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Maeyama T, Hayashi K, Watanabe Y, Ohara M, Nakagawa S. Development of a silicone-based radio-fluorogenic dosimeter using dihydrorhodamine 6G. Phys Med 2023; 114:102684. [PMID: 37778206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A silicon-based three-dimensional dosimeter can be formed in a free shape without a container and deformed because of its flexibility. Several studies have focused on enhancing its radiological characteristics and assessing its applicability as a quality assurance tool for image-guided and adaptive radiation therapy, considering motion and deformation. Here, we applied a fluorescence probe (dihydrorhodamine 6G, DHR6G) to a silicon elastomer as a new radiosensitive compound that converts nonfluorescent into fluorescent dyes using irradiation, and its fluorescence intensity increases linearly with the absorbed dose. In this study, we demonstrated a cost-effective synthesis method and optimized the composition conditions. The results showed that the DHR6G-SE prepared from 2.2 × 10-3 wt% DHR6G, 0.024 wt% pyridine, and a silicone elastomer (SE) (SILPOT TM 184, base/curing agent = 10/1) exhibited a linear increase in fluorescence with radiation exposure within a dose range of 0-8 Gy and a highly stable sensitivity for as long as 64 h. To demonstrate its container-less characteristics, the possibility of dosimetry for low-energy X-rays using DHR6G-SE was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Maeyama
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan; RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Kiichiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Maki Ohara
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-City, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Seiko Nakagawa
- Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute, 2-4-10 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
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2
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Zhu L, Du Y, Peng Y, Xiang X, Wang X. End-to-End QA with Polymer Gel Dosimeter for Photon Beam Radiation Therapy. Gels 2023; 9:gels9030212. [PMID: 36975661 PMCID: PMC10048457 DOI: 10.3390/gels9030212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
With the complexity and high demands on quality assurance (QA) of photon beam radiation therapy, end-to-end (E2E) QA is necessary to validate the entire treatment workflow from pre-treatment imaging to beam delivery. A polymer gel dosimeter is a promising tool for three-dimensional (3D) dose distribution measurement. The purpose of this study is to design a fast “one delivery” polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantom with a polymer gel dosimeter for the E2E QA test of the photon beam. The one delivery phantom is composed of ten calibration cuvettes for the calibration curve measurement, two 10 cm gel dosimeter inserts for the dose distribution measurement, and three 5.5 cm gel dosimeters for the square field measurement. The one delivery phantom holder is comparable in size and shape to that of a human thorax and abdomen. In addition, an anthropomorphic head phantom was employed to measure the patient-specific dose distribution of a VMAT plan. The E2E dosimetry was verified by undertaking the whole RT procedure (immobilization, CT simulation, treatment planning, phantom set-up, imaged-guided registration, and beam delivery). The calibration curve, field size, and patient-specific dose were measured with a polymer gel dosimeter. The positioning error can be mitigated with the one-delivery PMMA phantom holder. The delivered dose measured with a polymer gel dosimeter was compared with the planned dose. The gamma passing rate is 86.64% with the MAGAT-f gel dosimeter. The results ascertain the feasibility of the one delivery phantom with a polymer gel dosimeter for a photon beam in E2E QA. The QA time can be reduced with the designed one delivery phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Zhu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Du
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Radiotherapy, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yahui Peng
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xincheng Xiang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiangang Wang
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Correspondence:
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3
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Průšová H, Dudáš D, Spěváček V, Průša P. Dose-response dependencies of Turnbull blue, modified Fricke, VIPET, and Presage® gel dosimeters in high-dose-rate radiation fields. RADIAT MEAS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2023.106910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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4
