1
|
dos Santos Ferreira MC, Pendleton A, Yeo W, Málaga Gadea FC, Camelo D, McGuire M, Brinsmade SR. In Staphylococcus aureus, the acyl-CoA synthetase MbcS supports branched-chain fatty acid synthesis from carboxylic acid and aldehyde precursors. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:865-881. [PMID: 38366323 PMCID: PMC11167679 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
In the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) are the most abundant fatty acids in membrane phospholipids. Strains deficient for BCFAs synthesis experience auxotrophy in laboratory culture and attenuated virulence during infection. Furthermore, the membrane of S. aureus is among the main targets for antibiotic therapy. Therefore, determining the mechanisms involved in BCFAs synthesis is critical to manage S. aureus infections. Here, we report that the overexpression of SAUSA300_2542 (annotated to encode an acyl-CoA synthetase) restores BCFAs synthesis in strains lacking the canonical biosynthetic pathway catalyzed by the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BKDH) complex. We demonstrate that the acyl-CoA synthetase activity of MbcS activates branched-chain carboxylic acids (BCCAs), and is required by S. aureus to utilize the isoleucine derivative 2-methylbutyraldehyde to restore BCFAs synthesis in S. aureus. Based on the ability of some staphylococci to convert branched-chain aldehydes into their respective BCCAs and our findings demonstrating that branched-chain aldehydes are in fact BCFAs precursors, we propose that MbcS promotes the scavenging of exogenous BCCAs and mediates BCFA synthesis via a de novo alternative pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Augustus Pendleton
- Department of BiologyGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
- Present address:
Department of MicrobiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | - Won‐Sik Yeo
- Department of BiologyGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | | | - Danna Camelo
- Department of BiologyGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Maeve McGuire
- Department of BiologyGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - Shaun R. Brinsmade
- Department of BiologyGeorgetown UniversityWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumari K, Sharma PK, Ma Y, Singh RP. First Report on the Versatile Secretome of an Environmental Isolate Acinetobacter pittii S-30. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:202. [PMID: 37145205 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03313-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Acinetobacter species is currently ranked as high-priority pathogen for their extraordinary ability to become resistant to almost all existing antibiotics. The diverse range of effectors secreted by Acinetobacter spp. constitutes a significant proportion of the virulence arsenal. Therefore, our study aims to characterize the secretome of Acinetobacter pittii S-30. Analysis of extracellular secreted proteins of A. pittii S-30 revealed the presence of transporter proteins, outer membrane proteins, molecular chaperones, porins, and several proteins of unknown function. Additionally, proteins related to metabolism, as well as those involved in gene expression and protein translation, type VI secretion system (T6SS) proteins, and stress response-related proteins were also identified in the secretome. The comprehensive analysis of secretome revealed putative protein antigens which could elicit substantial immune response. The limited availability of effective antibiotics and the worldwide growth of secretome data make this approach appealing in the development of effective vaccines against Acinetobacter and other bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumari
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology BIT Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India
| | - Parva Kumar Sharma
- Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Ying Ma
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rajnish Prakash Singh
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology BIT Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhan Y, Xu H, Tan HT, Ho YS, Yang D, Chen S, Ow DSW, Lv X, Wei F, Bi X, Chen S. Systematic Adaptation of Bacillus licheniformis to 2-Phenylethanol Stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0156822. [PMID: 36752618 PMCID: PMC9972911 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01568-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The compound 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) is a bulk flavor and fragrance with a rose-like aroma that can be produced by microbial cell factories, but its cellular toxicity inhibits cellular growth and limits strain performance. Specifically, the microbe Bacillus licheniformis has shown a strong tolerance to 2-PE. Understanding these tolerance mechanisms is crucial for achieving the hyperproduction of 2-PE. In this report, the mechanisms of B. licheniformis DW2 resistance to 2-PE were studied by multi-omics technology coupled with physiological and molecular biological approaches. 2-PE induced reactive oxygen species formation and affected nucleic acid, ribosome, and cell wall synthesis. To manage 2-PE stress, the antioxidant and global stress response systems were activated; the repair system of proteins and homeostasis of the ion and osmotic were initiated. Furthermore, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and NADPH synthesis pathways were upregulated; correspondingly, scanning electron microscopy revealed that cell morphology was changed. These results provide deeper insights into the adaptive mechanisms of B. licheniformis to 2-PE and highlight the potential targets for genetic manipulation to enhance 2-PE resistance. IMPORTANCE The ability to tolerate organic solvents is essential for bacteria producing these chemicals with high titer, yield, and productivity. As exemplified by 2-PE, bioproduction of 2-PE represents a promising alternative to chemical synthesis and plant extraction approaches, but its toxicity hinders successful large-scale microbial production. Here, a multi-omics approach is employed to systematically study the mechanisms of B. licheniformis DW2 resistance to 2-PE. As a 2-PE-tolerant strain, B. licheniformis displays multifactorial mechanisms of 2-PE tolerance, including activating global stress response and repair systems, increasing NADPH supply, changing cell morphology and membrane composition, and remodeling metabolic pathways. The current work yields novel insights into the mechanisms of B. licheniformis resistance to 2-PE. This knowledge can also be used as a clue for improving bacterial performances to achieve industrial-scale production of 2-PE and potentially applied to the production of other relevant organic solvents, such as tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haixia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hween Tong Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Swan Ho
