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Sánchez-Molina R, Konvalinka NA. Having children in cross-border contexts: late-family formation among homoparental families in Spain. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2024; 29:e18662023. [PMID: 38655961 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232024294.18662023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Considered until recently unfit to rear children, non-heterosexual people have been excluded from forming families in most countries. Many, worldwide, demand access to family formation, claiming the same aptitudes as heterosexual people for raising children. However, when non-heterosexual singles and couples want to become parents in Spain, they must consider transnational contexts, resorting to inter-country adoption or surrogacy abroad, processes that contribute to delay their family formation. They must consider not only Spanish sociocultural conditions, but other countries' legal restrictions regarding parents' gender, social status, and sexual identity. These families experience great difficulty in gaining access to reproductive health services. Based on multi-site ethnographic fieldwork, this text addresses how, despite legislative changes allowing homoparental family formation in Spain, these parents must overcome complex bureaucratic processes when they decide to have children, while facing homophobic attitudes and policies in their quests to become parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Sánchez-Molina
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED Spain). Paseo Senda del Rey, 7, Planta 1ª, 28040. Madrid España.
| | - Nancy Anne Konvalinka
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED Spain). Paseo Senda del Rey, 7, Planta 1ª, 28040. Madrid España.
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Narayan G, Mishra HP, Suvvari TK, Mahajan I, Patnaik M, Kumar S, Amanullah NA, Mishra SS. The Surrogacy Regulation Act of 2021: A Right Step Towards an Egalitarian and Inclusive Society? Cureus 2023; 15:e37864. [PMID: 37213977 PMCID: PMC10199460 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
With the advent of major scientific and technological advancements in obstetrics and gynecology, surrogacy is quickly becoming a viable alternative to enable people of all genders to become parents. However, its path toward reality is still fraught with legal and ethical dilemmas. With the Surrogacy Act of 2021 coming into effect earlier this year, the present article aims to dissect the various legal nuances involved while also considering the societal norms governing the actual scenario at ground zero. Our review discusses the aspects of eligibility criteria, the health implications, the rights of the surrogate mother and the child born, the financial burden, and compensation. We aimed to bring attention to this act and its implications on marginalized segments of society, with an attempt to bring beneficial changes for them. In this review, we provide viable alternatives adopted across the globe to solve the identified issues to make the present act non-discriminatory and more rewarding to all involved beneficiaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang Narayan
- Medical Law and Ethics, National Law School of India University, Bengaluru, IND
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, IND
| | - Hara Prasad Mishra
- Medical Law, National Law School of India University, Bengaluru, IND
- Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, IND
- Computational Medicine, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, IND
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, IND
| | | | - Ishika Mahajan
- Department of Acute Medicine, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln, GBR
| | - Mrinal Patnaik
- Medical Ethics, National Law School of India University, Bengaluru, IND
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal, Bhopal, IND
| | - Sahil Kumar
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, ESIC Dental College and Hospital, New Delhi, IND
| | - Nidhal A Amanullah
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Sree Ramakrishna Mission Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram, IND
| | - Smruti Sikta Mishra
- Occupational Therapy, Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya National Institute for Persons with Physical Disabilities, New Delhi, IND
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Altman MR, Cragg K, van Winkle T, Julian Z, Obedin-Maliver J, Tarasoff LA, Eagen-Torkko MK, Ferrell BL, Rubashkin NA, Lusero I, Vedam S. Birth includes us: Development of a community-led survey to capture experiences of pregnancy care among LGBTQ2S+ families. Birth 2023; 50:109-119. [PMID: 36625538 PMCID: PMC10332260 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited research captures the intersectional and nuanced experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, two-spirit, and other sexual and gender-minoritized (LGBTQ2S+) people when accessing perinatal care services, including care for pregnancy, birth, abortion, and/or pregnancy loss. METHODS We describe the participatory research methods used to develop the Birth Includes Us survey, an online survey study to capture experiences of respectful perinatal care for LGBTQ2S+ individuals. From 2019 to 2021, our research team in collaboration with a multi-stakeholder Community Steering Council identified, adapted, and/or designed survey items which were reviewed and then content validated by community members with lived experience. RESULTS The final survey instrument spans the perinatal care experience, from preconception to early parenthood, and includes items to capture experiences of care across different pregnancy roles (eg, pregnant person, partner/co-parent, intended parent using surrogacy) and pregnancy outcomes (eg, live birth, stillbirth, miscarriage, and abortion). Three validated measures of respectful perinatal care are included, as well as measures to assess experiences of racism, discrimination, and bias across intersections of identity. