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Piotrowsky A, Burkard M, Hammerschmidt K, Ruple HK, Nonnenmacher P, Schumacher M, Leischner C, Berchtold S, Marongiu L, Kufer TA, Lauer UM, Renner O, Venturelli S. Analysis of High-Dose Ascorbate-Induced Cytotoxicity in Human Glioblastoma Cells and the Role of Dehydroascorbic Acid and Iron. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1095. [PMID: 39334754 PMCID: PMC11429401 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13091095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated, both in vitro and in animal models, the anti-tumor efficacy of high-dose ascorbate treatment against a variety of tumor entities, including glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary malignant brain tumor. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-dose ascorbate as well as dehydroascorbic acid on human glioblastoma cell lines and to evaluate different treatment conditions for the combined administration of ascorbate with magnesium (Mg2+) and iron (Fe3+). Intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and the induction of cell death following ascorbate treatment were also investigated. We demonstrated high cytotoxicity and antiproliferative efficacy of high-dose ascorbate in human glioblastoma cells, whereas much weaker effects were observed for dehydroascorbic acid. Ascorbate-induced cell death was independent of apoptosis. Both the reduction in cell viability and the ascorbate-induced generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species could be significantly increased by incubating the cells with Fe3+ before ascorbate treatment. This work demonstrates, for the first time, an increase in ascorbate-induced intracellular ROS formation and cytotoxicity in human glioblastoma cells by pre-treatment of the tumor cells with ferric iron, as well as caspase-3 independence of cell death induced by high-dose ascorbate. Instead, the cell death mechanism caused by high-dose ascorbate in glioblastoma cells shows evidence of ferroptosis. The results of the present work provide insights into the efficacy and mode of action of pharmacological ascorbate for the therapy of glioblastoma, as well as indications for possible approaches to increase the effectiveness of ascorbate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Piotrowsky
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Burkard
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katharina Hammerschmidt
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hannah K. Ruple
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pia Nonnenmacher
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Monika Schumacher
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Leischner
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Berchtold
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, Virotherapy Center Tuebingen (VCT), Medical University Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Luigi Marongiu
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- HoLMiR-Hohenheim Center for Livestock Microbiome Research, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstrasse 12, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich M. Lauer
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, Virotherapy Center Tuebingen (VCT), Medical University Hospital, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tuebingen, a Partnership between DKFZ and University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Olga Renner
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Faculty of Food and Nutrition Sciences, Hochschule Niederrhein, University of Applied Sciences, Rheydter Strasse 277, 41065 Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Wilhelmstrasse 56, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
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2
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Seitz R, Tümen D, Kunst C, Heumann P, Schmid S, Kandulski A, Müller M, Gülow K. Exploring the Thioredoxin System as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer: Mechanisms and Implications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:1078. [PMID: 39334737 PMCID: PMC11428833 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13091078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells constantly face the challenge of managing oxidants. In aerobic organisms, oxygen (O2) is used for energy production, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) as byproducts of enzymatic reactions. To protect against oxidative damage, cells possess an intricate system of redox scavengers and antioxidant enzymes, collectively forming the antioxidant defense system. This system maintains the redox equilibrium and enables the generation of localized oxidative signals that regulate essential cellular functions. One key component of this defense is the thioredoxin (Trx) system, which includes Trx, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and NADPH. The Trx system reverses oxidation of macromolecules and indirectly neutralizes ROS via peroxiredoxin (Prx). This dual function protects cells from damage accumulation and supports physiological cell signaling. However, the Trx system also shields tumors from oxidative damage, aiding their survival. Due to elevated ROS levels from their metabolism, tumors often rely on the Trx system. In addition, the Trx system regulates critical pathways such as proliferation and neoangiogenesis, which tumors exploit to enhance growth and optimize nutrient and oxygen supply. Consequently, the Trx system is a potential target for cancer therapy. The challenge lies in selectively targeting malignant cells without disrupting the redox equilibrium in healthy cells. The aim of this review article is threefold: first, to elucidate the function of the Trx system; second, to discuss the Trx system as a potential target for cancer therapies; and third, to present the possibilities for inhibiting key components of the Trx system, along with an overview of the latest clinical studies on these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karsten Gülow
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (R.S.); (D.T.); (C.K.); (P.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (M.M.)
