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Li H, Luo Q, Zhang H, Ma X, Gu Z, Gong Q, Luo K. Nanomedicine embraces cancer radio-immunotherapy: mechanism, design, recent advances, and clinical translation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:47-96. [PMID: 36427082 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00437b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer radio-immunotherapy, integrating external/internal radiation therapy with immuno-oncology treatments, emerges in the current management of cancer. A growing number of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials have recently validated the synergistic antitumor effect of radio-immunotherapy, far beyond the "abscopal effect", but it suffers from a low response rate and toxicity issues. To this end, nanomedicines with an optimized design have been introduced to improve cancer radio-immunotherapy. Specifically, these nanomedicines are elegantly prepared by incorporating tumor antigens, immuno- or radio-regulators, or biomarker-specific imaging agents into the corresponding optimized nanoformulations. Moreover, they contribute to inducing various biological effects, such as generating in situ vaccination, promoting immunogenic cell death, overcoming radiation resistance, reversing immunosuppression, as well as pre-stratifying patients and assessing therapeutic response or therapy-induced toxicity. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive landscape of nanomedicine-assisted radio-immunotherapy. The underlying working principles and the corresponding design strategies for these nanomedicines are elaborated by following the concept of "from bench to clinic". Their state-of-the-art applications, concerns over their clinical translation, along with perspectives are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Li
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biotherapy, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qiang Luo
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biotherapy, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Hu Zhang
- Amgen Bioprocessing Centre, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA 91711, USA
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biotherapy, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biotherapy, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biotherapy, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biotherapy, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guoxue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China. .,Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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Chen S, Qin A, Yan D. Dynamic Characteristics and Predictive Capability of Tumor Voxel Dose-Response Assessed Using 18F-FDG PET/CT Imaging Feedback. Front Oncol 2022; 12:876861. [PMID: 35875108 PMCID: PMC9299377 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.876861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tumor voxel dose–response matrix (DRM) can be quantified using feedback from serial FDG-PET/CT imaging acquired during radiotherapy. This study investigated the dynamic characteristics and the predictive capability of DRM. Methods FDG-PET/CT images were acquired before and weekly during standard chemoradiotherapy with the treatment dose 2 Gy × 35 from 31 head and neck cancer patients. For each patient, deformable image registration was performed between the pretreatment/baseline PET/CT image and each weekly PET/CT image. Tumor voxel DRM was derived using linear regression on the logarithm of the weekly standard uptake value (SUV) ratios for each tumor voxel, such as SUV measured at a dose level normalized to the baseline SUV0. The dynamic characteristics were evaluated by comparing the DRMi estimated using a single feedback image acquired at the ith treatment week (i = 1, 2, 3, or 4) to the DRM estimated using the last feedback image for each patient. The predictive capability of the DRM estimated using 1 or 2 feedback images was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic test with respect to the treatment outcome of tumor local–regional control or failure. Results The mean ± SD of tumor voxel SUV measured at the pretreatment and the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and last treatment weeks was 6.76 ± 3.69, 5.72 ± 3.43, 3.85 ± 2.22, 3.27 ± 2.25, 2.5 ± 1.79, and 2.23 ± 1.27, respectively. The deviations between the DRMi estimated using the single feedback image obtained at the ith week and the last feedback image were 0.86 ± 4.87, −0.06 ± 0.3, −0.09 ± 0.17, and −0.09 ± 0.12 for DRM1, DRM2, DRM3, and DRM4, respectively. The predictive capability of DRM3 and DRM4 was significant (p < 0.001). The area under the curve (AUC) was increased with the increase in treatment dose level. The DRMs constructed using the single feedback image achieved an AUC of 0.86~1. The AUC was slightly improved to 0.94~1 for the DRMs estimated using 2 feedback images. Conclusion Tumor voxel metabolic activity measured using FDG-PET/CT fluctuated noticeably during the first 2 treatment weeks and obtained a stabilized reduction rate thereafter. Tumor voxel DRM constructed using a single FDG-PET/CT feedback image after the 2nd treatment week (>20 Gy) has a good predictive capability. The predictive capability improved continuously using a later feedback image and marginally improved when two feedback images were applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Chen
- Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - An Qin
- Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States
| | - Di Yan
- Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, United States.,Radiation Oncology, Huaxi Hospital/School of Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Roviello G, Nardone V, Bonetta A, Correale P, Molteni A, Lazzari MC, Generali D. Effects of Whole Pelvic Radiotherapy on the Distribution of Lymphocyte Subpopulations in Prostate Cancer Patients. Am J Clin Oncol 2022; 45:105-111. [PMID: 35081052 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the current study, we have investigated the effects of the different modalities of treatment (volume of radiotherapy [RT], previous surgery) as well as the Gleason score of prostate cancer (PC) on the lymphocyte composition of PC patients undergoing RT. METHODS This is a monoinstitutional study that prospectively included PC patients that underwent RT from January 2016 until December 2017. To compare the different evaluations, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used among 2 times (Timepoint 0 to Timepoint 1). Percentage variation was calculated for all the lymphocyte subpopulation and was correlated with clinical parameters (previous surgery, Gleason score, and pelvic irradiation) with the χ2 test. The statistical analysis was repeated also on the stratified dataset according to the above parameters (previous surgery, Gleason score, and whole pelvic radiotherapy [WPRT]). RESULTS One hundred and eleven patients were included in the present analysis. All the lymphocyte subpopulations resulted significantly lower after RT. The modifications of several lymphocyte subpopulations correlated with previous surgery, Gleason score, and WPRT, although stratified analysis demonstrated that WPRT showed the greatest correlation. CONCLUSION Our results could be used to design a prospective trial in order to study the use of WPRT on the lymphocyte subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerio Nardone
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples
| | | | - Pierpaolo Correale
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Grand Metropolitan Hospital "Bianchi Melacrino Morelli" Reggio Calabria
| | | | | | - Daniele Generali
- Breast Cancer Unit and Traslational Research Unit, ASST Cremona
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Abstract
New understandings of the biology of radiosurgery are considered. Differences from the radiobiology of fractionated radiotherapy are outlined. It is noted DNA damage alone is insufficient to account for the tissue changes which occur. Changes in blood vessels and immunological mechanisms are also involved. Tissue repair is more rapid than previously thought so that dose rate (the rate of delivery of radiation to the tissues) has been seen to be more important. The value of fractionation is examined. The effect of radiosurgery on normal brain (so called functional radiosurgery) is considered. The desired effects may be achieved by a focal stable destruction of brain from a high radiation dose. They may also be achieved using a lower dose which acts through the mechanism known as radiosurgical neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Ganz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Callesen LB, Takacova T, Hamfjord J, Würschmidt F, Oldhafer KJ, Brüning R, Arnold D, Spindler KLG. Circulating DNA in patients undergoing loco-regional treatment of colorectal cancer metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221133171. [PMID: 36339929 PMCID: PMC9634210 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221133171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loco-regional treatment strategies of colorectal cancer (CRC) metastases are evolving, but biological markers that can benefit patients and assist physicians in clinical decisions are lacking. The primary objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the current knowledge on circulating DNA and its clinical utility in predicting outcomes in patients undergoing loco-regional treatment of CRC metastases. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials was conducted on March 22, 2022. We included studies on patients undergoing loco-regional treatment of CRC metastases reporting the predictive or prognostic value of circulating DNA in the blood. Hazard ratios (HR) were pooled in separate random-effects meta-analyses to investigate if pre- or post-ablation measurements of circulating DNA were associated with survival. The risk of bias was assessed according to the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Results Twenty-eight studies with 2868 patients were included, of which 16 studies were eligible for meta-analyses. As expected in this new research field, a majority of included studies (n = 21/28) had a high risk of bias in at least one domain. Circulating DNA above the cutoff in a plasma sample taken before loco-regional treatment was associated with a short recurrence-free survival [pooled HR = 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-5.7, n = 162] and overall survival (pooled HR = 4.7, 95% CI 1.1-20.6, n = 105). Circulating DNA above the cutoff in a plasma sample taken after loco-regional treatment was associated with a short recurrence-free survival (pooled HR = 4.5, 95% CI 3.4-6.1, n = 569) and overall survival (pooled HR = 7.5, 95% CI 2.0-27.3, n = 161). There was limited data on the association between dynamics in circulating DNA and outcome. Conclusions Measurements of circulating DNA can be valuable when selecting and monitoring patients undergoing loco-regional treatment of CRC metastases. Studies designed to investigate the true clinical utility of circulating DNA in the context of various ablation modalities are warranted.The review has been registered at PROSPERO (ID: CRD42022320032).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tana Takacova
- Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, Hamburg,
Germany
- Department of Oncology and Palliative Care with
Sections Hematology and Rheumatology, AK Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Hamfjord
