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Alamri AM, Zhao W, Tassios S, Dai S, Alwahabi ZT. Elemental analysis of levitated solid samples by microwave-assisted laser induced breakdown spectroscopy. Analyst 2024; 149:3433-3443. [PMID: 38721993 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00375f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
A novel analysis technique of elements at ambient conditions has been developed. The technique is based on microwave-assisted laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (MW-LIBS) applied to acoustically levitated samples. The technique has been demonstrated using three solid samples with different properties and compositions. These are ore containing multiple elements (OREAS 520), aluminium oxide (Al3O2) and gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). The mass of samples was 21 mg, 23 mg, and 55 mg for gypsum, mineral ore, and Al3O2, respectively. Significant signal enhancements were recorded for a variety of elements, using microwave-assisted laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and levitation (MW-LIBS-Levitation). The signal enhancement for Mn I (403.07 nm), Al I (396.13 nm) and Ca II (393.85 nm) was determined as 123, 46, and 63 times, respectively. Moreover, it was found that MW-LIBS-Levitation minimises the self-absorption of the Ca I (422.67 nm) and Na I (588.99 nm and 589.59 nm) spectral lines. In addition to the signal enhancements, the levitation process produces a spinning motion in the solids with an angular frequency of 7 Hz. This feature benefits laser-based analysis as a fresh sample is introduced at each laser pulse, eliminating the need for the usual mechanical devices. Based on the single-shot analysis, it was found that ∼80% of the laser pulses produced successful MW-LIBS-Levitation detection, confirming an impressive repeatability of the process. This contactless analytical technique can be applied in ambient pressure and temperature conditions with high sensitivity, which can benefit disciplines such as forensics science, isotope analysis, and medical analysis, where the sample availability is often diminutive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Alamri
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | - Wanxia Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
| | | | - Sheng Dai
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Zeyad T Alwahabi
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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2
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Kaleris K, Hatziantoniou P, Stelzner B, Trimis D. Laser-sound reproduction by pulse amplitude modulation audio streams. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12102. [PMID: 38802427 PMCID: PMC11130162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the possibility to reproduce complex continuous acoustic signals via pulsed laser-plasma sound sources was demonstrated. This was achieved by optoacoustic transduction of dense laser pulse trains, modulated via single- or multi-bit Sigma-Delta, in the air or on solid targets. In this work, we extend the laser-sound concept to amplitude modulation techniques. Particularly, we demonstrate the possibility of transcoding audio streams directly into acoustic pulse streams by analog pulsed amplitude modulation. For this purpose, an electro-optic modulator is used to achieve pulse-to-pulse amplitude modulation of the laser radiation, similarly to the multi-level Sigma-Delta method. The modulator is directly driven by the analog input stream through an audio interface. The performance of the system is evaluated at a proof-of-principle level for the reproduction of test audio signals such as single tones, double tones and sine sweeps, within a limited frequency range of the audible spectrum. The results are supported by computational simulations of the reproduced acoustic signals using a linear convolution model that takes as input the audio signal and the laser-generated acoustic pulse profile. The study shows that amplitude modulation allows for significant relaxation of the laser repetition rate requirements compared to the Sigma-Delta-based implementation, albeit at the potential cost of increased distortion of the reproduced sound signal. The nature of the distortions is analyzed and a preliminary experimental and computational investigation for their suppression is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kaleris
- Wire Communications Laboratory, Audio and Acoustic Technology Group, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Rio, Patras, Greece.
