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Qiao L, Yan X, Tan H, Dong S, Ju G, Shen H, Ren Z. Mechanical Properties, Melting and Crystallization Behaviors, and Morphology of Carbon Nanotubes/Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyethylene Terephthalate Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142892. [PMID: 35890669 PMCID: PMC9315575 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotube/continuous carbon fiber reinforced poly(ethylene terephthalate) (CNT/CCF/PET) composites are prepared by melt impregnating. The effects of CF and CNT content on the mechanical properties, melt and crystallization behaviors, and submicroscopic morphology of CNT/CCF/PET composites are studied. The tensile test results show that the increase of CF and the addition of appropriate amount of CNT improved the tensile strength and tensile modulus of the composites. When the content of CNT is 1.0 wt% and the content of CF is 56 wt%, the properties of the composites are the best, with tensile strength of 1728.7 MPa and tensile modulus of 25.1 GPa, which is much higher than that of traditional resin matrix composites. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) show that the storage modulus of the composites increased with the increase of CF and CNT content. In particular, the addition of CNT greatly reduced the loss modulus of the composites. Morphological analysis show that the addition of CNT improved the fiber–matrix interface of the composite, which changes from fiber pull-out and fracture failure to fiber matrix fracture failure, and the fiber matrix interface is firmly bonded. In addition, there are polymer coated CNT protrusions on the surface of the fiber was observed. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) show that the melting temperature and crystallization temperature of the composites increased with the increase of CF content. The addition of CNT had little effect on the melting temperature of the composites, but it further improved the crystallization temperature of the composites. The effect of CNT content on the crystallization kinetics of the composites is studied. The non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of the composites is described by Jeziorny’s improved Avrami equation. The results show that CNT has a great influence on the crystallization type of the composites. As a nucleating agent, CNT has obvious heterogeneous nucleation effect in the composites, which improves the crystallization rate of PET.
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Gan Z, Qu S, Li S, Tan T, Yang J. Facile synthesis of PET-based poly(ether ester)s with striking physical and mechanical properties. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Development of Thermo-Responsive Polycaprolactone-Polydimethylsiloxane Shrinkable Nanofibre Mesh. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071427. [PMID: 32708288 PMCID: PMC7407963 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A thermally activated shape memory polymer based on the mixture of polycaprolactone (PCL) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was fabricated into the nanofibre mesh using the electrospinning process. The added percentages of the PDMS segment in the PCL-based polymer influenced the mechanical properties. Polycaprolactone serves as a switching segment to adjust the melting temperature of the shape memory electro-spun PCL–PDMS scaffolds to our body temperature at around 37 °C. Three electro-spun PCL–PDMS copolymer nanofibre samples, including PCL6–PDMS4, PCL7–PDMS3 and PCL8–PDMS2, were characterised to study the thermal and mechanical properties along with the shape memory responses. The results from the experiment showed that the PCL switching segment ratio determines the crystallinity of the copolymer nanofibres, where a higher PCL ratio results in a higher degree of crystallinity. In contrast, the results showed that the mechanical properties of the copolymer samples decreased with the PCL composition ratio. After five thermomechanical cycles, the fabricated copolymer nanofibres exhibited excellent shape memory properties with 98% shape fixity and above 100% recovery ratio. Moreover, biological experiments were applied to evaluate the biocompatibility of the fabricated PCL–PDMS nanofibre mesh. Owing to the thermally activated shape memory performance, the electro-spun PCL–PDMS fibrous mesh has a high potential for biomedical applications such as medical shrinkable tubing and wire.