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS By centering diverse perspectives in the review process, the Birth Includes Us instrument is the first survey to assess the range of experiences within LGBTQ2S+ communities. This instrument is ready for implementation in studies that seek to examine geographic and identity-based perinatal health outcomes and care experiences among LGBTQ2S+ people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R. Altman
- Department of Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kase Cragg
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Teresa van Winkle
- Department of Child, Family, and Population Health Nursing, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Zoë Julian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wellstar Kennestone Regional Medical Center, Marietta, Georgia, USA
| | - Juno Obedin-Maliver
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lesley A. Tarasoff
- Department of Health & Society, University of Toronto Scarborough, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meghan K. Eagen-Torkko
- University of Washington Bothell School of Nursing & Health Studies, Bothell, Washington, USA
| | - Brittany L. Ferrell
- Washington University in St. Louis, Goldfarb School of Nursing, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Rubashkin
- Division of Hospitalist Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology& Reproductive Sciences, Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Saraswathi Vedam
- Birth Place Lab, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Smietana M, Twine FW. Queer decisions: Racial matching among gay male intended parents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE SOCIOLOGY 2022; 63:324-344. [PMID: 36148398 PMCID: PMC9483696 DOI: 10.1177/00207152221102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
How does race and location shape the reproductive decisions of gay men who are intended parents? In this article, we propose the concept of strategic racialization to characterize the ways in which gay male parents employ racial matching in their selection of egg donors and surrogates in the United States and United Kingdom. We argue that racial matching is a strategy of stigma management. This study draws upon interview data from 40 gay male couples who formed families through surrogacy. We find that pre-conception fathers seek racialized resemblance to reinforce kinship between themselves and their children. In California and England, gay men seeking donor eggs engage in racial matching, which reveals that the racialized biogenetic model of kinship remains dominant. This study makes a significant contribution to the literature on race and queer family formation.
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Lau BHP, Forth MW, Huang YT. Correlates of Taiwanese Gay and Bisexual Men's Family-Building Preferences: A Mediation Analysis. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2022; 69:1743-1759. [PMID: 33956589 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2021.1921509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of filial piety, internalized homophobia, and desire for genetic relatedness with one's child in gay and bisexual men's family-building choice. A sample of 1,023 Taiwanese gay and bisexual men with a desire to have a child was recruited to complete an online survey that included the Contemporary Filial Piety Scale, the Chinese Internalized Homophobia Scale, and questions about desire for genetic relatedness with a child and acceptance of adoption and surrogacy. Mediation models, with desire for genetic relatedness as a mediator, were tested. The results show that those who chose surrogacy-only were older and had higher socio-economic status than those who selected adoption-only and both options. Filial piety and internalized homophobia were positively associated with the acceptance of surrogacy-only over adoption-only and both options. Desire for genetic relatedness mediated these relationships. This finding elucidates how sociocultural factors shape family-building preferences among gay and bisexual men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Hi Po Lau
- Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, North Point, Hong Kong
| | - Marty W Forth
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yu-Te Huang