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3
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Yang M, Liu J, Li J, Wen S, Hu Y, Lu W, Liu J, Huang P, Liu P. The rheumatoid arthritis drug auranofin exerts potent anti-lymphoma effect by stimulating TXNRD-mediated ROS generation and inhibition of energy metabolism. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103245. [PMID: 38909408 PMCID: PMC11254835 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the survival of lymphoma patients who experience disease progression or relapse remains very poor, new therapeutic approaches and effective drugs are urgently needed. Here we show that auranofin (AF), an anti-rheumatoid drug thought to inhibit thioredoxin reductases (TXNRDs) as its mechanism of action, exhibited potent activity against multiple cancer types, especially effective against B cell lymphoma. Surprisingly, a knockdown of TXNRD1 and TXNRD2 did not cause significant cytotoxicity, suggesting that abrogation of TXNRD enzyme per se was insufficient to cause cancer cell death. Further mechanistic study showed that the interaction of AF with TXNRD could convert this antioxidant enzyme to a ROS-generating molecule via disrupting its electron transport, leading to a leak of electrons that interact with molecular oxygen to form superoxide. AF also suppressed energy metabolism by inhibiting both mitochondria complex II and the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH, leading to a significant depletion of ATP and inhibition of cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we found that the AF-mediated ROS stress could induce PD-L1 expression, revealing an unwanted effect of AF in causing immune suppression. We further showed that a combination of AF with anti-PD-1 antibody could enhance the anticancer activity in a syngeneic immune-competent mouse B-cell lymphoma model. Our study suggests that AF could be a potential drug for lymphoma treatment, and its combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors would be a logical strategy to increase the therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianan Li
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shijun Wen
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumin Hu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Lu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyun Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Metabolic Innovation Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Platform of Metabolomics Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Peng Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Metabolic Innovation Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Platform of Metabolomics Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Panpan Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Hei Z, Yang S, Ouyang G, Hanna J, Lepoivre M, Huynh T, Aguinaga L, Cassinat B, Maslah N, Bourge M, Golinelli-Cohen MP, Guittet O, Vallières C, Vernis L, Fenaux P, Huang ME. Targeting the redox vulnerability of acute myeloid leukaemia cells with a combination of auranofin and vitamin C. Br J Haematol 2024. [PMID: 39087522 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.19680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by complex molecular and cytogenetic abnormalities. Pro-oxidant cellular redox status is a common hallmark of AML cells, providing a rationale for redox-based anticancer strategy. We previously discovered that auranofin (AUF), initially used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and repositioned for its anticancer activity, can synergize with a pharmacological concentration of vitamin C (VC) against breast cancer cell line models. In this study, we observed that this drug combination synergistically and efficiently killed cells of leukaemic cell lines established from different myeloid subtypes. In addition to an induced elevation of reactive oxygen species and ATP depletion, a rapid dephosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and p70S6K, together with a strong inhibition of protein synthesis were early events in response to AUF/VC treatment, suggesting their implication in AUF/VC-induced cytotoxicity. Importantly, a study on 22 primary AML specimens from various AML subtypes showed that AUF/VC combinations at pharmacologically achievable concentrations were effective to eradicate primary leukaemic CD34+ cells from the majority of these samples, while being less toxic to normal cord blood CD34+ cells. Our findings indicate that targeting the redox vulnerability of AML with AUF/VC combinations could present a potential anti-AML therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Hei
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Shujun Yang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guifang Ouyang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jolimar Hanna
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Lepoivre
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tony Huynh
- Service d'Hématologie Séniors, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Lorea Aguinaga
- Service d'Hématologie Séniors, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Cassinat
- INSERM UMR 1131, Université Paris Cité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, IRSL, Paris, France
| | - Nabih Maslah
- INSERM UMR 1131, Université Paris Cité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, IRSL, Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Bourge