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University
Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for
Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Karl J. Oldhafer
- Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, Hamburg,
Germany
- Department of Surgery, Division of
Hepato-biliary and Pancreatic (HBP) Surgery, AK Barmbek, Hamburg,
Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University
Budapest, Asklepios Campus Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Brüning
- Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, Hamburg,
Germany
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, AK
Barmbek, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Arnold
- Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, Hamburg,
Germany
- Department of Oncology and Palliative Care
with Sections Hematology and Rheumatology, AK Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karen-Lise G. Spindler
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology,
Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus
University, Aarhus Denmark
- Asklepios Tumorzentrum Hamburg, Hamburg,
Germany
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Li Z, Li Q, Wang X, Li S, Chen W, Jin X, Liu X, Dai Z, Liu X, Zheng X, Li P, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Luo H, Liu R. Carbon Ion Radiotherapy Acts as the Optimal Treatment Strategy for Unresectable Liver Cancer During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Crisis. Front Public Health 2021; 9:767617. [PMID: 34957022 PMCID: PMC8695803 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.767617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has greatly disrupted the normal treatment of patients with liver cancer and increased their risk of death. The weight of therapeutic safety was significantly amplified for decision-making to minimize the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Herein, the safety and effectiveness of carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for unresectable liver cancer (ULC) were evaluated, and Chinese experiences were shared to solve the predicament of ULC treatment caused by SARS-CoV-2. Worldwide studies were collected to evaluate CIRT for ULC as the world has become a community due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We not only searched five international databases including the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus but also performed supplementary retrieval with other sources. Chinese experiences of fighting against COVID-19 were introduced based on the advancements of CIRT in China and a prospective clinical trial of CIRT for treating ULC. A total of 19 studies involving 813 patients with ULC were included in the systematic review. The qualitative synthetic evaluation showed that compared with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), CIRT could achieve superior overall survival, local control, and relative hepatic protection. The systematic results indicated that non-invasive CIRT could significantly minimize harms to patients with ULC and concurrently obtain superior anti-cancer effectiveness. According to the Chinese experience, CIRT allows telemedicine within the hospital (TMIH) to keep a sufficient person-to-person physical distance in the whole process of treatment for ULC, which is significant for cutting off the transmission route of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, CIRT could maximize the utilization rate of hospitalization and outpatient care (UHO). Collectively, CIRT for ULC patients not only allows TMIH and the maximized UHO but also has the compatible advantages of safety and effectiveness. Therefore, CIRT should be identified as the optimal strategy for treating appropriate ULC when we need to minimize the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to improve the capacity of medical service in the context of the unprecedented COVID-19 crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sha Li
- The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Jin
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinguo Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongying Dai
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiongxiong Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaogang Zheng
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuning Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Luo
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruifeng Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Lanzhou, China.,Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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Han MG, Jang BS, Kang MH, Na D, Kim IA. PI3Kγδ inhibitor plus radiation enhances the antitumour immune effect of PD-1 blockade in syngenic murine breast cancer and humanised patient-derived xenograft model. Eur J Cancer 2021; 157:450-463. [PMID: 34601286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We hypothesised that the combined use of radiation therapy and a phosphoinositide 3-kinaseγδ inhibitor to reduce immune suppression would enhance the efficacy of an immune checkpoint inhibitor. METHODS Murine breast cancer cells (4T1) were grown in both immune-competent and -deficient BALB/c mice, and tumours were irradiated by 3 fractions of 24 Gy. A PD-1 blockade and a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)γδ inhibitor were then administered every other day for 2 weeks. The same experiments were performed in humanised patient-derived breast cancer xenograft model and its tumour was sequenced to identify immune-related pathways and profile infiltrated immune cells. Transcriptomic and clinical data were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas pan-cancer cohort, and the deconvolution algorithm was used to profile immune cell repertoire. RESULTS