1
|
Wu X, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence-readout as a powerful macromolecular characterisation tool. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12815-12849. [PMID: 38023522 PMCID: PMC10664555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant progress in synthetic macromolecular chemistry, which can provide access to diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities, topology and functionalities, bringing us closer to the aim of controlling soft matter material properties with molecular precision. To reach this goal, the development of advanced analytical techniques, allowing for micro-, molecular level and real-time investigation, is essential. Due to their appealing features, including high sensitivity, large contrast, fast and real-time response, as well as non-invasive characteristics, fluorescence-based techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for macromolecular characterisation to provide detailed information and give new and deep insights beyond those offered by commonly applied analytical methods. Herein, we critically examine how fluorescence phenomena, principles and techniques can be effectively exploited to characterise macromolecules and soft matter materials and to further unravel their constitution, by highlighting representative examples of recent advances across major areas of polymer and materials science, ranging from polymer molecular weight and conversion, architecture, conformation to polymer self-assembly to surfaces, gels and 3D printing. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for fluorescence-readout to further advance the development of macromolecules, leading to the design of polymers and soft matter materials with pre-determined and adaptable properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Double Role of Diphenylpyridine Derivatives as Fluorescent Sensors for Monitoring Photopolymerization and the Determination of the Efficiencies of the Generation of Superacids by Cationic Photoinitiators. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20113043. [PMID: 32471215 PMCID: PMC7308876 DOI: 10.3390/s20113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Novel fluorescent sensors with electron-donating or electron-withdrawing substituents incorporated into a chromophore group based on 2,6-diphenylpyridine were designed and synthesised. The spectroscopic properties of these compounds were studied. Moreover, the positive solvatochromism of 2,6-bis-(4-methylsulphanylphenyl)pyridine (PT-SCH3) in selected solvents was studied by measurement of the absorption and emission spectra and analysed using the Dimroth-Reichardt solvent parameter set. After that, the performance of a series of 2,6-diphenylpyridine derivatives as fluorescent molecular sensors for monitoring free-radical and cationic photopolymerization processes by the Fluorescence Probe Technique (FPT) was studied. As a consequence of this stage of research, the effect of substituents on the sensitivity of the 2,6-diphenylpyridine derivatives as sensors during photopolymerization has been evaluated and discussed. It has been found that compounds containing strong electron-donating substituent (PT-SCH3) slightly shift their fluorescence spectrum during the free-radical polymerization of monomer, which enables the monitoring of the polymerization progress using the fluorescence intensity ratio measured at two different wavelengths as the progress indicator. The position of the fluorescence spectrum of 2,6-diphenylpyridine derivatives with electron-withdrawing substituents is practically insensitive to changes occurring in their environment. Hence, it is recommended to use these compounds with different indicators of the progress of the photopolymerization process based on normalised intensity of fluorescence (Imax/I0). Among the compounds studied, 2,6-bis(4-methylsulphanylphenyl)pyridine (PT-SCH3) turned out to be the best fluorescent sensor for the purpose of monitoring free-radical polymerization by FPT. Consequently, the dual application of the selected 2,6-diphenylpyridine derivatives is proposed: (a) as fluorescent sensors for monitoring the free-radical photopolymerization progress, and (b) as spectroscopic sensors for the determination of efficiencies of the generation of superacids by cationic photoinitiators during the cationic photopolymerization process. Finally, a new method for determining the relative efficiency of the photogeneration of superacids during the photo cleavage of onium salt has been devised and applied for the evaluation of the performance of 2,6-diphenylpyridine derivatives.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Huang Z, Zhou N, Dong XH, Zhu X, Zhang Z. Quantitatively monitoring polymer chain growth and topology formation based on monodisperse polymers. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00322f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a novel technique for monitoring polymer chain growth and topology formation was demonstrated by precision synthesis of monodisperse polymers, which opened a novel avenue for obtaining real-time polymer structure information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zimu Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Zhihao Huang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Nianchen Zhou
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Xue-Hui Dong
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Medel S, Bosch P, Grabchev I, Shah PK, Liu J, Aguirre-Soto A, Stansbury JW. Simultaneous Measurement of Fluorescence, Conversion and Physical/mechanical Properties for Monitoring Bulk and Localized Photopolymerization Reactions in Heterogeneous Systems. RSC Adv 2016; 6:41275-41286. [PMID: 27213038 PMCID: PMC4871629 DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06341a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An FT-NIR spectrometer, rheometer and fluorescence spectrophotometer were coupled for the real-time monitoring of polymerization reactions, allowing the simultaneous tracking of polymerization kinetics, storage modulus as well as fluorescence. In this study, a methacrylate functionalized dansyl chromophore (DANSMA) was synthesized and two different nanogels were made from urethane dimethacrylate and isobornyl methacrylate. Two series of resin formulations were prepared using the DANSMA probe, ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate as the matrix monomer, Irgacure® 651 as the initiator and the dispersed, monomer-swollen nanogels to give clear UV-curable resins. Placement of the fluorescent probe either throughout the resin or linked into the nanogel before its dispersion in the matrix provides a tool to study how the nanogel structure affects local network development by means of fluorescence from the DANSMA probe. We demonstrate the potential of this new technique using a composite as the two phase system (resin and polymerizable nanogel) including a dansyl derivative as a polymerizable probe to follow the reactions that are taking places in both phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Medel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, 80303, CO, USA
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICJP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Bosch
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICJP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - I. Grabchev
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Medicine, 1470, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - P. K. Shah
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, 80303, CO, USA
| | - J. Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, 80303, CO, USA
| | - A. Aguirre-Soto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, 80303, CO, USA
| | - J. W. Stansbury
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, 80303, CO, USA
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, 12800 East 19 Ave., Aurora, 80045, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tian N, Ni X, Shen Z. Synthesis of main-chain imidazolium-based hyperbranched polymeric ionic liquids and their application in the stabilization of Ag nanoparticles. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
7
|
Medel S, Bosch P, Grabchev I, de la Torre MC, Ramírez P. Click chemistry to fluorescent hyperbranched polymeric sensors. 2. Synthesis, spectroscopic and cation-sensing properties of new green fluorescent 1,8-naphthalimides. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|