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuwen Chen
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dave Siak-Wei Ow
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Bi
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ravikumar V, Mijakovic I, Pandit S. Antimicrobial Activity of Graphene Oxide Contributes to Alteration of Key Stress-Related and Membrane Bound Proteins. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:6707-6721. [PMID: 36597432 PMCID: PMC9805717 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s387590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antibacterial activity of graphene oxide (GO) has been extensively studied, wherein penetration of the bacterial cell membrane and oxidative stress are considered to play a major role in the bactericidal activity of GO. However, the specific mechanism responsible for the antibacterial activity of GO remains largely unknown. Hence, the goal of this study was to explore the mode of action of GO, via an in-depth proteomic analysis of the targeted bacteria. Methods Staphylococcus aureus was grown in the presence of GO and samples were collected at different growth phases to examine the cell viability and to analyze the changes in protein expression. Antimicrobial efficiency of GO was tested by assessing bacterial viability, live/dead staining and scanning electron microscopy. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by GO treatment were examined by fluorescence microscopy. Label-free quantitative proteomics analysis was performed to examine the differentially regulated proteins in S. aureus after GO treatment. Results GO treatment was observed to reduce S. aureus viability, from 50 ± 17% after 4 h, to 93 ± 2% after 24 h. The live/dead staining confirmed this progressive antimicrobial effect of GO. SEM images revealed the wrapping of bacterial cells and their morphological disruption by means of pore formation due to GO insertion. GO treatment was observed to generate intracellular ROS, correlating to the loss of cell viability. The proteomics analysis revealed alteration in the expression of cell membrane, oxidative stress response, general stress response, and virulence-associated proteins in GO-treated bacterial cells. The time-dependent bactericidal activity of GO correlated with a higher number of differentially regulated proteins involved in the above.-mentioned processes. Conclusion The obtained results suggest that the time-dependent bactericidal effect of GO is attributed to its wrapping/trapping ability, ROS production and due to physical disruption of the cell membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaishnavi Ravikumar
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Santosh Pandit
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden,Correspondence: Santosh Pandit, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden, Tel +46 729484011, Fax +46 317723801, Email
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fritsch VN, Loi VV, Kuropka B, Gruhlke M, Weise C, Antelmann H. The MarR/DUF24-Family QsrR Repressor Senses Quinones and Oxidants by Thiol Switch Mechanisms in Staphylococcus aureus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 38:877-895. [PMID: 36242097 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Aims: The MarR/DUF24-family QsrR and YodB repressors control quinone detoxification pathways in Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. In S. aureus, the QsrR regulon also confers resistance to antimicrobial compounds with quinone-like elements, such as rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, and pyocyanin. Although QsrR was shown to be inhibited by thiol-S-alkylation of its conserved Cys4 residue by 1,4-benzoquinone, YodB senses quinones and diamide by the formation of reversible intermolecular disulfides. In this study, we aimed at further investigating the redox-regulation of QsrR and the role of its Cys4, Cys29, and Cys32 residues under quinone and oxidative stress in S. aureus. Results: The QsrR regulon was strongly induced by quinones and oxidants, such as diamide, allicin, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and AGXX® in S. aureus. Transcriptional induction of catE2 by quinones and oxidants required Cys4 and either Cys29' or Cys32' of QsrR for redox sensing in vivo. DNA-binding assays revealed that QsrR is reversibly inactivated by quinones and oxidants, depending on Cys4. Using mass spectrometry, QsrR was shown to sense diamide by an intermolecular thiol-disulfide switch, involving Cys4 and Cys29' of opposing subunits in vitro. In contrast, allicin caused S-thioallylation of all three Cys residues in QsrR, leading to its dissociation from the operator sequence. Further, the QsrR regulon confers resistance against quinones and oxidants, depending on Cys4 and either Cys29' or Cys32'. Conclusion and Innovation: QsrR was characterized as a two-Cys-type redox-sensing regulator, which senses the oxidative mode of quinones and strong oxidants, such as diamide, HOCl, and the antimicrobial compound allicin via different thiol switch mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Institute of Biology-Microbiology; Berlin, Germany
| | - Benno Kuropka
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Gruhlke
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Weise
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ibrahim ES, Ohlsen K. The Old Yellow Enzyme OfrA Fosters Staphylococcus aureus Survival via Affecting Thiol-Dependent Redox Homeostasis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:888140. [PMID: 35656003 PMCID: PMC9152700 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.888140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Old yellow enzymes (OYEs) are widely found in the bacterial, fungal, and plant kingdoms but absent in humans and have been used as biocatalysts for decades. However, OYEs’ physiological function in bacterial stress response and infection situations remained enigmatic. As a pathogen, the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus adapts to numerous stress conditions during pathogenesis. Here, we show that in S. aureus genome, two paralogous genes (ofrA and ofrB) encode for two OYEs. We conducted a bioinformatic analysis and found that ofrA is conserved among all publicly available representative staphylococcal genomes and some Firmicutes. Expression of ofrA is induced by electrophilic, oxidative, and hypochlorite stress in S. aureus. Furthermore, ofrA contributes to S. aureus survival against reactive electrophilic, oxygen, and chlorine species (RES, ROS, and RCS) via thiol-dependent redox homeostasis. At the host–pathogen interface, S. aureusΔofrA has defective survival in macrophages and whole human blood and decreased staphyloxanthin production. Overall, our results shed the light onto a novel stress response strategy in the important human pathogen S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eslam S Ibrahim