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Watanabe Y, Maeyama T, Mizukami S, Tachibana H, Terazaki T, Takei H, Muraishi H, Gomi T, Hayashi SI. Verification of dose distribution in high dose-rate brachytherapy for cervical cancer using a normoxic N-vinylpyrrolidone polymer gel dosimeter. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2022; 63:838-848. [PMID: 36109319 PMCID: PMC9726700 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The polymer gel dosimeter has been proposed for use as a 3D dosimeter for complex dose distribution measurement of high dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy. However, various shapes of catheter/applicator for sealed radioactive source transport used in clinical cases must be placed in the gel sample. The absorbed dose readout for the magnetic resonance (MR)-based polymer gel dosimeters requires calibration data for the dose-transverse relaxation rate (R2) response. In this study, we evaluated in detail the dose uncertainty and dose resolution of three calibration methods, the multi-sample and distance methods using the Ir-192 source and the linear accelerator (linac) method using 6MV X-rays. The use of Ir-192 sources increases dose uncertainty with steep dose gradients. We clarified that the uniformly irradiated gel sample improved the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the large slice thickness of MR images and could acquire an accurate calibration curve using the linac method. The curved tandem and ovoid applicator used for intracavitary irradiation of HDR brachytherapy for cervical cancer were reproduced with a glass tube to verify the dose distribution. The results of comparison with the treatment planning system (TPS) calculation by gamma analysis on the 3%/2 mm criterion were in good agreement with a gamma pass rate of 90%. In addition, the prescription dose could be evaluated accurately. We conclude that it is easy to place catheter/applicator in the polymer gel dosimeters, making them a useful tool for verifying the 3D dose distribution of HDR brachytherapy with accurate calibration methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Watanabe
- Corresponding author. School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan. E-mail:
| | - Takuya Maeyama
- School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shinya Mizukami
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Tachibana
- Radiation Safety and Quality Assurance division, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Terazaki
- Department of Radiology, Yokohama City Minato Red Cross Hospital, 3-12-1 Shinyamashita, Naka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 231-8682, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takei
- Quantum Life and Medical Science Directorate, National Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Muraishi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Gomi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Hayashi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 555-36 Kurosegakuendai, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-2695, Japan
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5
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Chemical Overview of Gel Dosimetry Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Gels 2022; 8:gels8100663. [PMID: 36286165 PMCID: PMC9601373 DOI: 10.3390/gels8100663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in radiotherapy technology during the last 25 years have significantly improved both dose conformation to tumors and the preservation of healthy tissues, achieving almost real-time feedback by means of high-precision treatments and theranostics. Owing to this, developing high-performance systems capable of coping with the challenging requirements of modern ionizing radiation is a key issue to overcome the limitations of traditional dosimeters. In this regard, a deep understanding of the physicochemical basis of gel dosimetry, as one of the most promising tools for the evaluation of 3D high-spatial-resolution dose distributions, represents the starting point for developing new and innovative systems. This review aims to contribute thorough descriptions of the chemical processes and interactions that condition gel dosimetry outputs, often phenomenologically addressed, and particularly formulations reported since 2017.
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Farahani S, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Riyahi Alam N, Rabi Mahdavi S, Raeisi F. Global and spatial dosimetric characteristics of N-vinylpyrrolidone-based polymer gel dosimeters as a function of medium-term post-preparation and post-irradiation time. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Rabaeh KA, Hammoudeh IME, Eyadeh MM. Novel polymer gel dosimeters based on N-Vinylcaprolactam for medical dosimetry. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-022-08361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Improved Dose Response of N-(Hydroxymethyl)acrylamide Gel Dosimeter with Calcium Chloride for Radiotherapy. Gels 2022; 8:gels8020078. [PMID: 35200459 PMCID: PMC8871509 DOI: 10.3390/gels8020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the performance of N-(hydroxymethyl)acrylamide (NHMA) polymer gel dosimeter is studied in this article. The dosimeter was exposed to doses of up to 10 Gy with radiation beam-energy of 10 MV and dose-rates of 300 cGy/min. The relaxation rate (R2) parameter was utilized to explore the performance of irradiated NHMAGAT gels. The dose response in terms of R2 increased from 0.29 to 0.63 Gy−1·s−1 with increasing calcium chloride concentration from 0 to 1000 mM. The results show no substantial impact of dose-rates as well as radiation energies on NHMAGAT samples. For the steadiness of irradiated NHMAGAT dosimeters, it was found that there is no apparent variation in R2 (less than ±3%; standard deviation) up to 3 days. The overall uncertainty of the gel dosimeter with calcium chloride is 4.96% (double standard deviation, 95% confidence level).