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Lasers, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 74100 Rethymno, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Hatziantoniou
- Wire Communications Laboratory, Audio and Acoustic Technology Group, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Rio, Patras, Greece
| | - Bjoern Stelzner
- Engler-Bunte-Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Dimosthenis Trimis
- Engler-Bunte-Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Kwapis EH, Borrero J, Latty KS, Andrews HB, Phongikaroon SS, Hartig KC. Laser Ablation Plasmas and Spectroscopy for Nuclear Applications. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 78:9-55. [PMID: 38116788 DOI: 10.1177/00037028231211559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The development of measurement methodologies to detect and monitor nuclear-relevant materials remains a consistent and significant interest across the nuclear energy, nonproliferation, safeguards, and forensics communities. Optical spectroscopy of laser-produced plasmas is becoming an increasingly popular diagnostic technique to measure radiological and nuclear materials in the field without sample preparation, where current capabilities encompass the standoff, isotopically resolved and phase-identifiable (e.g., UO and UO2 ) detection of elements across the periodic table. These methods rely on the process of laser ablation (LA), where a high-powered pulsed laser is used to excite a sample (solid, liquid, or gas) into a luminous microplasma that rapidly undergoes de-excitation through the emission of electromagnetic radiation, which serves as a spectroscopic fingerprint for that sample. This review focuses on LA plasmas and spectroscopy for nuclear applications, covering topics from the wide-area environmental sampling and atmospheric sensing of radionuclides to recent implementations of multivariate machine learning methods that work to enable the real-time analysis of spectrochemical measurements with an emphasis on fundamental research and development activities over the past two decades. Background on the physical breakdown mechanisms and interactions of matter with nanosecond and ultrafast laser pulses that lead to the generation of laser-produced microplasmas is provided, followed by a description of the transient spatiotemporal plasma conditions that control the behavior of spectroscopic signatures recorded by analytical methods in atomic and molecular spectroscopy. High-temperature chemical and thermodynamic processes governing reactive LA plasmas are also examined alongside investigations into the condensation pathways of the plasma, which are believed to serve as chemical surrogates for fallout particles formed in nuclear fireballs. Laser-supported absorption waves and laser-induced shockwaves that accompany LA plasmas are also discussed, which could provide insights into atmospheric ionization phenomena from strong shocks following nuclear detonations. Furthermore, the standoff detection of trace radioactive aerosols and fission gases is reviewed in the context of monitoring atmospheric radiation plumes and off-gas streams of molten salt reactors. Finally, concluding remarks will present future outlooks on the role of LA plasma spectroscopy in the nuclear community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Kwapis
- Nuclear Engineering Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Justin Borrero
- Nuclear Engineering Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kyle S Latty
- Nuclear Engineering Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hunter B Andrews
- Radioisotope Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Kyle C Hartig
- Nuclear Engineering Program, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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4
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Wang Q, Zhang Y, Yang B. Development status of novel spectral imaging techniques and application to traditional Chinese medicine. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:1269-1280. [PMID: 38174122 PMCID: PMC10759257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a treasure of the Chinese nation, providing effective solutions to current medical requisites. Various spectral techniques are undergoing continuous development and provide new and reliable means for evaluating the efficacy and quality of TCM. Because spectral techniques are noninvasive, convenient, and sensitive, they have been widely applied to in vitro and in vivo TCM evaluation systems. In this paper, previous achievements and current progress in the research on spectral technologies (including fluorescence spectroscopy, photoacoustic imaging, infrared thermal imaging, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, hyperspectral imaging, and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy) are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of each technology are also presented. Moreover, the future applications of spectral imaging to identify the origins, components, and pesticide residues of TCM in vitro are elucidated. Subsequently, the evaluation of the efficacy of TCM in vivo is presented. Identifying future applications of spectral imaging is anticipated to promote medical research as well as scientific and technological explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Baofeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
- Research Unit of Noninfectious Chronic Diseases in Frigid Zone, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Melbourne School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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Liang F, Wang J, Fu X, Wang H. Characteristics of laser-induced steel plasmas generated with different focusing conditions. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:6350-6357. [PMID: 37706825 DOI: 10.1364/ao.497188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Laser focusing is an important parameter that affects the characteristics of laser-induced plasma. Focusing lenses with different F-numbers form different energy density distributions near the surface of a sample, thus affecting the characteristics of plasma. In this study, the plasma generated by a nanosecond laser ablation of a micro-alloy steel certified sample at 1 atm of air was investigated. We compare the spectrally integrated plasma images obtained at different defocusing distances for short- and long-focus lenses and investigate the optical emission spectra of laser-induced plasma on steel alloy by using focusing lenses with different F-numbers. With an increase in the defocusing distance, the plasma plume changes from flat to hemispherical and then splitting occurs. The spectral line intensity increases first and then decreases, then increases slightly, and finally decreases gradually. For the long-focus lens, when the focal point is above the sample surface, the laser beam strongly interacts with air over a longer distance, leading to longer air plasma and weaker sample plasma compared with the short-focus lens. Thus, the relative intensity of the second peak in the spectral line intensity, according to the defocusing distance, gradually decreases with increasing F-number. We also obtain two-dimensional spatial distributions of the spectral line intensity according to the F-number and defocusing distance. The optimal defocusing distances for all focusing lenses occur when the focal point is below the sample surface. The relation between the optimal defocusing distance and F-number follows a single- exponential decay function.