- Cytometry Facility, Imagerie-Gif, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Olivier Guittet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cindy Vallières
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurence Vernis
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Fenaux
- Service d'Hématologie Séniors, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Meng-Er Huang
- Université Paris-Saclay, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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5
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Del Prete R, Drago R, Nardi F, Bartolini G, Bellini E, De Rosa A, Valensin S, Kabanova A. Robust and cost-effective CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing of primary tumor B cells in Eµ-TCL1 model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hemasphere 2024; 8:e134. [PMID: 39157689 PMCID: PMC11327113 DOI: 10.1002/hem3.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberta Drago
- Fondazione Toscana Life SciencesSienaItaly
- PhD Program in Translational and Precision MedicineUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
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6
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Komorowski L, Dabkowska A, Madzio J, Pastorczak A, Szczygiel K, Janowska M, Fidyt K, Bielecki M, Hunia J, Bajor M, Stoklosa T, Winiarska M, Patkowska E, Firczuk M. Concomitant inhibition of the thioredoxin system and nonhomologous DNA repair potently sensitizes Philadelphia-positive lymphoid leukemia to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Hemasphere 2024; 8:e56. [PMID: 38486859 PMCID: PMC10938465 DOI: 10.1002/hem3.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Breakpoint cluster region-Abelson (BCR::ABL1) gene fusion is an essential oncogene in both chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia-positive (Ph+) B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). While tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are effective in up to 95% of CML patients, 50% of Ph+ B-ALL cases do not respond to treatment or relapse. This calls for new therapeutic approaches for Ph+ B-ALL. Previous studies have shown that inhibitors of the thioredoxin (TXN) system exert antileukemic activity against B-ALL cells, particularly in combination with other drugs. Here, we present that peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX1), one of the enzymes of the TXN system, is upregulated in Ph+ lymphoid as compared to Ph+ myeloid cells. PRDX1 knockout negatively affects the viability of Ph+ B-ALL cells and sensitizes them to TKIs. Analysis of global gene expression changes in imatinib-treated, PRDX1-deficient cells revealed that the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair is a novel vulnerability of Ph+ B-ALL cells. Accordingly, PRDX1-deficient Ph+ B-ALL cells were susceptible to NHEJ inhibitors. Finally, we demonstrated the potent efficacy of a novel combination of TKIs, TXN inhibitors, and NHEJ inhibitors against Ph+ B-ALL cell lines and primary cells, which can be further investigated as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of Ph+ B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Komorowski
- Department of ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular MedicineMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Agnieszka Dabkowska
- Department of ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Joanna Madzio
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and HematologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Agata Pastorczak
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology and HematologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Kacper Szczygiel
- Department of ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
- Polpharma Biologics SAGdańskPoland
| | - Martyna Janowska
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Klaudyna Fidyt
- Department of ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Maksymilian Bielecki
- Department of PsychologySWPS University of Social Sciences and HumanitiesWarsawPoland
| | - Jaromir Hunia
- Department of ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Malgorzata Bajor
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Tomasz Stoklosa
- Department of Tumor Biology and GeneticsMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | | | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Department of ImmunologyMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
- Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
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Abdalbari FH, Martinez-Jaramillo E, Forgie BN, Tran E, Zorychta E, Goyeneche AA, Sabri S, Telleria CM. Auranofin Induces Lethality Driven by Reactive Oxygen Species in High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5136. [PMID: 37958311 PMCID: PMC10650616 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) accounts for 70% of ovarian cancer cases, and the survival rate remains remarkably low due to the lack of effective long-term consolidation therapies. Clinical remission can be temporarily induced by platinum-based chemotherapy, but death subsequently results from the extensive growth of a platinum-resistant component of the tumor. This work explores a novel treatment against HGSOC using the gold complex auranofin (AF). AF primarily functions as a pro-oxidant by inhibiting thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an antioxidant enzyme overexpressed in ovarian cancer. We investigated the effect of AF on TrxR activity and the various mechanisms of cytotoxicity using HGSOC cells that are