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Huang T. Road of No Return: Uncertainty, Ambivalence, and Change in IVF Journeys in China. Med Anthropol 2022; 41:602-615. [PMID: 35866840 DOI: 10.1080/01459740.2022.2099276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this article, I present how in vitro fertilization (IVF) journeys become "bu gui lu" (a "road of no return") in China. I document the reproductive dilemmas intended parents encounter as they navigate and renegotiate the reproductive futures they desire throughout the process, and characterize the ambivalence caused by the space between individual struggles for conception and the wider demographic anxiety about national falling fertility rates. I argue that the ambivalence experienced by participants throughout their IVF journeys not only reveals the uncertainty they have about their reproductive futures and the ways to achieve them, but it also reflects the broader uncertainty of the demographic future of contemporary China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Huang
- Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Horsey K, Gibson G, Lamanna G, Priddle H, Linara-Demakakou E, Nair S, Arian-Schad M, Thackare H, Rimington M, Macklon N, Ahuja K. First clinical report of 179 surrogacy cases in the UK: implications for policy and practice. Reprod Biomed Online 2022; 45:831-838. [PMID: 35907684 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What implications for policy and practice can be derived from outcomes and trends observed across 8 years of a surrogacy programme in two UK-regulated IVF centres (London, Cardiff)? DESIGN Retrospective cohort study analysing surrogacy treatments undertaken between 2014 and September 2021. RESULTS Surrogacy continues to rise in popularity in the UK despite the inability of those supporting safe and professional practice to advertise to recruit surrogates. In two IVF centres regulated by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), both the number of surrogacy treatments and the proportion of those undertaken on behalf of same-sex male intended parents increased year on year in the period studied. From a cohort of 108 surrogates, 71 babies were born to 61 surrogates (with five pregnancies ongoing) by February 2022. No statistically significant difference in live birth rates (LBR) was observed between the heterosexual couples and same-sex male couples. Sample sizes of single and transgender intended parents were too small (n < 5) to compare. The use of vitrified oocytes in surrogacy treatments has increased year on year, while fresh oocyte use has declined since peaking in 2019. There was no significant difference in LBR between fresh and vitrified oocyte usage across the cohort. CONCLUSIONS The number of surrogacy treatments steadily increased, with clear evidence that the proportion of same-sex male couples accessing surrogacy is a major contributor to this growth. Vitrified/warmed oocyte use now outstrips the use of fresh oocytes in the surrogacy treatment cycles studied here. The results represent a strong basis for supporting the liberalization of regulatory reform expected to be introduced in the UK later in 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Horsey
- London Women's Clinic, London Egg Bank, 113-115 Harley Street, London W1G 6AP, UK
| | - Grace Gibson
- London Women's Clinic, London Egg Bank, 113-115 Harley Street, London W1G 6AP, UK
| | - Giuseppina Lamanna
- London Women's Clinic, London Egg Bank, 113-115 Harley Street, London W1G 6AP, UK
| | - Helen Priddle
- London Women's Clinic, London Egg Bank, 113-115 Harley Street, London W1G 6AP, UK
| | | | - Shailaja Nair
- London Women's Clinic, London Egg Bank, 113-115 Harley Street, London W1G 6AP, UK
| | - Mimi Arian-Schad
- London Women's Clinic, London Egg Bank, 113-115 Harley Street, London W1G 6AP, UK
| | - Hemlata Thackare
- London Women's Clinic, London Egg Bank, 113-115 Harley Street, London W1G 6AP, UK
| | - Michael Rimington
- London Women's Clinic, London Egg Bank, 113-115 Harley Street, London W1G 6AP, UK
| | - Nicholas Macklon
- London Women's Clinic, London Egg Bank, 113-115 Harley Street, London W1G 6AP, UK
| | - Kamal Ahuja
- London Women's Clinic, London Egg Bank, 113-115 Harley Street, London W1G 6AP, UK.
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Shah S, Ergler C, Hohmann-Marriott B. The other side of the story: Intended parents' surrogacy journeys, stigma and relational reproductive justice. Health Place 2022; 74:102769. [PMID: 35217389 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Current surrogacy research primarily focuses on commercial surrogacy with a particular emphasis on experiences of surrogate mothers, whereas intended parents' voices are dominated by western perspectives. Indigenous voices are only a whisper. This study presents another side of the surrogacy story by including the voices of intended parents residing in India, elicited through eight in-depth interviews. We assert there is need to understand Indian intended parents' socio-spatial experiences in the presence of a changing surrogacy law in India and the socio-cultural importance of childbearing and parenthood to move towards relational reproductive justice. By recognising the relational nature of surrogacy reproduction and drawing on the concepts of ethics of care in light of power and stigma discussions, this paper demonstrates how stigma is experienced by intended parents, its effect on their reproductive journey and wellbeing, as well as how stigma hinders achieving the vision of relational reproductive justice. We suggest that, in order to make surrogacy a positive experience for the people involved in surrogacy, there is a need to address stigma and view surrogacy as a relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Shah
- School of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Christina Ergler
- School of Geography, University of Otago, New Zealand; Otago Global Health Institute, University of Otago, New Zealand.