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Pento A, Kuzmin I, Kozlovskiy V, Li L, Laptinskaya P, Simanovsky Y, Sartakov B, Nikiforov S. Laser-Induced Ion Formation and Electron Emission from a Nanostructured Gold Surface at Laser Fluence below the Threshold for Plasma Formation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:600. [PMID: 36770561 PMCID: PMC9919040 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The laser formation of positive and negative ions on a nanostructured metal surface is observed at laser fluence below the plasma formation threshold. The laser radiation energy dependences of the yield of positive and negative Au ions and charged clusters as well as electrons from the laser-induced nanostructures on the surface of gold are obtained at laser fluence below the plasma formation threshold using a pulsed laser with a wavelength of 355 nm and a pulse duration of 0.37 ns. It is shown that the ratio of the signals of positive and negative ions is constant over the entire range of the laser radiation energies, while the ion signal dependence on the laser radiation energy is described by a power function with an exponent of 9. The role of gold nanoparticles with a size of less than 5 nm in the formation of Au ions and charged Au clusters is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Pento
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Kuzmin
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Viacheslav Kozlovskiy
- Chernogolovka Branch of the N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, 142432 Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Polina Laptinskaya
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav Simanovsky
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Sartakov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Nikiforov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Lévesque L, Woodcock K, Prezgot D. Laser-induced emission spectra of stainless steels and aluminum irradiated with nanopulse lasers without setting delay: potential applications to remote sensing and laser micromachining. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:7937-7947. [PMID: 36255914 DOI: 10.1364/ao.462496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spectral lines from the impurities held in stainless steel and in aluminum can be clearly identified in the UV and the visible spectra when emission is laser induced. These spectroscopic lines can be initiated in metal irradiated at moderate laser optical densities of about 2.5×108W/cm2. In addition to the lines arising from impurities found in some metals, it was found that some spectroscopic lines from iron oxide formed during irradiation were also detected at the above-mentioned power density. It was found that lines observed from iron oxide are consistent with what is reported in the literature. The investigations reported were produced on samples at optical densities that are sufficient to create an electric field that is about 10 times the air electrical breakdown near the focal point. The results reported were obtained without setting any delay between the laser Q-switch and the data acquisition. The spectroscopic data are comparable to those shown in the literature by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in term of signal-to-noise ratio and are promising in detecting impurities such as heavy metals in remote sensing applications, where pulse delay is not always practical due to atmospheric conditions and power requirements. As a marking procedure is used during the investigations, the method demonstrates how spectroscopic monitoring in real time can be applied during a procedure in laser micromachining applications.