Using a PI3Kγδ inhibitor, radiation therapy (RT) and PD-1 blockade significantly delayed primary tumour growth, boosted the abscopal effect and improved animal survival. RT significantly increased CD8+cytotoxic T-cell fractions, immune-suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells and M2 tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). However, the PI3Kγδ inhibitor significantly lowered the proportions of Tregs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells and M2 TAMs, achieving dramatic gains in splenic, nodal, and tumour CD8+ T-cell populations after triple combination therapy. In a humanised patient-derived breast cancer xenograft model, triple combination therapy significantly delayed tumour growth and decreased immune-suppressive pathways. In The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort, high Treg/CD8+ T cell and M2/M1 TAM ratios were associated with poor overall patient survival. CONCLUSION These findings indicate PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ are clinically relevant targets in an immunosuppressive TME, and combining PI3Kγδ inhibitor, RT and PD-1 blockade may overcome the therapeutic resistance of immunologically cold tumours. SYNOPSIS Combining PI3Kγδ inhibitor, RT, and PD-1 blockade may be a viable clinical approach, helping to overcome the therapeutic resistance of immunologically cold tumours such as breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guk Han
- Department of Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Medical Science Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bum-Sup Jang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi Hyun Kang
- Medical Science Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deukchae Na
- Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Woman's University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Ah Kim
- Department of Tumour Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea; Medical Science Research Institute, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Han J, Fan Y, Zhou K, Blomgren K, Harris RA. Uncovering sex differences of rodent microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:74. [PMID: 33731174 PMCID: PMC7972194 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There are inherent structural and functional differences in the central nervous systems (CNS) of females and males. It has been gradually established that these sex-specific differences are due to a spectrum of genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal factors which actively contribute to the differential incidences, disease courses, and even outcomes of CNS diseases between sexes. Microglia, as principle resident macrophages in the CNS, play a crucial role in both CNS physiology and pathology. However, sex differences of microglia have been relatively unexplored until recently. Emerging data has convincingly demonstrated the existence of sex-dependent structural and functional differences of rodent microglia, consequently changing our current understanding of these versatile cells. In this review, we attempt to comprehensively outline the current advances revealing microglial sex differences in rodent and their potential implications for specific CNS diseases with a stark sex difference. A detailed understanding of molecular processes underlying microglial sex differences is of major importance in design of translational sex- and microglia-specific therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Han
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM L8:04, Karolinska Sjukhuset, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yueshan Fan
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM L8:04, Karolinska Sjukhuset, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A Harris
- Applied Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, CMM L8:04, Karolinska Sjukhuset, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lee YH, Yu CF, Yang YC, Hong JH, Chiang CS. Ablative Radiotherapy Reprograms the Tumor Microenvironment of a Pancreatic Tumor in Favoring the Immune Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2091. [PMID: 33669885 PMCID: PMC7923299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The low overall survival rate of patients with pancreatic cancer has driven research to seek a new therapeutic protocol. Radiotherapy (RT) is frequently an option in the neoadjuvant or palliative settings for pancreatic cancer treatment. This study explored the effect of RT protocols on the tumor microenvironment (TME) and their consequent impact on anti-programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) therapy. Using a murine orthotopic pancreatic tumor model, UN-KC-6141, RT-disturbed TME was examined by immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that ablative RT is more effective than fractionated RT at recruiting T cells. On the other hand, fractionated RT induces more myeloid-derived suppressor cell infiltration than ablative RT. The RT-disturbed TME presents a higher perfusion rate per vessel. The increase in vessel perfusion is associated with a higher amount of anti-PD-L1 antibody being delivered to the tumor. Animal survival is increased by anti-PD-L1 therapy after ablative RT, with 67% of treated animals surviving more than 30 days after tumor inoculation compared to a median survival time of 16.5 days for the control group. Splenocytes isolated from surviving animals were specifically cytotoxic for UN-KC-6141 cells. We conclude that the ablative RT-induced TME is more suited than conventional RT-induced TME to combination therapy with immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Fang Yu
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiologic Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan; (C.-F.Y.); (J.-H.H.)