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10
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Mizukami S, Watanabe Y, Mizoguchi T, Gomi T, Hara H, Takei H, Fukunishi N, Ishikawa KL, Fukuda S, Maeyama T. Whole Three-Dimensional Dosimetry of Carbon Ion Beams with an MRI-Based Nanocomposite Fricke Gel Dosimeter Using Rapid T1 Mapping Method. Gels 2021; 7:233. [PMID: 34940293 PMCID: PMC8701283 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI-based gel dosimeters are attractive systems for the evaluation of complex dose distributions in radiotherapy. In particular, the nanocomposite Fricke gel dosimeter is one among a few dosimeters capable of accurately evaluating the dose distribution of heavy ion beams. In contrast, reduction of the scanning time is a challenging issue for the acquisition of three-dimensional volume data. In this study, we investigated a three-dimensional dose distribution measurement method for heavy ion beams using variable flip angle (VFA), which is expected to significantly reduce the MRI scanning time. Our findings clarified that the whole three-dimensional dose distribution could be evaluated within the conventional imaging time (20 min) and quality of one cross-section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Mizukami
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; (S.M.); (Y.W.); (T.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; (S.M.); (Y.W.); (T.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Takahiro Mizoguchi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan;
| | - Tsutomu Gomi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; (S.M.); (Y.W.); (T.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Hidetake Hara
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan; (S.M.); (Y.W.); (T.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideyuki Takei
- Proton Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba 305-8576, Japan;
| | - Nobuhisa Fukunishi
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Kenichi L. Ishikawa
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Management, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Shigekazu Fukuda
- QST Hospital, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan;
| | - Takuya Maeyama
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
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11
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Eyadeh MM, Smadi SA, Rabaeh KA, Oglat AA, Diamond KR. Effect of lithium chloride inorganic salt on the performance of N-(Hydroxymethyl)acrylamide polymer-gel dosimeter in radiation therapy. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-08036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Rabaeh KA, Hammoudeh IM, Oglat AA, Eyadeh MM, Abdel-Qader AJ, Aldweri FM, Awad SI. Polymer gel containing N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (BIS) as a single monomer for radiotherapy dosimetry. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Improvement of light stability of DHR123 radio fluorogenic nano clay gel dosimeter by incorporating a new dispersant. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Marrale M, d’Errico F. Hydrogels for Three-Dimensional Ionizing-Radiation Dosimetry. Gels 2021; 7:74. [PMID: 34205640 PMCID: PMC8293215 DOI: 10.3390/gels7020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-sensitive gels are among the most recent and promising developments for radiation therapy (RT) dosimetry. RT dosimetry has the twofold goal of ensuring the quality of the treatment and the radiation protection of the patient. Benchmark dosimetry for acceptance testing and commissioning of RT systems is still based on ionization chambers. However, even the smallest chambers cannot resolve the steep dose gradients of up to 30-50% per mm generated with the most advanced techniques. While a multitude of systems based, e.g., on luminescence, silicon diodes and radiochromic materials have been developed, they do not allow the truly continuous 3D dose measurements offered by radiation-sensitive gels. The gels are tissue equivalent, so they also serve as phantoms, and their response is largely independent of radiation quality and dose rate. Some of them are infused with ferrous sulfate and rely on the radiation-induced oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric ions (Fricke-gels). Other formulations consist of monomers dispersed in a gelatinous medium (Polyacrylamide gels) and rely on radiation-induced polymerization, which creates a stable polymer structure. In both gel types, irradiation causes changes in proton relaxation rates that are proportional to locally absorbed dose and can be imaged using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Changes in color and/or opacification of the gels also occur upon irradiation, allowing the use of optical tomography techniques. In this work, we review both Fricke and polyacrylamide gels with emphasis on their chemical and physical properties and on their applications for radiation dosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Marrale