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8
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Nisah K, Rahmi, Ramli M, Iqhrammullah M, Mitaphonna R, Hartadi BS, Abdulmadjid S, Md Sani ND, Idroes R, Safitri E. Controlling the diffusion of micro-volume Pb solution on hydrophobic polyurethane membrane for quantitative analysis using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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9
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Shaloo M, Schnall M, Klein T, Huber N, Reitinger B. A Review of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) Techniques for Defect Detection: Application to Fusion Welding and Future Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Processes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:3697. [PMID: 35629723 PMCID: PMC9147555 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) and fusion welding, various defects such as porosity, cracks, deformation and lack of fusion can occur during the fabrication process. These have a strong impact on the mechanical properties and can also lead to failure of the manufactured parts during service. These defects can be recognized using non-destructive testing (NDT) methods so that the examined workpiece is not harmed. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various NDT techniques for WAAM and fusion welding, including laser-ultrasonic, acoustic emission with an airborne optical microphone, optical emission spectroscopy, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, laser opto-ultrasonic dual detection, thermography and also in-process defect detection via weld current monitoring with an oscilloscope. In addition, the novel research conducted, its operating principle and the equipment required to perform these techniques are presented. The minimum defect size that can be identified via NDT methods has been obtained from previous academic research or from tests carried out by companies. The use of these techniques in WAAM and fusion welding applications makes it possible to detect defects and to take a step towards the production of high-quality final components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Shaloo
- LKR Light Metals Technologies Ranshofen, Austrian Institute of Technology, Lamprechtshausenerstraße 61, 5282 Ranshofen, Austria;
| | - Martin Schnall
- LKR Light Metals Technologies Ranshofen, Austrian Institute of Technology, Lamprechtshausenerstraße 61, 5282 Ranshofen, Austria;
| | - Thomas Klein
- LKR Light Metals Technologies Ranshofen, Austrian Institute of Technology, Lamprechtshausenerstraße 61, 5282 Ranshofen, Austria;
| | - Norbert Huber
- RECENDT Research Center for Non Destructive Testing GmbH, Science Park 2/2. OG, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (N.H.); (B.R.)
| | - Bernhard Reitinger
- RECENDT Research Center for Non Destructive Testing GmbH, Science Park 2/2. OG, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria; (N.H.); (B.R.)
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10
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Synthesis of PVA capped naproxen conjugated MgO nanoparticles and its bioactivity screening. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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11
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Sankararaman S. Unwrapping the compositional mystery of Eumeninae nest: A laser-induced breakdown spectroscopic study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 268:120713. [PMID: 34896674 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The nest of Eumeninae wasp is one of nature's creations, revealing the mysterious architectural beauty through its composition and nanostructuring. The present study unveils the compositional mystery of Eumeninae nest through the signal processing of the laser-induced breakdown spectrum (LIBS). The structure, morphological, and optical characterisations of the nest sample shows nanoparticles of oxides of silicon, aluminium, and iron with an optical bandgap of 2.5 eV, giving a fluorescence emission in the blue region upon ultraviolet excitation. Though, the energy dispersive spectroscopic study confirms the major elements present in the sample, the more elements are revealed through LIBS analysis. The intriguing properties of nest is attributed to the elemental compositions - oxygen, silicon, iron, manganese, chromium, cobalt, calcium and carbon - which necessitate deconvolution of peaks in the spectra for estimating the plasma temperature (4300-5045 K) and electron density (1.13 × 10-19 cm-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sankararaman
- Department of Optoelectronics, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, 695581, Kerala, India.
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12
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Zhang Z, Jia W, Shan Q, Yang X, Hei D, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ling Y. Determination of Magnesium and Sodium in Brine by Filter Paper Adsorption Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. ANAL LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.2025385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbao Jia
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing Shan
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Inner Mongolia Institute of Metrology Testing and Research, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Daqian Hei
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongsheng Ling
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou, China
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Zhang Z, Jia W, Shan Q, Hei D, Wang Z, Wang Y, Ling Y. Determining metal elements in liquid samples using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and phase conversion technology. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:147-155. [PMID: 34919114 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01618k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A phase conversion technology, involving the loading of brine samples with anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) colloidal droplets, is proposed to detect metal elements rapidly and accurately in liquid samples using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. The experimental conditions were optimized by comparing the obtained emission intensities and the signal-to-noise ratios, including the concentration of APAM, volume ratio of APAM solution to sample, delay time, and lens-to-sample distance (LTSD). Three kinds of complex brine samples with slightly soluble salts were used to test the analytical performance of the proposed method. The results show that the discrepancies of the concentrations of Li, Sr and Ca were 0.74-3.59%, compared with those obtained using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. This suggests that the proposed method can successfully determine metal elements in liquid samples, featuring short sample preparation time (less than 20 min), small sample volume (10 μL), and simple operation (no adsorption).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211106 Nanjing, China.