| | - Ying-Chieh Yang
- Radiation Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsinchu City 300195, Taiwan;
| | - Ji-Hong Hong
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Institute for Radiologic Research, Chang Gung University/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan; (C.-F.Y.); (J.-H.H.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shiun Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
- Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Niu L, Yang W, Duan L, Wang X, Li Y, Xu C, Liu C, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Liu J, Zhao Q, Han Y, Hong L, Fan D. Biological functions and theranostic potential of HMGB family members in human cancers. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920970850. [PMID: 33224279 PMCID: PMC7659026 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920970850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mobility group box (HMGB) protein family consists of four members: HMGB1, 2, 3, and 4. They share similar amino acid sequences and identical functional regions, especially HMGB1, 2, and 3. The homology in structure may lead to similarity in function. In fact, though their targets may be different, they all possess the fundamental function of binding and distorting target DNAs. However, further research confirmed they are distributed differently in tissues and involved in various distinct physiological and pathological cellular processes, including cell proliferation, division, migration, and differentiation. Recently, the roles of HMGB family members in carcinogenesis has been widely investigated; however, systematic discussion on their functions and clinical values in malignant tumors is limited. In this review, we mainly review and summarize recent advances in knowledge of HMGB family members in terms of structure, distribution, biochemical cascades, and specific mechanisms regarding tumor progression. Importantly, the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value of these proteins in cancers is discussed. Finally, we envisage the orientation and challenges of this field in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaoran Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lili Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yiding Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chengchao Xu
- 94719 Military Hospital, Ji'an, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qingchuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710032, China
| | - Liu Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi Province, 710032, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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11
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Radiotherapy-Mediated Immunomodulation and Anti-Tumor Abscopal Effect Combining Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102762. [PMID: 32992835 PMCID: PMC7600068 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a conventional method for clinical treatment of local tumors, which can induce tumor-specific immune response and cause the shrinkage of primary tumor and distal metastases via mediating tumor infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Ionizing radiation (IR) induced tumor regression outside the radiation field is termed as abscopal effect. However, due to the mobilization of immunosuppressive signals by IR, the activated CD8+T cells are not sufficient to maintain a long-term positive feedback to make the tumors regress completely. Eventually, the "hot" tumors gradually turn to "cold". With the advent of emerging immunotherapy, the combination of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and local RT has produced welcome changes in stubborn metastases, especially anti-PD-1/PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 which have been approved in clinical cancer treatment. However, the detailed mechanism of the abscopal effect induced by combined therapy is still unclear. Therefore, how to formulate a therapeutic schedule to maximize the efficacy should be took into consideration according to specific circumstance. This paper reviewed the recent research progresses in immunomodulatory effects of local radiotherapy on the tumor microenvironment, as well as the unique advantage for abscopal effect when combined with ICB, with a view to exploring the potential application value of radioimmunotherapy in clinic.
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12
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Frega G, Wu Q, Le Naour J, Vacchelli E, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G, Kepp O. Trial Watch: experimental TLR7/TLR8 agonists for oncological indications. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1796002. [PMID: 32934889 PMCID: PMC7466852 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1796002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resiquimod (R848) and motolimod (VTX-2337) are second-generation experimental derivatives of imiquimod, an imidazoquinoline with immunostimulatory properties originally approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the topical treatment of actinic keratosis and genital warts more than 20 years ago. Both resiquimod and motolimod operate as agonists of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and/or TLR8, in thus far delivering adjuvant-like signals to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In line with such an activity, these compounds are currently investigated as immunostimulatory agents for the treatment of various malignancies, especially in combination with peptide-based, dendritic cell-based, cancer cell lysate-based, or DNA-based vaccines. Here, we summarize preclinical and clinical evidence recently collected to support the development of resiquimod and motolimod and other TLR7/TLR8 agonists as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Frega
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Qi Wu
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Julie Le Naour
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Karolinska Institutet, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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13