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Knut Ohlsen
- Institute of Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Characterization of a sorbose oxidase involved in the biosynthesis of 2-keto-L-gulonic acid from Gluconobacter oxydans WSH-004. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
8
|
Cattò C, Villa F, Cappitelli F. Understanding the Role of the Antioxidant Drug Erdosteine and Its Active Metabolite on Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin Resistant Biofilm Formation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121922. [PMID: 34943025 PMCID: PMC8698571 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing numbers of researches have suggested that some drugs with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mechanisms of action modulate biofilm formation of some pathogenic strains. However, the full contribution of ROS to biofilm development is still an open question. In this paper, the correlations between the antioxidant drug Erdosteine (Er) and its active Metabolite I (Met I), ROS and biofilm development of two strains of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus are presented. Experiments revealed that Er and Met I at 2 and 5 mg/L increased up to three orders of magnitude the number of biofilm-dwelling cells, while the content of ROS within the biofilms was reduced above the 87%, with a major effect of Met I in comparison to Er. Comparative proteomics showed that, 5 mg/L Met I modified the expression of 30% and 65% of total proteins in the two strains respectively. Some proteins involved in cell replication were upregulated, and a nitric oxide-based mechanism is assumed to modulate the biofilm development by changing quorum sensitive pathways. Additionally, several proteins involved in virulence were downregulated in the presence of Met I, suggesting that treated cells, despite being greater in number, might have lost part of their virulence.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bilgiçli AT, Hepokur C, Bilgicli HG, Tüzün B, Günsel A, Mısır S, Zengin M, Yarasir MN. Tetra-substituted phthalocyanines bearing thiazolidine derivatives: synthesis, anticancer activity on different cancer cell lines, and molecular docking studies. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15778-15792. [PMID: 34705003 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the first step, (4R)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (c) and 2-(2-(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)phenyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (1) were prepared. Then, the peripherally tetra-substituted metallophthalocyanines [ZnPc (2), CuPc (3), and CoPc (4)] were synthesized by using 1. The structures of the obtained compounds were characterized by common spectroscopic methods. Aggregation behaviors of the tetra-substituted metallophthalocyanines (2-4) were investigated by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy in the presence/absence of soft metal ions. The electronic spectra of the newly synthesized metallophthalocyanines [ZnPc (2), CuPc (3), and CoPc (4)] were analyzed by the Bayliss method. The fluorescence quantum yield of diamagnetic ZnPc (2) was obtained in DMSO at room temperature. Also, the anticancer activity of the newly synthesized metallophthalocyanine derivatives was studied on C6, DU-145, and WI-38 cell lines and investigated using six concentrations (3.125; 6.25; 12.5; 50; 75; 100 μg L-1). The cell cycle and apoptosis analyses of CuPc (3) were performed. In addition, the chemical and biological activities of 2-(2-(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)phenyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (1) and its novel type metallophthalocyanines [ZnPc (2), CuPc (3), and CoPc (4)] were compared with many parameters obtained from the Gaussian software and molecular docking methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet T Bilgiçli
- Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, 54140, Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Ceylan Hepokur
- Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Sivas, Turkey
| | | | - Burak Tüzün
- Plant and Animal Production Department, Technical Sciences Vocational School of Sivas, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Armağan Günsel
- Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, 54140, Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Sema Mısır
- Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Zengin
- Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, 54140, Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - M Nilüfer Yarasir
- Department of Chemistry, Sakarya University, 54140, Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bilgiçli AT, Genc Bilgicli H, Hepokur C, Tüzün B, Günsel A, Zengin M, Yarasir MN. Synthesis of (4R)‐2‐(3‐hydroxyphenyl)thiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid substituted phthalocyanines: Anticancer activity on different cancer cell lines and molecular docking studies. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ceylan Hepokur
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Sivas Cumhuriyet University Sivas Turkey
| | - Burak Tüzün
- Department of Chemistry Sivas Cumhuriyet University Sivas Turkey
| | - Armağan Günsel
- Department of Chemistry Sakarya University Serdivan Turkey
| | - Mustafa Zengin
- Department of Chemistry Sakarya University Serdivan Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gaballa A, Su TT, Helmann JD. The Bacillus subtilis monothiol bacilliredoxin BrxC (YtxJ) and the Bdr (YpdA) disulfide reductase reduce S-bacillithiolated proteins. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101935. [PMID: 33722570 PMCID: PMC8113031 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cytosol is generally a reducing environment with protein cysteine residues maintained in their thiol form. The low molecular weight thiol bacillithiol (BSH) serves as a general thiol reductant, analogous to glutathione, in a wide range of bacterial species. Proteins modified by disulfide bond formation with BSH (S-bacillithiolation) are reduced by the action of bacilliredoxins, BrxA and BrxB. Here, the YtxJ protein is identified as a monothiol bacilliredoxin, renamed BrxC, and is implicated in BSH removal from oxidized cytosolic proteins, including the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenases GapA and GapB. BrxC can also debacillithiolate the mixed disulfide form of the bacilliredoxin BrxB. Bdr is a thioredoxin reductase-like flavoprotein with bacillithiol-disulfide (BSSB) reductase activity. Here, Bdr is shown to additionally function as a bacilliredoxin reductase. Bdr and BrxB function cooperatively to debacillithiolate OhrR, a transcription factor regulated by S-bacillithiolation on its sole cysteine residue. Collectively, these results expand our understanding of the BSH redox network comprised of three bacilliredoxins and a BSSB reductase that serve to counter the widespread protein S-bacillithiolation that results from conditions of disulfide stress. Bacillithiol is the major low molecular weight thiol in Bacillus subtilis. Oxidative stress leads to protein S-bacillithiolation. BrxC functions as a monothiol class bacilliredoxin. The Bdr bacillithiol disulfide reductase is also a bacilliredoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gaballa