| | - Wenbao Jia
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211106 Nanjing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, 215021 Suzhou, China
| | - Qing Shan
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211106 Nanjing, China.
| | - Daqian Hei
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, 730000 Lanzhou, China
- Institute of Zhongnan Lanxin (Nanjing) Radiation Technology, 211316 Nanjing, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211106 Nanjing, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211106 Nanjing, China.
| | - Yongsheng Ling
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211106 Nanjing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, 215021 Suzhou, China
- Institute of Zhongnan Lanxin (Nanjing) Radiation Technology, 211316 Nanjing, China
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14
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X-ray Fluorescence and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Analysis of Li-Rich Minerals in Veins from Argemela Tin Mine, Central Portugal. MINERALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/min11111169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analyses were applied to samples of quartz, montebrasite, and turquoise hydrothermal veins in the Argemela Tin Mine (Central Portugal). Montebrasite (LiAl(PO4)(OH,F)) is potentially the main ore mineral; with its alteration, lithium (Li) can disseminate into other minerals. A hand sample was cut and analyzed by XRF and LIBS for several elements of interest including Cu, P, Al, Si, and Li. Although XRF cannot measure Li, results from its analysis are effective for distinguishing turquoise from montebrasite. LIBS analysis complemented this study, making it possible to conclude that turquoise does not contain any significant Li in its structure. The difference in spot size between the techniques (5 mm vs. 300 µm for XRF and LIBS, respectively) resulted in a poorer performance by XRF in accurately identifying mixed minerals. A thin section was petrographically characterized and mapped using LIBS. The mapping results demonstrate the possibility of the successful identification of minerals and their alterations on a thin section. The results of XRF analysis and LIBS mapping in petrographic sections demonstrate the efficacy of these methods as tools for element and mineral identification, which can be important in exploration and mining phases, complementing more traditional techniques.
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Stefas D, Gyftokostas N, Nanou E, Kourelias P, Couris S. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: An Efficient Tool for Food Science and Technology (from the Analysis of Martian Rocks to the Analysis of Olive Oil, Honey, Milk, and Other Natural Earth Products). Molecules 2021; 26:4981. [PMID: 34443568 PMCID: PMC8401734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), having reached a level of maturity during the last few years, is generally considered as a very powerful and efficient analytical tool, and it has been proposed for a broad range of applications, extending from space exploration down to terrestrial applications, from cultural heritage to food science and security. Over the last decade, there has been a rapidly growing sub-field concerning the application of LIBS for food analysis, safety, and security, which along with the implementation of machine learning and chemometric algorithms opens new perspectives and possibilities. The present review intends to provide a short overview of the current state-of-the-art research activities concerning the application of LIBS for the analysis of foodstuffs, with the emphasis given to olive oil, honey, and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Stefas
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.S.); (N.G.); (E.N.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Gyftokostas
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.S.); (N.G.); (E.N.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Eleni Nanou
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.S.); (N.G.); (E.N.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Kourelias
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.S.); (N.G.); (E.N.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Stelios Couris
- Department of Physics, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.S.); (N.G.); (E.N.); (P.K.)
