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Kaczor P, Bazan P, Kuciel S. Bioactive Polyoxymethylene Composites: Mechanical and Antibacterial Characterization. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5718. [PMID: 37630009 PMCID: PMC10456240 DOI: 10.3390/ma16165718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the strength and antibacterial properties of composites based on structural polyoxymethylene. The base material was modified with the most used antibacterial additives, such as silver nanoparticles, copper oxide, zinc oxide, and titanium oxide. Basic strength and low-cycle fatigue tests were conducted to determine the dissipation energy of the material. The composites were also tested for antibacterial properties against two strains of bacteria: Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. Strength properties showed no significant changes in the mechanical behavior of the tested composites against the matrix material. The best antibacterial additive was the addition of titanium oxide nanoparticles, providing 100% efficacy against Escherichia coli and almost 100% biocidal efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus. The other antibacterial additives showed biocidal efficacy of about 30-40% against the unmodified material. The added value of the work is the consistency in the methodology of testing materials modified with antibacterial additives, as well as the same compactness of the introduced additives. This study makes it clear which of the introduced additives has the highest biocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrycja Bazan
- Chair of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Kraków, Poland; (P.K.); (S.K.)
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The Effect of PCL Addition on 3D-Printable PLA/HA Composite Filaments for the Treatment of Bone Defects. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163305. [PMID: 36015563 PMCID: PMC9416491 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The still-growing field of additive manufacturing (AM), which includes 3D printing, has enabled manufacturing of patient-specific medical devices with high geometrical accuracy in a relatively quick manner. However, the development of materials with specific properties is still ongoing, including those for enhanced bone-repair applications. Such applications seek materials with tailored mechanical properties close to bone tissue and, importantly, that can serve as temporary supports, allowing for new bone ingrowth while the material is resorbed. Thus, controlling the resorption rate of materials for bone applications can support bone healing by balancing new tissue formation and implant resorption. In this regard, this work aimed to study the combination of polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HA) to develop customized biocompatible and bioresorbable polymer-based composite filaments, through extrusion, for fused filament fabrication (FFF) printing. PLA and PCL were used as supporting polymer matrices while HA was added to enhance the biological activity. The materials were characterized in terms of mechanical properties, thermal stability, chemical composition and morphology. An accelerated degradation study was executed to investigate the impact of degradation on the above-mentioned properties. The results showed that the materials' chemical compositions were not affected by the extrusion nor the printing process. All materials exhibited higher mechanical properties than human trabecular bone, even after degradation with a mass loss of around 30% for the polymer blends and 60% for the composites. It was also apparent that the mineral accelerated the polymer degradation significantly, which can be advantageous for a faster healing time, where support is required only for a shorter time period.
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Development and Characterization of 3D Printed Multifunctional Bioscaffolds Based on PLA/PCL/HAp/BaTiO3 Composites. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone substitute materials are placed in bone defects and play an important role in bone regeneration and fracture healing. The main objective of the present research is fabrication through the technique of 3D printing and the characterization of innovative composite bone scaffolds composed of polylactic acid (PLA), poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) while hydroxyapatite (HAp), and/or barium titanate (BaTiO3—BT) used as fillers. Composite filaments were prepared using a single screw melt extruder, and finally, 3D composite scaffolds were fabricated using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a satisfactory distribution of the fillers into the filaments and the printed objects. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements revealed that PLA/PCL filaments exhibit lower glass transition and melting point temperatures than the pure PLA filaments. Finally, piezoelectric and dielectric measurements of the 3D objects showed that composite PLA/PCL scaffolds containing HAp and BT exhibited piezoelectric coefficient (d33) values close to the human bone and high dielectric permittivity values.
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Preparation and characterization of hot-melt extruded polycaprolactone-based filaments intended for 3D-printing of tablets. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 158:105619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ramos M, Fortunati E, Beltrán A, Peltzer M, Cristofaro F, Visai L, Valente AJ, Jiménez A, Kenny JM, Garrigós MC. Controlled Release, Disintegration, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Thymol/Nanoclay Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1878. [PMID: 32825481 PMCID: PMC7565000 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-biocomposite films based on poly (lactic acid) (PLA) were prepared by adding thymol (8 wt.%) and a commercial montmorillonite (D43B) at different concentrations (2.5 and 5 wt.%). The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and disintegration properties of all films were determined. A kinetic study was carried out to evaluate the thymol release from the polymer matrix into ethanol 10% (v/v) as food simulant. The nanostructured networks formed in binary and ternary systems were of interest in controlling the release of thymol into the food simulant. The results indicated that the diffusion of thymol through the PLA matrix was influenced by the presence of the nanoclay. Disintegration tests demonstrated that the incorporation of both additives promoted the breakdown of the polymer matrix due to the presence of the reactive hydroxyl group in the thymol structure and ammonium groups in D43B. Active films containing thymol and D43B efficiently enhanced the antioxidant activity (inhibition values higher than 77%) of the nano-biocomposites. Finally, the addition of 8 wt.% thymol and 2.5 wt.% D43B significantly increased the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4, resulting in a clear advantage to improve the shelf-life of perishable packaged food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ramos
- Nutrition & Food Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (A.B.); (A.J.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Elena Fortunati
- Civil Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy; (E.F.); (J.M.K.)
| | - Ana Beltrán
- Nutrition & Food Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (A.B.); (A.J.); (M.C.G.)
| | - Mercedes Peltzer
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Bernal, Buenos Aires B1876BXD, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA), Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Francesco Cristofaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.C.); (L.V.)
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (C.H.T.), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.C.); (L.V.)
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, Istituti Clinici Scientifici (ICS) Maugeri, Società Benefit S.p.A IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Artur J.M. Valente
- Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, CQC, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Alfonso Jiménez
- Nutrition & Food Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (A.B.); (A.J.); (M.C.G.)
| | - José María Kenny
- Civil Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy; (E.F.); (J.M.K.)
| | - María Carmen Garrigós
- Nutrition & Food Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Alicante, 03080 Alicante, Spain; (A.B.); (A.J.); (M.C.G.)
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Preparation of Sawdust-Filled Recycled-PET Composites via Solid-State Compounding. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, consumer markets have shown great interest in sustainable products. Considerable research efforts are headed towards developing biodegradable and recyclable polymers and composites. In this study, the fabrication of a wood–plastic composite (WPC) via solid state compounding has been examined. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and wood sawdust waste as major components of waste and challenging materials for the manufacturing of WPCs have been explored. Furthermore, the addition of poly(ε-caprolactone) as a biodegradable plasticizing agent was investigated. Composite powders were prepared by cryogenic solid-state milling (cryomilling) according to a statistical mixture design. Mechanical and water absorption properties were inspected on film samples obtained by hot pressing. Different formulations resulted in a variety of colors, textures, water interactions and mechanical properties. A sawdust content of approximately 25 vol.% was optimal for the best combination of properties. The results indicated that cryomilling is technically advantageous in the production of WPCs.
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