clinically sensitive or resistant to platinum. In addition, we studied the interaction between AF and another pro-oxidant, L-buthionine sulfoximine (L-BSO), an anti-glutathione (GSH) compound. We demonstrated that AF potently inhibited TrxR activity and reduced the vitality and viability of HGSOC cells regardless of their sensitivities to platinum. We showed that AF induces the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), triggers the depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, and kills HGSOC cells by inducing apoptosis. Notably, AF-induced cell death was abrogated by the ROS-scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). In addition, the lethality of AF was associated with the activation of caspases-3/7 and the generation of DNA damage, effects that were also prevented by the presence of NAC. Finally, when AF and L-BSO were combined, we observed synergistic lethality against HGSOC cells, which was mediated by a further increase in ROS and a decrease in the levels of the antioxidant GSH. In summary, our results support the concept that AF can be used alone or in combination with L-BSO to kill HGSOC cells regardless of their sensitivity to platinum, suggesting that the depletion of antioxidants is an efficient strategy to mitigate the course of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah H. Abdalbari
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (F.H.A.); (E.M.-J.); (B.N.F.); (E.T.); (E.Z.); (A.A.G.)
| | - Elvis Martinez-Jaramillo
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (F.H.A.); (E.M.-J.); (B.N.F.); (E.T.); (E.Z.); (A.A.G.)
| | - Benjamin N. Forgie
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (F.H.A.); (E.M.-J.); (B.N.F.); (E.T.); (E.Z.); (A.A.G.)
| | - Estelle Tran
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (F.H.A.); (E.M.-J.); (B.N.F.); (E.T.); (E.Z.); (A.A.G.)
| | - Edith Zorychta
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (F.H.A.); (E.M.-J.); (B.N.F.); (E.T.); (E.Z.); (A.A.G.)
| | - Alicia A. Goyeneche
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (F.H.A.); (E.M.-J.); (B.N.F.); (E.T.); (E.Z.); (A.A.G.)
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
| | - Siham Sabri
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
| | - Carlos M. Telleria
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; (F.H.A.); (E.M.-J.); (B.N.F.); (E.T.); (E.Z.); (A.A.G.)
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada;
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8
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Sousa-Pimenta M, Estevinho MM, Sousa Dias M, Martins Â, Estevinho LM. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in B-Cell Lymphomas. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040936. [PMID: 37107311 PMCID: PMC10135850 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature lymphoid neoplasms arise de novo or by the transformation of more indolent lymphomas in a process that relies on the stepwise accumulation of genomic and transcriptomic alterations. The microenvironment and neoplastic precursor cells are heavily influenced by pro-inflammatory signaling, regulated in part by oxidative stress and inflammation. Reactive oxygen species (ROSs) are by-products of cellular metabolism able to modulate cell signaling and fate. Moreover, they play a crucial role in the phagocyte system, which is responsible for antigen presentation and the selection of mature B and T cells under normal conditions. Imbalances in pro-oxidant and antioxidant signaling can lead to physiological dysfunction and disease development by disrupting metabolic processes and cell signaling. This narrative review aims to analyze the impact of reactive oxygen species on lymphomagenesis, specifically examining the regulation of microenvironmental players, as well as the response to therapy for B-cell-derived non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Further research is needed to investigate the involvement of ROS and inflammation in the development of lymphomas, which may unravel disease mechanisms and identify innovative therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário Sousa-Pimenta
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Estevinho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho Hospital Center, 4434-502 Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Sousa Dias
- Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ângelo Martins
- Department of Onco-Hematology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO-Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Letícia M Estevinho
- Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-252 Bragança, Portugal
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9
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Mossakowska BJ, Fabisiewicz A, Tudek B, Siedlecki JA. Possible Mechanisms of Resistance Development to Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) In Vulvar Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314689. [PMID: 36499013 PMCID: PMC9741432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a low-invasive treatment method that can be used to treat VIN patients. A photosensitizer (PS) applied to a patient is activated with use of the appropriate wavelength of light, which in an oxygen environment leads to the formation of a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that destroys the tumor. However, cells can protect themselves against these cytotoxic products by increasing their antioxidant mechanisms and repair capacity. Changes in the cytoskeleton may also influence resistance to PDT. Our results revealed that PDT-resistant cells changed the amount of ROS. Cells resistant to PDT A-431 exhibited a decreased ROS level and showed higher viability after oxidizing agent treatment. Resistant Cal-39 cells exhibited a decreased O2- level but increased other ROS. This provides protection from PDT but not from other oxidizing agents. Moreover, PDT leads to alterations in the cytoskeleton that may result in an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or increased adhesion. Both EMT and cell adhesion may activate signaling pathways involved in survival. This means that resistance to PDT in vulvar cancer may be at least in part a result of changes in ROS level and alterations in the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Joanna Mossakowska