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Pralat R, Anderson J, Burns F, Yarrow E, Barber TJ. Discussing parenthood with gay men diagnosed with HIV: a qualitative study of patient and healthcare practitioner perspectives. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2300. [PMID: 34923967 PMCID: PMC8684690 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on HIV and reproduction has focused largely on women and heterosexual men. This article examines whether it is relevant to address parenthood in HIV care with gay men and what ways of doing so are most appropriate. METHODS Qualitative interviews were conducted at four London clinics with 25 men living with HIV, aged 20-45, who did not have children, and 16 HIV clinicians. A thematic analysis identified potential reasons why parenthood was rarely discussed with gay men in HIV care. RESULTS Two sets of ideas contributed to a lack of conversations about parenthood: clinicians' ideas about what matters to gay men and men's ideas about what it means to be HIV-positive. Both sets of ideas largely excluded having children, with patients and practitioners similarly unlikely to raise the topic of parenthood in the clinic. Contrary to what clinician commonly assumed, many men expressed interest in receiving more information, highlighting the importance of reassuring people upon diagnosis that it is possible to become parents while living with HIV. CONCLUSIONS Parenting desires and intentions were rarely discussed with men in HIV care. Our findings illuminate the potentially beneficial effects of emphasising that having children is a possibility at diagnosis, regardless of patients' gender or sexuality. Conveying this information seems meaningful, not only to men who want to become parents in the future but also to others, as it appears to alleviate fears about mortality and ill health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pralat
- Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, 16 Mill Lane, Cambridge, CB2 1SB, UK.
| | - Jane Anderson
- Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Fiona Burns
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Yarrow
- Centre for Gender Studies, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tristan J Barber
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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van Wichelen S. O governo da gestação por substituição na era da biotecnologia: as biolegalidades cambiantes do parentesco. HORIZONTES ANTROPOLÓGICOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-71832021000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Este artigo examina como o direito interage com as mudanças biotecnológicas, olhando para a maneira em que, em processos de reprodução assistida, justificativas legais se relacionam com o conhecimento biológico e social que está redefinindo “pai” e “mãe”. Usando o conceito de “biolegalidade”, foco no surgimento de novas formas de parentalidade legal, analisando como a reivindicação por direitos pode ser baseada em verdades tanto genéticas quanto jurídicas. Ao contrário dos entendimentos convencionais em que “a lei se arrasta atrás da tecnologia”, o artigo visa demonstrar como o conhecimento jurídico interage com as tecnologias e as ciências da vida para rearranjar os próprios entendimentos sobre os direitos. A partir das práticas dos tribunais australianos em relação à legalização da paternidade de crianças nascidas de uma gestação por substituição no exterior, analiso argumentos e decisões de casos federais e locais, demonstrando como uma “abordagem de direitos humanos” promovida por juízes que agem no “melhor interesse de a criança” desestabiliza a aplicação de leis australianas locais que proíbem a gestação por substituição comercial.