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, “Emilio Segrè” ATeN Center, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco d’Errico
- Scuola di Ingegneria, Università degli Studi di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- School of Medicine, Yale University New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Jaszczak M, Maras P, Kozicki M. Characterization of a new N-vinylpyrrolidone-containing polymer gel dosimeter with Pluronic F-127 gel matrix. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Watanabe Y, Maeyama T, Mochizuki A, Mizukami S, Hayashi SI, Terazaki T, Muraishi H, Takei H, Gomi T, Shimono T. Verification of dose distribution in high-dose-rate brachytherapy using a nanoclay-based radio-fluorogenic gel dosimeter. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:175008. [PMID: 32485693 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab98d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dose distributions have become more complex with the introduction of image-guided brachytherapy in high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy treatments. Therefore, to correctly execute HDR, conducting a quality assurance programme for the remote after-loading system and verifying the dose distribution in the patient treatment plan are necessary. The characteristics of the dose distribution of HDR brachytherapy are that the dose is high near the source and rapidly drops when the distance from the source increases. Therefore, a measurement tool corresponding to the characteristic is required. In this study, using an Iridium-192 (Ir-192) source, we evaluated the basic characteristics of a nanoclay-based radio-fluorogenic gel (NC-RFG) dosimeter that is a fluorescent gel dosimeter using dihydrorhodamine 123 hydrochloride as a fluorescent probe. The two-dimensional dose distribution measurements were performed at multiple source positions to simulate a clinical plan. Fluorescence images of the irradiated NC-RFG were obtained at a high resolution (0.04 mm pixel-1) using a gel scanner with excitation at 465 nm. Good linearity was confirmed up to a dose range of 100 Gy without dose rate dependence. The dose distribution measurement at the five-point source position showed good agreement with the treatment planning system calculation. The pass ratio by gamma analysis was 92.1% with a 2%/1 mm criterion. The NC-RFG dosimeter demonstrates to have the potential of being a useful tool for quality assurance of the dose distribution delivered by HDR brachytherapy. Moreover, compared with conventional gel dosimeters such as polymer gel and Fricke gel dosimeters it solves the problems of diffusion, dose rate dependence and inhibition of oxygen-induced reactions. Furthermore, it facilitates dose data to be read in a short time after irradiation, which is useful for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Watanabe
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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17
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Mochizuki A, Maeyama T, Watanabe Y, Mizukami S. Sensitivity enhancement of DHR123 radio-fluorogenic nanoclay gel dosimeter by incorporating surfactants and halogenides. RSC Adv 2020; 10:28798-28806. [PMID: 35520075 PMCID: PMC9055799 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02717k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dosimetry of spatial dose distribution of ionizing radiation in tissue equivalent materials is particularly important for cancer radiotherapy. Here, we describe a radio-fluorogenic gel-based dosimeter that has achieved 16 times higher sensitivity by incorporating surfactants and halogenides. The gel dosimeters were prepared from dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR123) and small amounts of nano-sized clay and a radiosensitizer. By comprehensively changing the type of additives for the sensitizer (three surfactants: Triton X-100, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, and three halogenides: trichloroacetic acid, tribromoacetic acid and 2,2,2-trichloroethanol), the increase in sensitivity can be explained by an increase in relative fluorescence quantum yield and an increase in radiation chemical yield. These highly sensitive gel dosimeters also show dose rate independent sensitivity under irradiation at 0.64 and 0.77 Gy min−1 using a 6 MV X-ray therapeutic beam from the medical linac. Dosimetry of spatial dose distribution of ionizing radiation in tissue equivalent materials using high sensitive radio-fluorogenic gel dosimeter using DHR123 with sensitizer. (Radiation therapy planning image courtesy of Varian Medical Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.)![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anri Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