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences (ICE-HT), Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 26504 Patras, Greece
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16
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Investigating laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for estimating uranuim by its hydroxide colloids in presence of large excess of LiCl–KCl/Cd. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Gunawan R, Imran A, Ahmed I, Liu Y, Chu Y, Guo L, Yang M, Lau C. FROZEN! Intracellular multi-electrolyte analysis measures millimolar lithium in mammalian cells. Analyst 2021; 146:5186-5197. [PMID: 34297019 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00806d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lithium salts are commonly used as medication for Bipolar Disorder (BD) and depression. However, there are limited methods to quantify intracellular lithium. Most methods to analyze intracellular electrolytes require tedious sample processing, specialized and often expensive machinery, sometimes involving harmful chemicals, and a bulk amount of the sample. In this work, we report a novel method (FROZEN!) based on cell isolation (from the surrounding medium) through rapid de-ionized water cleaning, followed by flash freezing for preservation. SKOV3 cells were cultured in normal medium and a medium containing 1.0 mM lithium. Lithium and other intracellular electrolytes in the isolated and preserved cells were simultaneously analyzed with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Key electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and magnesium, along with lithium, were detectable at the single-cell level. We found that cells cultured in the lithium medium have an intracellular lithium concentration of 0.5 mM. Concurrently, the intracellular concentrations of other positively charged electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and magnesium) were reduced by the presence of lithium. FROZEN! will greatly facilitate research in intracellular electrolyte balance during drug treatment, or other physiological stresses. In particular, the cell isolation and preservation steps can be easily performed by many laboratories worldwide, after which the samples are sent to an analytical laboratory for electrolyte analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renardi Gunawan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, P.R. China
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18
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Spectrochemical Analysis of Cinnamon Using Advanced Analytical XPS and LIBS Techniques. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-05251-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Sobral H, Amador-Mejía M, Márquez-Herrera C. Characterization of Pottery from Teotihuacan Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:728-738. [PMID: 33599521 DOI: 10.1177/0003702821991931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pottery sherds from Teotihuacan, Mexico, belonging to the Formative and Classic periods (150 BCE-700 CE) were investigated using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). LIBS results show that most of the investigated samples have primarily the same elemental composition. Nevertheless, there are also a few sherds that could be associated to foreign ceramic groups with characteristic concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mn, Rb, and Sr. The relative elemental composition of red pigments applied on ceramic bodies was also analyzed through a LIBS depth profiling. Diverse hematite-based pigments were distinguished according to the detected iron content. Hematite was also combined with red soils with a high relative content of Mn, Sr, Ba, or Ti. The ICP-OES analysis of ceramic pastes is consistent with the emission intensities obtained using LIBS. Principal component analysis indicates that all samples identified as locals belong to a single chemical group. Moreover, locally made ceramics and the analyzed clays from the nearby area have the same elemental composition, which appears clearly differentiated from imported samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Sobral
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mitzi Amador-Mejía
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ciro Márquez-Herrera
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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20
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Araújo AS, Castro JP, Sperança MA, Andrade DF, de Mello ML, Pereira-Filho ER. Multiway Calibration Strategies in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A Proposal. Anal Chem 2021; 93:6291-6300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Silva Araújo
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Jeyne Pricylla Castro
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio Sperança
- Group of Alternative Analytical Approaches (GAAA) Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fernandes Andrade
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Matheus Lima de Mello
- Group of Alternative Analytical Approaches (GAAA) Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo 14800-060, Brazil
| | - Edenir Rodrigues Pereira-Filho
- Group of Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
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21
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Laser-sound: optoacoustic transduction from digital audio streams. Sci Rep 2021; 11:476. [PMID: 33483555 PMCID: PMC7822945 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78990-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a novel laser-based optoacoustic transducer capable of reproducing controlled and continuous sound of arbitrary complexity in the air or on solid targets. Light-to-sound transduction is achieved via laser-induced breakdown, leading to the formation of plasma acoustic sources in any desired spatial location. The acoustic signal is encoded into pulse streams via a discrete-time audio modulation and is reproduced by fast consecutive excitation of the target medium with appropriately modulated laser pulses. This results in the signal being directly reconstructed at the desired location of the target medium without the need for a receiver or demodulation device. In this work, the principles and evaluation results of such a novel laser-sound prototype system are presented. The performance of the prototype is evaluated by systematic experimental measurements of audio test signals, from which the basic acoustical response is derived. Moreover, a generic computational model is presented that allows for the simulation of laser-sound reproduction of 1-bit or multibit audio streams. The model evaluations are validated by comparison with the acoustic measurements, whereby a good agreement is found. Finally, the computational model is used to simulate an ideal optoacoustic transducer based on the specifications of state-of-the-art commercially available lasers.