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Fabisiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Tudek
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Aleksander Siedlecki
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
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10
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Auranofin and Pharmacologic Ascorbate as Radiomodulators in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050971. [PMID: 35624835 PMCID: PMC9137675 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer accounts for nearly one fourth of all new cancers worldwide. Little progress in the development of novel or adjuvant therapies has been made over the past few decades and new approaches to the treatment of pancreatic cancer are desperately needed. Pharmacologic ascorbate (P-AscH−, high-dose, intravenous vitamin C) is being investigated in clinical trials as an adjunct to standard-of-care chemoradiation treatments. In vitro, P-AscH− has been shown to sensitize cancer cells to ionizing radiation in a manner that is dependent on the generation of H2O2 while simultaneously protecting normal tissue from radiation damage. There is renewed interest in Auranofin (Au), an FDA-approved medication utilized in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, as an anti-cancer agent. Au inhibits the thioredoxin antioxidant system, thus increasing the overall peroxide burden on cancer cells. In support of current literature demonstrating Au’s effectiveness in breast, colon, lung, and ovarian cancer, we offer additional data that demonstrate the effectiveness of Au alone and in combination with P-AscH− and ionizing radiation in pancreatic cancer treatment. Combining P-AscH− and Au in the treatment of pancreatic cancer may confer multiple mechanisms to increase H2O2-dependent toxicity amongst cancer cells and provide a promising translatable avenue by which to enhance radiation effectiveness and improve patient outcomes.
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11
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Gamberi T, Chiappetta G, Fiaschi T, Modesti A, Sorbi F, Magherini F. Upgrade of an old drug: Auranofin in innovative cancer therapies to overcome drug resistance and to increase drug effectiveness. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1111-1146. [PMID: 34850406 PMCID: PMC9299597 DOI: 10.1002/med.21872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Auranofin is an oral gold(I) compound, initially developed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Currently, Auranofin is under investigation for oncological application within a drug repurposing plan due to the relevant antineoplastic activity observed both in vitro and in vivo tumor models. In this review, we analysed studies in which Auranofin was used as a single drug or in combination with other molecules to enhance their anticancer activity or to overcome chemoresistance. The analysis of different targets/pathways affected by this drug in different cancer types has allowed us to highlight several interesting targets and effects of Auranofin besides the already well-known inhibition of thioredoxin reductase. Among these targets, inhibitory-κB kinase, deubiquitinates, protein kinase C iota have been frequently suggested. To rationalize the effects of Auranofin by a system biology-like approach, we exploited transcriptomic data obtained from a wide range of cell models, extrapolating the data deposited in the Connectivity Maps website and we attempted to provide a general conclusion and discussed the major points that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Gamberi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Giovanni Chiappetta
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics GroupPlasticité du Cerveau UMR 8249 CNRSParisESPCI Paris‐PSLFrance
| | - Tania Fiaschi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Alessandra Modesti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Flavia Sorbi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Francesca Magherini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
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12