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Tina Tianjiao Su
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - John D Helmann
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Overview of structurally homologous flavoprotein oxidoreductases containing the low M r thioredoxin reductase-like fold - A functionally diverse group. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 702:108826. [PMID: 33684359 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Structural studies show that enzymes have a limited number of unique folds, although structurally related enzymes have evolved to perform a large variety of functions. In this review, we have focused on enzymes containing the low molecular weight thioredoxin reductase (low Mr TrxR) fold. This fold consists of two domains, both containing a three-layer ββα sandwich Rossmann-like fold, serving as flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and, in most cases, pyridine nucleotide (NAD(P)H) binding-domains. Based on a search of the Protein Data Bank for all published structures containing the low Mr TrxR-like fold, we here present a comprehensive overview of enzymes with this structural architecture. These range from TrxR-like ferredoxin/flavodoxin NAD(P)+ oxidoreductases, through glutathione reductase, to NADH peroxidase. Some enzymes are solely composed of the low Mr TrxR-like fold, while others contain one or two additional domains. In this review, we give a detailed description of selected enzymes containing only the low Mr TrxR-like fold, however, catalyzing a diversity of chemical reactions. Our overview of this structurally similar, yet functionally distinct group of flavoprotein oxidoreductases highlights the fascinating and increasing number of studies describing the diversity among these enzymes, especially during the last decade(s).
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang P, Li RQ, Wang L, Yang WT, Zou QH, Xiao D. Proteomic Analyses of Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates to Identify Drug Resistant Mechanism. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:625430. [PMID: 33718272 PMCID: PMC7943614 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.625430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the main causes of nosocomial infections. Increasing numbers of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii cases have been reported in recent years, but its antibiotic resistance mechanism remains unclear. We studied 9 multidrug-resistant (MDR) and 10 drug-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates using Label free, TMT labeling approach and glycoproteomics analysis to identify proteins related to drug resistance. Our results showed that 164 proteins exhibited different expressions between MDR and drug-susceptible isolates. These differential proteins can be classified into six groups: a. proteins related to antibiotic resistance, b. membrane proteins, membrane transporters and proteins related to membrane formation, c. Stress response-related proteins, d. proteins related to gene expression and protein translation, e. metabolism-related proteins, f. proteins with unknown function or other functions containing biofilm formation and virulence. In addition, we verified seven proteins at the transcription level in eight clinical isolates by using quantitative RT-PCR. Results showed that four of the selected proteins have positive correlations with the protein level. This study provided an insight into the mechanism of antibiotic resistance of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ren-Qing Li
- Institute for Control of Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Hua Zou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Di Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hammerstad M, Gudim I, Hersleth HP. The Crystal Structures of Bacillithiol Disulfide Reductase Bdr (YpdA) Provide Structural and Functional Insight into a New Type of FAD-Containing NADPH-Dependent Oxidoreductase. Biochemistry 2020; 59:4793-4798. [PMID: 33326741 PMCID: PMC7774306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Low
G+C Gram-positive Firmicutes, such as the clinically important
pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus
cereus, use the low-molecular weight thiol bacillithiol (BSH)
as a defense mechanism to buffer the intracellular redox environment
and counteract oxidative stress encountered by human neutrophils during
infections. The protein YpdA has recently been shown to function as
an essential NADPH-dependent reductase of oxidized bacillithiol disulfide
(BSSB) resulting from stress responses and is crucial for maintaining
the reduced pool of BSH and cellular redox balance. In this work,
we present the first crystallographic structures of YpdAs, namely,
those from S. aureus and B. cereus. Our analyses reveal a uniquely organized biological tetramer; however,
the structure of the monomeric subunit is highly similar to those
of other flavoprotein disulfide reductases. The absence of a redox
active cysteine in the vicinity of the FAD isoalloxazine ring implies
a new direct disulfide reduction mechanism, which is backed by the
presence of a potentially gated channel, serving as a putative binding
site for BSSB in the proximity of the FAD cofactor. We also report
enzymatic activities for both YpdAs, which along with the structures
presented in this work provide important structural and functional
insight into a new class of FAD-containing NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases,
related to the emerging fight against pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Hammerstad
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Gudim
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans-Petter Hersleth