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Liao Y, Liu S, Fu S, Wu J. HMGB1 in Radiotherapy: A Two Headed Signal Regulating Tumor Radiosensitivity and Immunity. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:6859-6871. [PMID: 32764978 PMCID: PMC7369309 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s253772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay of cancer treatment. Recent studies have shown that RT not only directly induces cell death but also has late and sustained immune effects. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein released during RT, with location-dependent functions. It is essential for normal cellular function but also regulates the proliferation and migration of tumor cells by binding to high-affinity receptors. In this review, we summarize recent evidence on the functions of HMGB1 in RT according to the position, intracellular HMGB1 and extracellular HMGB1. Intracellular HMGB1 induces radiation tolerance in tumor cells by promoting DNA damage repair and autophagy. Extracellular HMGB1 plays a more intricate role in radiation-related immune responses, wherein it not only stimulates the anti-tumor immune response by facilitating the recognition of dying tumor cells but is also involved in maintaining immunosuppression. Factors that potentially affect the role of HMGB1 in RT-induced cytotoxicity have also been discussed in the context of possible therapeutic applications, which helps to develop effective and targeted radio-sensitization therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liao
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuya Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaozhi Fu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, People's Republic of China
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14
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Metformin: (future) best friend of the radiation oncologist? Radiother Oncol 2020; 151:95-105. [PMID: 32592892 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several molecules are being investigated for their ability to enhance the anti-tumor effect of radiotherapy. The widely prescribed antidiabetic drug metformin has been suggested to possess anti-cancer activity; data indicate that metformin could also enhance radiation sensitivity. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the specific effect of metformin in the field of RT, while also discussing the many unknowns that persist. Preclinical models point to multiple mechanisms involved in the radiosensitizing effects of metformin that are mainly linked to mitochondrial complex I inhibition and AMP-activated protein kinase. Transposition of results from bench to bedside will be discussed through the lens of the drug concentration, its potential limits in human settings, and possible alternatives. Clinical data suggest metformin improves progression-free and overall survival in patients for many different cancers treated with RT; nevertheless, the results are not always consistent. The main limitations of the reviewed literature are the retrospective nature of studies, and most of the time, a lack of information on MTF treatment duration and the administered dosages. Despite these limitations, the possible mechanisms of the role of metformin and its utility in enhancing radiotherapy treatments are analyzed. Ongoing clinical trials are also discussed.
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15
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Wen P, Gao Y, Chen B, Qi X, Hu G, Xu A, Xia J, Wu L, Lu H, Zhao G. Pan-Cancer Analysis of Radiotherapy Benefits and Immune Infiltration in Multiple Human Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040957. [PMID: 32294976 PMCID: PMC7226004 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Response to radiotherapy (RT) in cancers varies widely among patients. Therefore, it is very important to predict who will benefit from RT before clinical treatment. Consideration of the immune tumor microenvironment (TME) could provide novel insight into tumor treatment options. In this study, we investigated the link between immune infiltration status and clinical RT outcome in order to identify certain leukocyte subsets that could potentially influence the clinical RT benefit across cancers. By integrally analyzing the TCGA data across seven cancers, we identified complex associations between immune infiltration and patients RT outcomes. Besides, immune cells showed large differences in their populations in various cancers, and the most abundant cells were resting memory CD4 T cells. Additionally, the proportion of activated CD4 memory T cells and activated mast cells, albeit at low number, were closely related to RT overall survival in multiple cancers. Furthermore, a prognostic model for RT outcomes was established with good performance based on the immune infiltration status. Summarized, immune infiltration was found to be of significant clinical relevance to RT outcomes. These findings may help to shed light on the impact of tumor-associated immune cell infiltration on cancer RT outcomes, and identify biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Wen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei 230031, China; (P.W.); (Y.G.); (B.C.); (X.Q.); (G.H.); (A.X.); (L.W.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei 230031, China; (P.W.); (Y.G.); (B.C.); (X.Q.); (G.H.); (A.X.); (L.W.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei 230031, China; (P.W.); (Y.G.); (B.C.); (X.Q.); (G.H.); (A.X.); (L.W.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaojing Qi
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei 230031, China; (P.W.); (Y.G.); (B.C.); (X.Q.); (G.H.); (A.X.); (L.W.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Guanshuo Hu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei 230031, China; (P.W.); (Y.G.); (B.C.); (X.Q.); (G.H.); (A.X.); (L.W.)
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - An Xu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei 230031, China; (P.W.); (Y.G.); (B.C.); (X.Q.); (G.H.); (A.X.); (L.W.)
| | - Junfeng Xia
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China;
| | - Lijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei 230031, China; (P.W.); (Y.G.); (B.C.); (X.Q.); (G.H.); (A.X.); (L.W.)
| | - Huayi Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology, Hefei 230031, China; (P.W.); (Y.G.); (B.C.); (X.Q.); (G.H.); (A.X.); (L.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (G.Z.)
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