| | - Takuya Maeyama
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
| | - Shinya Mizukami
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami Sagamihara Kanagawa 252-0373 Japan
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18
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Skorupa A, Woźnica A, Ciszek M, Staniszewski M, Kijonka M, Kozicki M, Woźniak B, Orlef A, Polański A, Boguszewicz Ł, Sokół M. Application of high field magnetic resonance microimaging in polymer gel dosimetry. Med Phys 2020; 47:3600-3613. [PMID: 32301510 PMCID: PMC7496647 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this work was to examine the suitability of VIPARnd polymer gel–9.4 T magnetic resonance microimaging system for high spatial resolution dose distribution measurements. Methods The VIPARnd samples (3 cm in outside diameter and 12 cm in height) were exposed to ionizing radiation by using a linear accelerator (Varian TrueBeam, USA; 6 MV x‐ray beam). In the calibration stage, nine gel dosimeter vials were irradiated in a water phantom homogenously to the doses from 1.5 to 30 Gy in order to obtain R2‒dose relation. In the verification stage, two gel dosimeter vials were irradiated in the half beam penumbra area of 10 × 10 cm radiation field using the amount of monitor units appropriate to deliver 20 Gy at the field center. The gels were imaged on a vertical 9.4 T magnetic resonance (MR) microimaging scanner using single slice and multislice (9 slices) multiecho (90 × 7 ms) sequences at the spatial resolutions of 0.2–0.4 × 0.2–0.4 × 3 mm3 and 0.2–0.4 × 0.2–0.4 × 1 mm3 respectively. The gels were subjected to microimaging during the period of two weeks after irradiation. The reference data consisted of the dose profiles measured using the diode dosimetry, radiochromic film, ionization chamber, and the water phantom system. Results The VIPARnd‒9.4 T MR microimaging system was characterized by the dose sensitivity of 0.067 ± 0.002 Gy−1 s−1 at day 3 after irradiation. The dose resolution at 10 Gy (at P = 95%) was equal to 0.42 Gy at day 3 after irradiation using a single slice sequence (0.2 × 0.2 × 3 mm3) and 2.0 Gy at day 4 after irradiation using a multislice sequence (0.2 × 0.2 × 1 mm3) for one signal acquisition (measurement time: 15 min). These values were improved by ~1.4‐fold when using four signal acquisitions in the single slice sequence, and by ~2.78‐fold for 12 signal acquisitions in the multislice sequence. Furthermore, decreasing the in‐plane resolution from 0.2 × 0.2 mm2 to 0.4 × 0.4 mm2 resulted in a dose resolution of 0.3 Gy and 1 Gy at 10 Gy (at P = 95%) for one signal acquisition in the single slice and multislice sequences respectively (measurement time: 7.5 min). As reveals from the gamma index analysis the dose distributions measured at days 3–4 postirradiation using both VIPARnd verification phantoms agree with the data obtained using a silicon diode, assuming 1 mm/5% criterion. A good interphantom reproducibility of the polymer gel dosimetry was proved by monitoring of two phantoms up to 10 days after irradiation. However, the agreement between the dose distributions measured using the diode and polymer gel started to get worse from day 5 after irradiation. Conclusion The VIPARnd–9.4T MR microimaging system allows to obtain dose resolution of 0.42 Gy at 10 Gy (at P = 95%) for a spatial resolution of 0.2 × 0.2 × 3 mm3 (acquisition time: 15 min). Further studies are required to improve a temporal stability of the gel‐derived dose distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Skorupa
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, Gliwice, 44-101, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Woźnica
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, Gliwice, 44-101, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ciszek
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, Gliwice, 44-101, Poland
| | - Michał Staniszewski
- Institute of Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Marek Kijonka
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, Gliwice, 44-101, Poland