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Section for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Section for Chemical Life Sciences, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fritsch VN, Loi VV, Busche T, Tung QN, Lill R, Horvatek P, Wolz C, Kalinowski J, Antelmann H. The alarmone (p)ppGpp confers tolerance to oxidative stress during the stationary phase by maintenance of redox and iron homeostasis in Staphylococcus aureus. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 161:351-364. [PMID: 33144262 PMCID: PMC7754856 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Slow growing stationary phase bacteria are often tolerant to multiple stressors and antimicrobials. Here, we show that the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus develops a non-specific tolerance towards oxidative stress during the stationary phase, which is mediated by the nucleotide second messenger (p)ppGpp. The (p)ppGpp0 mutant was highly susceptible to HOCl stress during the stationary phase. Transcriptome analysis of the (p)ppGpp0 mutant revealed an increased expression of the PerR, SigB, QsrR, CtsR and HrcA regulons during the stationary phase, indicating an oxidative stress response. The (p)ppGpp0 mutant showed a slight oxidative shift in the bacillithiol (BSH) redox potential (EBSH) and an impaired H2O2 detoxification due to higher endogenous ROS levels. The increased ROS levels in the (p)ppGpp0 mutant were shown to be caused by higher respiratory chain activity and elevated total and free iron levels. Consistent with these results, N-acetyl cysteine and the iron-chelator dipyridyl improved the growth and survival of the (p)ppGpp0 mutant under oxidative stress. Elevated free iron levels caused 8 to 31-fold increased transcription of Fe-storage proteins ferritin (ftnA) and miniferritin (dps) in the (p)ppGpp0 mutant, while Fur-regulated uptake systems for iron, heme or siderophores (efeOBU, isdABCDEFG, sirABC and sstADBCD) were repressed. Finally, the susceptibility of the (p)ppGpp0 mutant towards the bactericidal action of the antibiotics ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was abrogated with N-acetyl cysteine and dipyridyl. Taken together, (p)ppGpp confers tolerance to ROS and antibiotics by down-regulation of respiratory chain activity and free iron levels, lowering ROS formation to ensure redox homeostasis in S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Nadin Fritsch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany; Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Quach Ngoc Tung
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Lill
- Institute of Cytobiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, D-35037, Marburg, Germany; Research Center for Synthetic Microbiology SynMikro, Hans-Meerwein-Str., D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Petra Horvatek
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Wolz
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Linzner N, Loi VV, Fritsch VN, Antelmann H. Thiol-based redox switches in the major pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Biol Chem 2020; 402:333-361. [PMID: 33544504 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, which encounters reactive oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, electrophile and sulfur species (ROS, RNS, RCS, RES and RSS) by the host immune system, during cellular metabolism or antibiotics treatments. To defend against redox active species and antibiotics, S. aureus is equipped with redox sensing regulators that often use thiol switches to control the expression of specific detoxification pathways. In addition, the maintenance of the redox balance is crucial for survival of S. aureus under redox stress during infections, which is accomplished by the low molecular weight (LMW) thiol bacillithiol (BSH) and the associated bacilliredoxin (Brx)/BSH/bacillithiol disulfide reductase (YpdA)/NADPH pathway. Here, we present an overview of thiol-based redox sensors, its associated enzymatic detoxification systems and BSH-related regulatory mechanisms in S. aureus, which are important for the defense under redox stress conditions. Application of the novel Brx-roGFP2 biosensor provides new insights on the impact of these systems on the BSH redox potential. These thiol switches of S. aureus function in protection against redox active desinfectants and antimicrobials, including HOCl, the AGXX® antimicrobial surface coating, allicin from garlic and the naphthoquinone lapachol. Thus, thiol switches could be novel drug targets for the development of alternative redox-based therapies to combat multi-drug resistant S. aureus isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Linzner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Nadin Fritsch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, D-14195Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ashby LV, Springer R, Hampton MB, Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC. Evaluating the bactericidal action of hypochlorous acid in culture media. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 159:119-124. [PMID: 32739594 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The bactericidal activity of the physiological oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is commonly studied in a variety of laboratory media. Reactive with numerous targets, HOCl will rapidly lose its toxicity via reduction or be converted to chloramines and other less toxic species. The objective of this study was to test the influence of various media, temperature and reaction time on the toxicity of HOCl. After incubating bacteria in media dosed with reagent HOCl, the bactericidal outcome was measured by colony forming ability. In parallel, we determined the HOCl and chloramine content after dosing media alone. Our results showed that more reagent HOCl was required to kill bacteria in culture media than in aqueous buffer, and this corresponded to the lower concentration of reactive chlorine species achieved in the media. RPMI and MOPS minimal medium retained significant oxidising equivalents after HOCl-dosing, but more nutrient-rich media such as MEM, DMEM, LB and TSB, had higher scavenging capacity. Other factors that lowered the bactericidal strength of HOCl were longer lag-times and raised temperature when pre-dosing media, and insufficient incubation time of cells with the HOCl-treated media. In summary, we demonstrate that the choice of media as well as procedural details within experiments crucially impact the cellular toxicity of HOCl. These factors influence the nature and concentration of oxidants generated, and therefore are critical in affecting cellular responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa V Ashby
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Reuben Springer
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Hampton