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22
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Ahmed I, Khan MS, Paidi S, Liu Z, Zhang C, Liu Y, Baloch GA, Law AWL, Zhang Y, Barman I, Lau C. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy with machine learning reveals lithium-induced electrolyte imbalance in the kidneys. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 194:113805. [PMID: 33341316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is a major psychiatric medication, especially as long-term maintenance medication for Bipolar Disorder. Despite its effectiveness, lithium has side-effects, such as on renal function. In this study, lithium was administered to adult rats. This animal model of renal function was validated by measuring blood lithium, urea nitrogen (BUN), and thyroxine (T4) using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The kidneys were analyzed by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with 1064 nm ablation and 300-900 nm detection. Principal components analysis (PCA), radial visualization, and random forest classification were performed on the LIBS spectra for multi-element prediction and classification. Lithium at 0.34 mmol/L was detected in the blood of lithium treated subjects only. BUN was increased (6.6 vs. 5.3 mmol/L) and T4 decreased (58.12 vs. 51.4 mmol/L) in the blood of lithium subjects compared with controls, indicating renal abnormalities. LIBS detected lithium at 2.3 mmol/kg in the kidneys of lithium subjects only. Calcium was also observed to be reduced in lithium subjects, compared with controls. Subsequent PCA observed a change in the balance of sodium and potassium in the kidneys. These are key electrolytes in the body. Importantly, partial least squares regression showed that standard clinical measurements, such as the blood tests, can be used to predict kidney electrolyte measurements, which typically cannot be performed in humans. Overall, lithium accumulates in the kidneys and adversely affects renal function. The effects are likely related to electrolyte imbalance. LIBS with machine learning analysis has potential to improve clinical management of renal side-effects in patients on lithium medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Ahmed
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan
| | | | - Santosh Paidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Zhenhui Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yuanchao Liu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gulsher Ali Baloch
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Pakistan
| | - Alan W L Law
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education & Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology & Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Condon Lau
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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23
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Tanski M, Barbucha R, Mizeraczyk J, Tofil S. Imaging and emission spectroscopy of the submicrosecond plasma generated from copper substrate with nanosecond laser pulses. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:8388-8394. [PMID: 32976426 DOI: 10.1364/ao.400488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an experimental investigation of the ablation plasma generated from the copper substrate by means of nanosecond laser pulses is presented. We studied the evolution of the ablation plasma in the first 1000 ns after plasma onset using the fast-gated imaging and optical emission spectroscopy methods. Plasma imaging showed that the expansion of the plume front can be described using a so-called drag model, with the expansion limit increasing with laser fluence from 254 µm for 30J/cm2 to 375 µm for 67J/cm2. By using the Boltzmann plot and Stark broadening methods, it was found that within the first microsecond after onset, the electron excitation temperature and electron number density decrease from 1.2 eV to 0.8 eV and from 4×1016cm-3 to 5×1015cm-3, respectively. Using the McWhirter criterion, we confirmed that in the considered time range the plasma remains in a state of local thermodynamic equilibrium.
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Rudz S, Flaugere R, Wartel M, Pellerin S, Hanus JL. Normalization of absorbed energy and pressure in laser-induced breakdown in mono-atomic and molecular gases according to incident laser energy and initial pressure. IOP SCINOTES 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2633-1357/abaf37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In laser-induced breakdown experiments, the absorbed energy is one of the first measured parameters. For a given optical configuration and incident energy, the measured absorbed energy depending on pressure always exhibits a similar curve for the tested gases: argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and air. This work presents an empirical modelling to predict the pressure dependence of the absorbed energy in mono-atomic and molecular gas efficiently. The first series of experiments, involving Ar, N2 and CO2, presents its efficiency over pressure from 50 to 2400 mbar and incident laser energies from ∼15 to ∼135 mJ. The second series presents the effectiveness of this modelling on air. All experiments are conducted with a Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm and a focal radius of 4.23 μm.
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