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Klopotowska M, Bajor M, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Kraft A, Pilch Z, Zhylko A, Firczuk M, Baranowska I, Lazniewski M, Plewczynski D, Goral A, Soroczynska K, Domagala J, Marhelava K, Slusarczyk A, Retecki K, Ramji K, Krawczyk M, Temples MN, Sharma B, Lachota M, Netskar H, Malmberg KJ, Zagozdzon R, Winiarska M. PRDX-1 Supports the Survival and Antitumor Activity of Primary and CAR-Modified NK Cells under Oxidative Stress. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:228-244. [PMID: 34853030 PMCID: PMC9414282 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, caused by the imbalance between reactive species generation and the dysfunctional capacity of antioxidant defenses, is one of the characteristic features of cancer. Here, we quantified hydrogen peroxide in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide concentrations are elevated in tumor interstitial fluid isolated from murine breast cancers in vivo, when compared with blood or normal subcutaneous fluid. Therefore, we investigated the effects of increased hydrogen peroxide concentration on immune cell functions. NK cells were more susceptible to hydrogen peroxide than T cells or B cells, and by comparing T, B, and NK cells' sensitivities to redox stress and their antioxidant capacities, we identified peroxiredoxin-1 (PRDX1) as a lacking element of NK cells' antioxidative defense. We observed that priming with IL15 protected NK cells' functions in the presence of high hydrogen peroxide and simultaneously upregulated PRDX1 expression. However, the effect of IL15 on PRDX1 expression was transient and strictly dependent on the presence of the cytokine. Therefore, we genetically modified NK cells to stably overexpress PRDX1, which led to increased survival and NK cell activity in redox stress conditions. Finally, we generated PD-L1-CAR NK cells overexpressing PRDX1 that displayed potent antitumor activity against breast cancer cells under oxidative stress. These results demonstrate that hydrogen peroxide, at concentrations detected in the TME, suppresses NK cell function and that genetic modification strategies can improve CAR NK cells' resistance and potency against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Klopotowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Bajor
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Immunology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kraft
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Pilch
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andriy Zhylko
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Iwona Baranowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Lazniewski
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Plewczynski
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Genomics, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Goral
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Domagala
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Kuba Retecki
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kavita Ramji
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Krawczyk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Madison N. Temples
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Blanka Sharma
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mieszko Lachota
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Herman Netskar
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Radoslaw Zagozdzon
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Corresponding Author: Magdalena Winiarska, Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland. Phone: 4822-599-21-72; Fax: 4822-599-21-94; E-mail:
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13
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Abstract
Significance: Vitamin C (ascorbate), in regard to its effectiveness against malignancies, has had a controversial history in cancer treatment. It has been shown that in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy of ascorbate relies on its pro-oxidant effect mainly from an increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A growing understanding of its anticancer activities and pharmacokinetic properties has prompted scientists to re-evaluate the significance of ascorbate in cancer treatment. Recent Advances: A recent resurge in ascorbate research emerged after discovering that, at high doses, ascorbate preferentially kills Kirsten-Ras (K-ras)- and B-raf oncogene (BRAF)-mutant cancer cells. In addition, some of the main hallmarks of cancer cells, such as redox homeostasis and oxygen-sensing regulation (through inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha [HIF-1α] activity), are affected by vitamin C. Critical Issues: Currently, there is no clear consensus from the literature in regard to the beneficial effects of antioxidants. Results from both human and animal studies provide no clear evidence about the benefit of antioxidant treatment in preventing or suppressing cancer development. Since pro-oxidants may affect both normal and tumor cells, the extremely low toxicity of ascorbate represents a main advantage. This guarantees the safe inclusion of ascorbate in clinical protocols to treat cancer patients. Future Directions: Current research could focus on elucidating the wide array of reactions between ascorbate and reactive species, namely ROS, reactive nitrogen species as well as reactive sulfide species, and their intracellular molecular targets. Unraveling these mechanisms could allow researchers to assess what could be the optimal combination of ascorbate with standard treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Glorieux
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Pedro Buc Calderon