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Mi HY, Jing X, Yilmaz G, Hagerty BS, Enriquez E, Turng LS. In Situ Synthesis of Polyurethane Scaffolds with Tunable Properties by Controlled Crosslinking of Tri-Block Copolymer and Polycaprolactone Triol for Tissue Regeneration. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2018; 348:786-798. [PMID: 30455583 PMCID: PMC6238968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mimicking the mechanical properties of native tissues is a critical criterion for an ideal tissue engineering scaffold. However, most biodegradable synthetic materials, including polyester-based polyurethanes (PUs), consist of rigid polyester chains and have high crystallinity. They typically lack the elasticity of most human tissues. In this study, a new type of biodegradable PU with excellent elasticity was synthesized based on the controlled crosslinking of poly(ester ether) triblock copolymer diols and polycaprolactone (PCL) triols using urethane linkages. Three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds with a defined geometry, tunable microstructures, and adjustable mechanical properties were synthesized in situ using an isocyanate-ended copolymer, a tri-armed PCL, and a chain extender. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds can be easily tuned by changing the ratio of reactants, varying the solution concentration, or using a porogen. Notably, all of these scaffolds, although mostly made of rigid PCL chains, showed remarkable elasticity and cyclical properties. With an optimized molecular design, a maximum recovery rate of 99.8% was achieved. This was because the copolymer provided molecular flexibility while the long chain crosslinking of PCL triol hindered crystallization, thus making the PU behave like an amorphous elastic material. Moreover, the in vitro cell culture of 3T3 fibroblasts and MG63 osteoblast-like cells confirmed the biocompatibility of these PU scaffolds and revealed that scaffolds with different stiffnesses can stimulate the proliferation of different types of cells. All of these attributes make PU scaffolds extremely suitable for the regeneration of tissues that experience dynamic loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Mi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53715, USA
| | - Xin Jing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Galip Yilmaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53715, USA
| | - Breanna S. Hagerty
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53715, USA
| | - Eduardo Enriquez
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53715, USA
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53715, USA
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Kim S, Linh PTT, Kang J, Kim I. Phosphorus-containing thermoplastic poly(ether ester) elastomers showing intrinsic flame retardancy. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seonggyun Kim
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer Science, and Engineering, Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Thi Thuy Linh
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer Science, and Engineering, Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeryeon Kang
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer Science, and Engineering, Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Republic of Korea
| | - Il Kim
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology; Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer Science, and Engineering, Pusan National University; Busan 609-735 Republic of Korea
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Mi HY, Jing X, Napiwocki BN, Hagerty BS, Chen G, Turng LS. Biocompatible, degradable thermoplastic polyurethane based on polycaprolactone-block-polytetrahydrofuran-block-polycaprolactone copolymers for soft tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:4137-4151. [PMID: 29170715 PMCID: PMC5695921 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb00419b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable synthetic polymers have been widely used as tissue engineering scaffold materials. Even though they have shown excellent biocompatibility, they have failed to resemble the low stiffness and high elasticity of soft tissues because of the presence of massive rigid ester bonds. Herein, we synthesized a new thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (CTC-PU(BET)) using poly ester ether triblock copolymer (polycaprolactone-block-polytetrahydrofuran-block-polycaprolactone triblock copolymer, PCTC) as the soft segment, aliphatic diisocyanate (hexamethylene diisocyanate, HDI) as the hard segment, and degradable diol (bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate, BET) as the chain extender. PCTC inhibited crystallization and reduced the melting temperature of CTC-PU(BET), and BET dramatically enhanced the thermal decomposition and hydrolytic degradation rate when compared with conventional polyester-based biodegradable TPUs. The CTC-PU(BET) synthesized in this study possessed a low tensile modulus and tensile strength of 2.2 MPa and 1.3 MPa, respectively, and an elongation-at-break over 700%. Meanwhile, it maintained a 95.3% recovery rate and 90% resilience over ten cycles of loading and unloading. In addition, the TPU could be electrospun into both random and aligned fibrous scaffolds consisting of major microfibers and nanobranches. 3T3 fibroblast cell culture confirmed that these scaffolds outperformed the conventional biodegradable TPU scaffolds in terms of substrate-cellular interactions and cell proliferation. Considering the advantages of this TPU, such as ease of synthesis, low cost, low stiffness, high elasticity, controllable degradation rate, ease of processability, and excellent biocompatibility, it has great prospects to be used as a tissue engineering scaffold material for soft tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Mi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South
China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53715, USA
| | - Xin Jing
- Department of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering, South
China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53715, USA
| | - Brett N. Napiwocki
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53715, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Breanna S. Hagerty
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53715, USA
| | - Guojun Chen
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53715, USA
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53715, USA
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Hao T, Zhang C, Hu GH, Jiang T, Zhang Q. Effects of co-hard segments on the microstructure and properties thermoplastic poly(ether ester) elastomers. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tonghui Hao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Hubei University; Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Hubei University; Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Guo-Hua Hu
- Laboratory of Reactions and Process Engineering; CNRS-University of Lorraine; 1 rue Grandville, BP 20451 54001 Nancy Cedex France
| | - Tao Jiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Hubei University; Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Qunchao Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Hubei University; Wuhan 430062 China
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John JV, Kim KR, Baek ST, Yoon JH, Suh H, Kim I. Effect of chain-extender modification on the structure and properties of thermoplastic poly(ether ester) elastomers. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnson V. John
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Pusan National University; Pusan 609-735 Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Ryul Kim
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Pusan National University; Pusan 609-735 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Tae Baek
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Pusan National University; Pusan 609-735 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Ho Yoon
- Enviromental Materials and Components R&D Center; Korea Automotive Technology Institute; Chonan-Si Chungnam 330-912 Republic of Korea
| | - Hongsuk Suh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials; Pusan National University; Pusan 609-735 Republic of Korea
| | - Il Kim
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Pusan National University; Pusan 609-735 Republic of Korea
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Zhang A, Bai H, Li L. Breath Figure: A Nature-Inspired Preparation Method for Ordered Porous Films. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9801-68. [PMID: 26284609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aijuan Zhang
- College of Materials, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Bai
- College of Materials, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Materials, Xiamen University , Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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Thermoplastic polyurethanes for the manufacturing of highly dosed oral sustained release matrices via hot melt extrusion and injection molding. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 90:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bai W, Xiao X, Cai L, Xu Y, Lin J. Fabrication of morphology-controlled nano/microstructural polyfluorene in mixed nonsolvent vapor atmospheres. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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