| | - Marek Kozicki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Informatics and Chemistry of Polymer Materials, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, A33, Lodz, 90-924, Poland.,GeVero Co., Tansmana 2/11, Lodz, 92-548, Poland
| | - Bożena Woźniak
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, Gliwice, 44-101, Poland
| | - Andrzej Orlef
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, Gliwice, 44-101, Poland
| | - Andrzej Polański
- Institute of Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Łukasz Boguszewicz
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, Gliwice, 44-101, Poland
| | - Maria Sokół
- Department of Medical Physics, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15, Gliwice, 44-101, Poland
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Du Y, Wang R, Yue H, Zhang Y, Wu H, Wang W. Dose response and stability of silicone-based deformable radiochromic dosimeters (FlexyDos3D) using spectrophotometer and flatbed scanner. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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New application of polymer gels in medical radiation dosimetry: Plasmonic sensors. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Clinical radiotherapy application of N-vinylpyrrolidone-containing 3D polymer gel dosimeters with remote external MR-reading. Phys Med 2020; 69:134-146. [PMID: 31901838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Advanced 3D dosimetry is required for verifications of complex dose distributions in modern radiotherapy. Two 3D polymer gel dosimeters, coupled with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (3 T MRI) readout and data processing with polyGeVero® software, were tested for the verification of calculated 3D dose distributions by a treatment planning system (TPS) and ArcCHECK®-3DVH®, related to eradication of a lung tumour. METHODS N-vinylpyrrolidone-containing 3D polymer gel dosimeters were used: VIC (containing ascorbic acid and copper sulfate pentahydrate) and VIC-T (containing tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride). Three remote centers were involved in the dosimeters preparation and irradiation (Poland), and MRI (Austria). Cross beam calibration of the dosimeters and verification of a 3D dose distribution calculated with an Eclipse External Beam TPS and ArcCHECK®-3DVH® were performed. The 3D-to-3D comparisons of the VIC and VIC-T with TPS and ArcCHECK®-3DVH® along with ArcCHECK®-3DVH® versus TPS dose matrixes were performed with the aid of the polyGeVero® by analyzing dose profiles, isodoses lines, gamma index, gamma angle, dose difference, and related histograms. RESULTS The measured MR-relaxation rate (R2 = 1/T2) for the dosimeters relates to the dose, as follows: R2 = 0.0928 ± 0.0008 [Gy-1 s-1] × D [Gy] + 2.985 ± 0.012 [s-1] (VIC) and 0.1839 ± 0.0044 [Gy-1 s-1] × D [Gy] + 2.519 ± 0.053 [s-1] (VIC-T). The 3D-to-3D comparisons revealed a good agreement between the measured and calculated 3D dose distributions. CONCLUSIONS VIC and VIC-T with 3T MRI readout and polyGeVero® showed potential for verifications of calculated irradiation plans. The results obtained suggest the implementation of the irradiation plan for eradication of the lung tumour.
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Evaluations of N-(Isobutoxymethyl) acrylamide gel dosimeter by NMR technique for radiotherapy and uncertainty in dose measurements. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 148:240-245. [PMID: 31005805 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
N-(Isobutoxymethyl) acrylamide (NIBMA) monomer in gelatin, named NIBMAGAT gel dosimeter, was prepared and investigated by nuclear magnetic imaging (NMR) for radiotherapy in the dose range of 0-30 Gy. NIBMA monomer polymerizes upon irradiation, increasing spin-spin relaxation rate R2. The addition of glycerol as a co-solvent in the gel matrix improved its radiation sensitivity better than the co-solvents of acetone and methanol. The increase of glycerol content by 1% wt/wt enhanced the sensitivity by ˜ 3.1%. This gel has better radiation sensitivity as compared to the polyacrylamide gel (PAG) dosimeter; the sensitivities of NIBMAGAT gel and normoxic polyacrylamide gel (nPAG) are ≈0.13 and ≈0.1 s-1.Gy-1, respectively. By comparing NIBMAGAT gel dosimeter with PAG, nMAG and nPAG gel dosimeters, NIBMAGAT gel dosimeter is less influenced by scanning temperature than the last three dosimeters. The gel is water equivalent and has an energy-independent response from 80 keV to 20 MeV. The overall uncertainty of dose measurement using NIBMAGAT gel is 5.46% at 2σ. Our findings suggest the applicability of using NIBMAGAT gel dosimeter by NMR technique for dose verification/planning in the practice of clinical radiotherapy.