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christine C Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, P.O. Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Linzner N, Fritsch VN, Busche T, Tung QN, Loi VV, Bernhardt J, Kalinowski J, Antelmann H. The plant-derived naphthoquinone lapachol causes an oxidative stress response in Staphylococcus aureus. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 158:126-136. [PMID: 32712193 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen, which causes life-threatening systemic and chronic infections and rapidly acquires resistance to multiple antibiotics. Thus, new antimicrobial compounds are required to combat infections with drug resistant S. aureus isolates. The 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone lapachol was previously shown to exert antimicrobial effects. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial mode of action of lapachol in S. aureus using RNAseq transcriptomics, redox biosensor measurements, S-bacillithiolation assays and phenotype analyses of mutants. In the RNA-seq transcriptome, lapachol caused an oxidative and quinone stress response as well as protein damage as revealed by induction of the PerR, HypR, QsrR, MhqR, CtsR and HrcA regulons. Lapachol treatment further resulted in up-regulation of the SigB and GraRS regulons, which is indicative for cell wall and general stress responses. The redox-cycling mode of action of lapachol was supported by an elevated bacillithiol (BSH) redox potential (EBSH), higher endogenous ROS levels, a faster H2O2 detoxification capacity and increased thiol-oxidation of GapDH and the HypR repressor in vivo. The ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine and microaerophilic growth conditions improved the survival of lapachol-treated S. aureus cells. Phenotype analyses revealed an involvement of the catalase KatA and the Brx/BSH/YpdA pathway in protection against lapachol-induced ROS-formation in S. aureus. However, no evidence for irreversible protein alkylation and aggregation was found in lapachol-treated S. aureus cells. Thus, the antimicrobial mode of action of lapachol in S. aureus is mainly caused by ROS formation resulting in an oxidative stress response, an oxidative shift of the EBSH and increased protein thiol-oxidation. As ROS-generating compound, lapachol is an attractive alternative antimicrobial to combat multi-resistant S. aureus isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Linzner
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Nadin Fritsch
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, 14195, Berlin, Germany; Center for Biotechnology, University Bielefeld, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Quach Ngoc Tung
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, University Bielefeld, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology-Microbiology, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The Disulfide Stress Response and Protein S-thioallylation Caused by Allicin and Diallyl Polysulfanes in Bacillus subtilis as Revealed by Transcriptomics and Proteomics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120605. [PMID: 31795512 PMCID: PMC6943732 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic plants (Allium sativum L.) produce antimicrobial compounds, such as diallyl thiosulfinate (allicin) and diallyl polysulfanes. Here, we investigated the transcriptome and protein S-thioallylomes under allicin and diallyl tetrasulfane (DAS4) exposure in the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Allicin and DAS4 caused a similar thiol-specific oxidative stress response, protein and DNA damage as revealed by the induction of the OhrR, PerR, Spx, YodB, CatR, HypR, AdhR, HxlR, LexA, CymR, CtsR, and HrcA regulons in the transcriptome. At the proteome level, we identified, in total, 108 S-thioallylated proteins under allicin and/or DAS4 stress. The S-thioallylome includes enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of surfactin (SrfAA, SrfAB), amino acids (SerA, MetE, YxjG, YitJ, CysJ, GlnA, YwaA), nucleotides (PurB, PurC, PyrAB, GuaB), translation factors (EF-Tu, EF-Ts, EF-G), antioxidant enzymes (AhpC, MsrB), as well as redox-sensitive MarR/OhrR and DUF24-family regulators (OhrR, HypR, YodB, CatR). Growth phenotype analysis revealed that the low molecular weight thiol bacillithiol, as well as the OhrR, Spx, and HypR regulons, confer protection against allicin and DAS4 stress. Altogether, we show here that allicin and DAS4 cause a strong oxidative, disulfide and sulfur stress response in the transcriptome and widespread S-thioallylation of redox-sensitive proteins in B. subtilis. The results further reveal that allicin and polysulfanes have similar modes of actions and thiol-reactivities and modify a similar set of redox-sensitive proteins by S-thioallylation.
Collapse
|
20
|
Loss G, Simões PM, Valour F, Cortês MF, Gonzaga L, Bergot M, Trouillet-Assant S, Josse J, Diot A, Ricci E, Vasconcelos AT, Laurent F. Staphylococcus aureus Small Colony Variants (SCVs): News From a Chronic Prosthetic Joint Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:363. [PMID: 31696062 PMCID: PMC6817495 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Small colony variants (SCV) of Staphylococcus aureus have been reported as implicated in chronic infections. Here, we investigated the genomic and transcriptomic changes involved in the evolution from a wild-type to a SCV from in a patient with prosthetic joint infection relapse. The SCV presented a stable phenotype with no classical auxotrophy and the emergence of rifampicin resistance. Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) analysis showed only the loss of a 42.5 kb phage and 3 deletions, among which one targeting the rpoB gene, known to be the target of rifampicin and to be associated to SCV formation in the context of a constitutively active stringent response. Transcriptomic analysis highlighted a specific signature in the SCV strain including a complex, multi-level strategy of survival and adaptation to chronicity within the host including a protection from the inflammatory response, an evasion of the immune response, a constitutively activated stringent response and a scavenging of iron sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Loss
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Martins Simões
- National Reference Center for Staphylococci - Hospices Civils de Lyon, IAI-Department of Clinical Microbiology, Northern Hospital Group, Lyon, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France
| | - Florent Valour
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Infectious Diseases Department, Northern Hospital Group, Lyon, France
| | - Marina Farrel Cortês