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Pralat R. Sexual identities and reproductive orientations: Coming out as wanting (or not wanting) to have children. SEXUALITIES 2021; 24:276-294. [PMID: 33343222 PMCID: PMC7727021 DOI: 10.1177/1363460720926967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the context of growing visibility, recognition and acceptance of lesbian motherhood and gay fatherhood in countries such as Britain, it is important to ask how younger generations of sexual minorities approach the possibility of becoming a parent. Drawing on interviews with lesbians and gay men who do not have children but may have them in the future, I explore how people become aware that having children is an option. By attending to how this consciousness manifests in conversations and how conversations shape the consciousness, I illuminate specific dynamics that raising the topic of parenthood creates in intimate interactions. My data show that it is often unclear to men and women who form same-sex relationships whether they are socially expected to have children. I argue that this ambiguity requires a kind of 'coming out' through which feelings about parenthood are made explicit. Using the concept of coming out, I ask: What if we were to think of people in terms of their 'reproductive orientations' rather than sexual identities? I suggest that, similar to expressing sexual identities, articulating reproductive orientations involves aligning with particular life trajectories based on binary logic. However, with ambiguous expectations about parenthood, neither having children nor remaining childfree is explicitly normative. As such, unlike coming out as lesbian or gay, which transgresses norms surrounding sexuality, coming out as wanting or not wanting to have children challenges normativity itself. I reflect on how this 'normative challenge' makes it possible to imagine parenthood and 'childfreedom' as intimacies of equal value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pralat
- Robert Pralat, Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, 16 Mill Lane, Cambridge, CB2 1SB, UK.
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Jacobson H. Cross-border reproductive care in the USA: Who comes, why do they come, what do they purchase? REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE & SOCIETY ONLINE 2020; 11:42-47. [PMID: 33204864 PMCID: PMC7653003 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbms.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article explores the participation of non-US-resident patients/clients in the US reproductive market, garnering a picture of cross-border reproductive care (CBRC) into the USA by drawing on the existing literature, identifying the frequency of and motivations for such arrangements, the primary sending countries, and the reproductive services sought. I find that although the expense of US CBRC necessarily limits the patient/client pool, it is largely non-economic factors that drive CBRC into the USA. The US CBRC patient/client base, which is diverse in terms of national origin, race and sexual orientation, is recruited by the US fertility industry and drawn to the full range of assisted reproductive technology (ART) services, such as in-vitro fertilization, surrogacy, oocyte donation and preimplantation genetic screening/preimplantation genetic diagnosis, available in the US market which are often restricted or limited in their countries of origin. CBRC patients/clients enjoy the legal clarity for establishing parentage and citizenship for their children available in the USA, as well as what some view as a medically and ethically superior ART market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Jacobson
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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13
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van Houten JT, Tornello SL, Hoffenaar PJ, Bos HMW. Understanding Parenting Intentions Among Childfree Gay Men: A Comparison With Lesbian Women and Heterosexual Men and Women. Front Psychol 2020; 11:430. [PMID: 32265779 PMCID: PMC7105712 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a growing interest in the parenting intentions of gay men. Prior research has found that gay men are less likely to become parents compared to their heterosexual and lesbian peers, but we know very little about why this discrepancy exists. Our first aim was to investigate whether the strength of parenting intentions is similar or different among childfree gay men compared to lesbian women, and heterosexual men and women. Our second aim was to explore the extent to which the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model (attitude, subjective norms, and self-efficacy) is universal in predicting the strength of parenting intentions across gender and/or sexual orientation. Methods The study was based on a United States cross-sectional, internet-based survey of childfree people who want to become parents in the future. The sample consisted of 58 gay men, 66 lesbian women, 164 heterosexual people (128 women and 36 men). Results A Bayesian ANCOVA showed no support for a gender difference in the strength of parenting intentions. Moderate evidence was provided for gay men and lesbian women reporting a similar strength of parenting intentions compared to their heterosexual peers. Bayesian linear regression analyses showed that perceived positive and negative life changes were stronger predictors of the strength of parenting intentions for men than for women. Perceived positive life changes predicted the strength of parenting intentions similarily across sexual orientations. For gay men and lesbian women, perceived parental acceptance of future parenthood was a weaker predictor of the strength of parenting intentions compared to heterosexual people. Conclusion Those who perceived parenthood as bringing positive life changes, especially for men, expressed stronger parenting intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke T van Houten
- Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Samantha L Tornello
- Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Peter J Hoffenaar
- Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henny M W Bos
- Department of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Layne L. Single fathers by choice: Memoirs of getting twins and triplets via transnational gestational surrogacy. REPRODUCTIVE BIOMEDICINE & SOCIETY ONLINE 2019; 8:47-50. [PMCID: PMC6807310 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbms.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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