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Jaszczak M, Kolesińska B, Wach R, Maras P, Dudek M, Kozicki M. Examination of THPC as an oxygen scavenger impacting VIC dosimeter thermal stability and comparison of NVP-containing polymer gel dosimeters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:035019. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aafa86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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24
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Watanabe Y, Mizukami S, Eguchi K, Maeyama T, Hayashi SI, Muraishi H, Terazaki T, Gomi T. Dose distribution verification in high-dose-rate brachytherapy using a highly sensitive normoxic N-vinylpyrrolidone polymer gel dosimeter. Phys Med 2018; 57:72-79. [PMID: 30738535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid technological advances in high-dose-rate brachytherapy have led to a requirement for greater accuracy in treatment planning system calculations and in the verification of dose distributions. In high-dose-rate brachytherapy, it is important to measure the dose distribution in the low-dose region at a position away from the source in addition to the high-dose range in the proximity of the source. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of a treatment plan designed for prostate cancer in the low-dose range using a normoxic N-vinylpyrrolidone-based polymer gel (VIPET gel) dosimeter containing inorganic salt as a sensitizer (iVIPET). The dose response was evaluated on the basis of the transverse relaxation rate (R2) measured by magnetic resonance scanning. In the verification of the treatment plan, gamma analysis showed that the dose distributions obtained from the polymer gel dosimeter were in good agreement with those calculated by the treatment planning system. The gamma passing rate according to the 2%/2 mm criterion was 97.9%. The iVIPET gel dosimeter provided better accuracy for low doses than the normal VIPET gel dosimeter, demonstrating the potential to be a useful tool for quality assurance of the dose distribution delivered by high-dose-rate brachytherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Watanabe
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Shinya Mizukami
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kou Eguchi
- Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Maeyama
- School of Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hayashi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Muraishi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Terazaki
- Department of Radiology, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Gomi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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Maeyama T, Hase S. Nanoclay gel-based radio-fluorogenic gel dosimeters using various fluorescence probes. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Jaszczak M, Wach R, Maras P, Dudek M, Kozicki M. Substituting gelatine with Pluronic F-127 matrix in 3D polymer gel dosimeters can improve nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal and optical properties. Phys Med Biol 2018; 63:175010. [PMID: 30102250 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aad9d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This work discusses the substitution of a gelatine physical gel matrix with a matrix made of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (Pluronic F-127) in five 3D radiotherapy polymer gel dosimeters: MAGAT, PAGAT, NIPAM, VIPARnd (VIP) and VIPARCT (VIC). The current research outcomes showed that not each polymer gel dosimeter could be manufactured with Pluronic F-127. Two of the polymer gel dosimeters (PAGAT and VIP) containing the Pluronic F-127 matrix allowed for some proper dose response for radiotherapy dosimetry (a response to a dose range of e.g. 0‒50 Gy). The new best performing Pluronic-based polymer gel dosimeters were characterised by improved nuclear magnetic resonance properties, when being compared to gels with gelatine matrix at the same monomer content. These are: (i) a ~33% higher dose sensitivity; (ii) a comparable or slightly higher linear and dynamic dose range and (iii) a lower (new VIP composition, VIP3) or equivocal (new PAGAT composition, PAGAT2-Pluronic) dose threshold. However, there might be optimised gelatine based polymer dosimeters demonstrating even better sensitivity. UV-vis spectrophotometry measurements revealed that Pluronic matrices ensure six-times lower (VIP3-Pluronic) and eight-times lower (PAGAT2-Pluronic) absorbance (at 400 nm) of non-irradiated gels compared to gelatine matrices, which makes the new polymer gel dosimeters optically improved in comparison to their corresponding gelatine-based compositions. The differences in absorption reduce for higher wavelengths. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements revealed the following temperature stability ranges for the gels: (i) VIP with gelatine matrix: 0 °C‒26 °C, (ii) VIP3 with Pluronic matrix: 13.8 °C-55.2 °C, (iii) PAGAT2 with gelatine matrix: 0 °C-80 °C and (iv) PAGAT2 with Pluronic matrix: 21.4 °C-55.2 °C. In conclusion, Pluronic F-127 is an attractive co-polymer to serve as a substitute for the gelatine matrix in some 3D polymer gel dosimeters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Jaszczak
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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