some nonimmune cells such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells. There are several ROS generating enzymes within lung tissue. NADPH Oxidase enzymes, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), dual oxidases (DUOX1 and DUOX2), and the cellular respiratory system in the mitochondria are the main sources of ROS production following exposure of the lung to anticancer agents. Furthermore, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) has a key role in the generation of NO following radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Continuous generation of ROS and NO by endothelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, and lymphocytes causes apoptosis, necrosis, and senescence, which lead to the release of inflammatory and pro-fibrosis cytokines. This review discusses the cellular and molecular mechanisms of redox-induced lung injury following cancer therapy and proposes some targets and perspectives to alleviate lung toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Lai
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Affiliated with the Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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7
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Guo L, Qin TZ, Liu LY, Lai PP, Xue YZ, Jing YT, Zhang W, Li W, Li J, Ding GR. The Abscopal Effects of Cranial Irradiation Induce Testicular Damage in Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:717571. [PMID: 34867437 PMCID: PMC8637864 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.717571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether the abscopal effects of cranial irradiation (C-irradiation) cause testicular damage in mice, male C57BL/6 mice (9weeks of age) were randomly divided into a sham irradiation group, a shielded group and a C-irradiation group and administered sham/shielded irradiation or C-irradiation at a dose rate of 2.33Gy/min (5Gy/d for 4 d consecutively). All mice were sacrificed at 4weeks after C-irradiation. We calculated the testis index, observed testicular histology by haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and observed testicular ultrastructure by transmission electron microscopy. Western blotting was used to determine the protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2, Cleaved caspase 3, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and stem cell factor (SCF) in the testes of mice. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to detect the expression of Cleaved caspase 3 and 3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD), and a TUNEL assay was used to confirm the location of apoptotic cells. The levels of testosterone (T), GDNF and SCF were measured by ELISA. We also evaluated the sperm quality in the cauda epididymides by measuring the sperm count, abnormality, survival rate and apoptosis rate. The results showed that there was no significant difference in testicular histology, ultrastructure or sperm quality between the shielded group and sham group. Compared with the sham/shielded group, the C-irradiation group exhibited a lower testis index and severely damaged testicular histology and ultrastructure at 4weeks after C-irradiation. The levels of apoptosis in the testes increased markedly in the C-irradiation group, especially in spermatogonial stem cells. The levels of serum T and testicular 3βHSD did not obviously differ between the sham group and the C-irradiation group, but the levels of GDNF and SCF in the testes increased in the C-irradiation group, compared with the sham group. In addition, the sperm count and survival rate decreased in the C-irradiation group, while the abnormality and apoptosis rate increased. Under these experimental conditions, the abscopal effects of C-irradiation induced testicular damage with regard to both structure and function and ultimately decreased sperm quality in mice. These findings provide novel insights into prevention and treatment targets for male reproductive damage induced by C-irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Guo
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Tong-Zhou Qin
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Li-Yuan Liu
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan-Pan Lai
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Zhe Xue
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun-Tao Jing
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
| | - Gui-Rong Ding
- Department of Radiation Protection Medicine, School of Military Preventive Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, Xi'an, China
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8
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Wen KK, Roy S, Grumbach IM, Wu M. A "Failed" Assay Development for the Discovery of Rescuing Small Molecules from the Radiation Damage. SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:1315-1325. [PMID: 34151632 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With improving survival rates for cancer patients, the side effects of radiation therapy, especially for pediatric or more sensitive adult patients, have raised interest in preventive or rescue treatment to overcome the detrimental effects of efficient radiation therapies. For the discovery of rescuing small molecules for radiation damage to the endothelium, we have been developing a 96-well microplate-based in vitro assay for high-throughput compatible measurement of radiation-induced cell damage and its rescue by phenotypic high-content imaging. In contrast to traditional radiation assays with detached cells for clonogenic formation, we observed cells with live-cell imaging in two different kinds of endothelial cells, up to three different cell densities, two gamma-infrared radiation dose rates, more than four different radiation doses, and acute (within 24 h with one to two h intervals) and chronic (up to 7 days) responses by phenotypic changes (digital phase contrast) and functional assays (nuclear, live-cell, and dead-cell staining) at the end of the assay. Multiple potential small molecules, which have been reported for rescuing radiation damage, have been tested as assay controls with dose responses. At the end, we did not move ahead with the pilot screening. The lessons learned from this "failed" assay development are shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Kuang Wen
- University of Iowa High Throughput Screening (UIHTS) Core, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stephen Roy
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Isabella M Grumbach
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Meng Wu
- University of Iowa High Throughput Screening (UIHTS) Core, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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