- Institute of Microbiology Professor Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marine Bergot
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Trouillet-Assant
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Joint Research Unit HCL-BioMerieux, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Jêrome Josse
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France
| | - Alan Diot
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France
| | - Emiliano Ricci
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France
| | | | - Frédéric Laurent
- National Reference Center for Staphylococci - Hospices Civils de Lyon, IAI-Department of Clinical Microbiology, Northern Hospital Group, Lyon, France.,Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ulrich K, Jakob U. The role of thiols in antioxidant systems. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 140:14-27. [PMID: 31201851 PMCID: PMC7041647 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur biochemistry of the thiol group endows cysteines with a number of highly specialized and unique features that enable them to serve a variety of different functions in the cell. Typically highly conserved in proteins, cysteines are predominantly found in functionally or structurally crucial regions, where they act as stabilizing, catalytic, metal-binding and/or redox-regulatory entities. As highly abundant low molecular weight thiols, cysteine thiols and their oxidized disulfide counterparts are carefully balanced to maintain redox homeostasis in various cellular compartments, protect organisms from oxidative and xenobiotic stressors and partake actively in redox-regulatory and signaling processes. In this review, we will discuss the role of protein thiols as scavengers of hydrogen peroxide in antioxidant enzymes, use thiol peroxidases to exemplify how protein thiols contribute to redox signaling, provide an overview over the diverse set of low molecular weight thiol-based redox systems found in biology, and illustrate how thiol-based redox systems have evolved not only to protect against but to take full advantage of a world full of molecular oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Ulrich
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michgan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ursula Jakob
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michgan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Loi VV, Huyen NTT, Busche T, Tung QN, Gruhlke MCH, Kalinowski J, Bernhardt J, Slusarenko AJ, Antelmann H. Staphylococcus aureus responds to allicin by global S-thioallylation - Role of the Brx/BSH/YpdA pathway and the disulfide reductase MerA to overcome allicin stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 139:55-69. [PMID: 31121222 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of methicillin-resitant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals and the community poses an increasing health burden, which requires the discovery of alternative antimicrobials. Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate) from garlic exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against many multidrug resistant bacteria. The thiol-reactive mode of action of allicin involves its S-thioallylations of low molecular weight (LMW) thiols and protein thiols. To investigate the mode of action and stress response caused by allicin in S. aureus, we analyzed the transcriptome signature, the targets for S-thioallylation in the proteome and the changes in the bacillithiol (BSH) redox potential (EBSH) under allicin stress. Allicin caused a strong thiol-specific oxidative and sulfur stress response and protein damage as revealed by the induction of the PerR, HypR, QsrR, MhqR, CstR, CtsR, HrcA and CymR regulons in the RNA-seq transcriptome. Allicin also interfered with metal and cell wall homeostasis and caused induction of the Zur, CsoR and GraRS regulons. Brx-roGFP2 biosensor measurements revealed a strongly increased EBSH under allicin stress. In the proteome, 57 proteins were identified with S-thioallylations under allicin treatment, including translation factors (EF-Tu, EF-Ts), metabolic and redox enzymes (AldA, GuaB, Tpx, KatA, BrxA, MsrB) as well as redox-sensitive MarR/SarA-family regulators (MgrA, SarA, SarH1, SarS). Phenotype and biochemical analyses revealed that BSH and the HypR-controlled disulfide reductase MerA are involved in allicin detoxification in S. aureus. The reversal of protein S-thioallylation was catalyzed by the Brx/BSH/YpdA pathway. Finally, the BSSB reductase YpdA was shown to use S-allylmercaptobacillithiol (BSSA) as substrate to regenerate BSH in S. aureus. In conclusion, allicin results in an oxidative shift of EBSH and protein S-thioallylation, which can be reversed by YpdA and the Brx/BSH/YpdA electron pathways in S. aureus to regenerate thiol homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Van Loi
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany; Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Quach Ngoc Tung
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, D-33594, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany; Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alan John Slusarenko
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Linzner N, Loi VV, Fritsch VN, Tung QN, Stenzel S, Wirtz M, Hell R, Hamilton CJ, Tedin K, Fulde M, Antelmann H. Staphylococcus aureus Uses the Bacilliredoxin (BrxAB)/Bacillithiol Disulfide Reductase (YpdA) Redox Pathway to Defend Against Oxidative Stress Under Infections. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1355. [PMID: 31275277 PMCID: PMC6591457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen and has to cope with reactive oxygen and chlorine species (ROS, RCS) during infections. The low molecular weight thiol bacillithiol (BSH) is an important defense mechanism of S. aureus for detoxification of ROS and HOCl stress to maintain the reduced state of the cytoplasm. Under HOCl stress, BSH forms mixed disulfides with proteins, termed as S-bacillithiolations, which are reduced by bacilliredoxins (BrxA and BrxB). The NADPH-dependent flavin disulfide reductase YpdA is phylogenetically associated with the BSH synthesis and BrxA/B enzymes and was recently suggested to function as BSSB reductase (Mikheyeva et al., 2019). Here, we investigated the role of the complete bacilliredoxin BrxAB/BSH/YpdA pathway in S. aureus COL under oxidative stress and macrophage infection conditions in vivo and in biochemical assays in vitro. Using HPLC thiol metabolomics, a strongly enhanced BSSB level and a decreased BSH/BSSB ratio were measured in the S. aureus COL ΔypdA deletion mutant under control and NaOCl stress. Monitoring the oxidation degree (OxD) of the Brx-roGFP2 biosensor revealed that YpdA is required for regeneration of the reduced BSH redox potential (EBSH) upon recovery from oxidative stress. In addition, the ΔypdA mutant was impaired in H2O2 detoxification as measured with the novel H2O2-specific Tpx-roGFP2 biosensor. Phenotype analyses further showed that BrxA and YpdA are required for survival under NaOCl and H2O2 stress in vitro and inside murine J-774A.1 macrophages in infection assays in vivo. Finally, NADPH-coupled electron transfer assays provide evidence for the function of YpdA in BSSB reduction, which depends on the conserved Cys14 residue. YpdA acts together with BrxA and BSH in de-bacillithiolation of S-bacillithiolated GapDH. In conclusion, our results point to a major role of the BrxA/BSH/YpdA pathway in BSH redox homeostasis in S. aureus during recovery from oxidative stress and under infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Linzner
- Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vu Van Loi
- Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Quach Ngoc Tung
- Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Stenzel
- Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hell
- Plant Molecular Biology, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chris J Hamilton
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Karsten Tedin
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institute for Biology - Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Loi VV, Busche T, Preuß T, Kalinowski J, Bernhardt J, Antelmann H. The AGXX® Antimicrobial Coating Causes a Thiol-Specific Oxidative Stress Response and Protein S-bacillithiolation in Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3037. [PMID: 30619128 PMCID: PMC6299908 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pose an increasing health burden and demand alternative antimicrobials to treat bacterial infections. The surface coating AGXX® is a novel broad-spectrum antimicrobial composed of two transition metals, silver and ruthenium that can be electroplated on various surfaces, such as medical devices and implants. AGXX® has been shown to kill nosocomial and waterborne pathogens by production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the effect of AGXX® on the bacterial redox balance has not been demonstrated. Since treatment options for MRSA infections are limited, ROS-producing agents are attractive alternatives to combat multi-resistant strains. In this work, we used RNA-seq transcriptomics, redox biosensor measurements and phenotype analyses to study the mode of action of AGXX® microparticles in S. aureus USA300. Using growth and survival assays, the growth-inhibitory amount of AGXX® microparticles was determined as 5 μg/ml. In the RNA-seq transcriptome, AGXX® caused a strong thiol-specific oxidative stress response and protein damage as revealed by the induction of the PerR, HypR, QsrR, MhqR, CstR, CtsR, and HrcA regulons. The derepression of the Fur, Zur, and CsoR regulons indicates that AGXX® also interferes with the metal ion homeostasis inducing Fe2+- and Zn2+-starvation responses as well as export systems for toxic Ag+ ions. The induction of the SigB and GraRS regulons reveals also cell wall and general stress responses. AGXX® stress was further shown to cause protein S-bacillithiolation, protein aggregation and an oxidative shift in the bacillithiol (BSH) redox potential. In phenotype assays, BSH and the HypR-controlled disulfide reductase MerA were required for protection against ROS produced under AGXX® stress in S. aureus. Altogether, our study revealed a strong thiol-reactive mode of action of AGXX® in S. aureus USA300 resulting in an increased BSH redox potential and protein S-bacillithiolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vu Van Loi
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thalia Preuß
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Imber M, Pietrzyk-Brzezinska AJ, Antelmann H. Redox regulation by reversible protein S-thiolation in Gram-positive bacteria. Redox Biol 2018; 20:130-145. [PMID: 30308476 PMCID: PMC6178380 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight (LMW) thiols play an important role as thiol-cofactors for many enzymes and are crucial to maintain the reduced state of the cytoplasm. Most Gram-negative bacteria utilize glutathione (GSH) as major LMW thiol. However, in Gram-positive Actinomycetes and Firmicutes alternative LMW thiols, such as mycothiol (MSH) and bacillithiol (BSH) play related roles as GSH surrogates, respectively. Under conditions of hypochlorite stress, MSH and BSH are known to form mixed disulfides with protein thiols, termed as S-mycothiolation or S-bacillithiolation that function in thiol-protection and redox regulation. Protein S-thiolations are widespread redox-modifications discovered in different Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus and Staphylococcus species, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. S-thiolated proteins are mainly involved in cellular metabolism, protein translation, redox regulation and antioxidant functions with some conserved targets across bacteria. The reduction of protein S-mycothiolations and S-bacillithiolations requires glutaredoxin-related mycoredoxin and bacilliredoxin pathways to regenerate protein functions. In this review, we present an overview of the functions of mycothiol and bacillithiol and their physiological roles in protein S-bacillithiolations and S-mycothiolations in Gram-positive bacteria. Significant progress has been made to characterize the role of protein S-thiolation in redox-regulation and thiol protection of main metabolic and antioxidant enzymes. However, the physiological roles of the pathways for regeneration are only beginning to emerge as well as their interactions with other cellular redox systems. Future studies should be also directed to explore the roles of protein S-thiolations and their redox pathways in pathogenic bacteria under infection conditions to discover new drug targets and treatment options against multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria. Bacillithiol and mycothiol are major LMW thiols in many Gram-positive bacteria. HOCl leads to widespread protein S-mycothiolation and S-bacillithiolation which function in thiol-protection and redox regulation. Redox-sensitive metabolic and antioxidant enzymes are main targets for S-mycothiolation or S-bacillithiolation. Mycoredoxin and bacilliredoxin pathways mediate reduction of S-thiolations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Imber
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnieszka J Pietrzyk-Brzezinska
- Freie Universität Berlin, Laboratory of Structural Biochemistry, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz 90-924, Poland
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Königin-Luise-Strasse 12-16, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|