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile.,Research Group in Metabolism and Nutrition, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Böttger F, Vallés-Martí A, Cahn L, Jimenez CR. High-dose intravenous vitamin C, a promising multi-targeting agent in the treatment of cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:343. [PMID: 34717701 PMCID: PMC8557029 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that vitamin C has the potential to be a potent anti-cancer agent when administered intravenously and in high doses (high-dose IVC). Early phase clinical trials have confirmed safety and indicated efficacy of IVC in eradicating tumour cells of various cancer types. In recent years, the multi-targeting effects of vitamin C were unravelled, demonstrating a role as cancer-specific, pro-oxidative cytotoxic agent, anti-cancer epigenetic regulator and immune modulator, reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, inhibiting hypoxia and oncogenic kinase signalling and boosting immune response. Moreover, high-dose IVC is powerful as an adjuvant treatment for cancer, acting synergistically with many standard (chemo-) therapies, as well as a method for mitigating the toxic side-effects of chemotherapy. Despite the rationale and ample evidence, strong clinical data and phase III studies are lacking. Therefore, there is a need for more extensive awareness of the use of this highly promising, non-toxic cancer treatment in the clinical setting. In this review, we provide an elaborate overview of pre-clinical and clinical studies using high-dose IVC as anti-cancer agent, as well as a detailed evaluation of the main known molecular mechanisms involved. A special focus is put on global molecular profiling studies in this respect. In addition, an outlook on future implications of high-dose vitamin C in cancer treatment is presented and recommendations for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Böttger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Vallés-Martí
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Loraine Cahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, OncoProteomics Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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15
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Abdalbari FH, Telleria CM. The gold complex auranofin: new perspectives for cancer therapy. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:42. [PMID: 35201489 PMCID: PMC8777575 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced stages of cancer are highly associated with short overall survival in patients due to the lack of long-term treatment options following the standard form of care. New options for cancer therapy are needed to improve the survival of cancer patients without disease recurrence. Auranofin is a clinically approved agent against rheumatoid arthritis that is currently enrolled in clinical trials for potential repurposing against cancer. Auranofin mainly targets the anti-oxidative system catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), which protects the cell from oxidative stress and death in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria. TrxR is over-expressed in many cancers as an adaptive mechanism for cancer cell proliferation, rendering it an attractive target for cancer therapy, and auranofin as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer. Inhibiting TrxR dysregulates the intracellular redox state causing increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, and stimulates cellular demise. An alternate mechanism of action of auranofin is to mimic proteasomal inhibition by blocking the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which is critically important in cancer cells to prevent cell death when compared to non-cancer cells, because of its role on cell cycle regulation, protein degradation, gene expression, and DNA repair. This article provides new perspectives on the potential mechanisms used by auranofin alone, in combination with diverse other compounds, or in combination with platinating agents and/or immune checkpoint inhibitors to combat cancer cells, while assessing the feasibility for its repurposing in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah H Abdalbari
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carlos M Telleria
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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16
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Scuto M, Trovato Salinaro A, Caligiuri I, Ontario ML, Greco V, Sciuto N, Crea R, Calabrese EJ, Rizzolio F, Canzonieri V, Calabrese V. Redox modulation of vitagenes via plant polyphenols and vitamin D: Novel insights for chemoprevention and therapeutic interventions based on organoid technology. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 199:111551. [PMID: 34358533 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are chemopreventive through the induction of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated proteins and anti-inflammatory pathways. These pathways, encoding cytoprotective vitagenes, include heat shock proteins, such as heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), as well as glutathione redox system to protect against cancer initiation and progression. Phytochemicals exhibit biphasic dose responses on cancer cells, activating at low dose, signaling pathways resulting in upregulation of vitagenes, as in the case of the Nrf2 pathway upregulated by hydroxytyrosol (HT) or curcumin and NAD/NADH-sirtuin-1 activated by resveratrol. Here, the importance of vitagenes in redox stress response and autophagy mechanisms, as well as the potential use of dietary antioxidants in the prevention and treatment of multiple types of cancer are discussed. We also discuss the possible relationship between SARS-CoV-2, inflammation and cancer, exploiting innovative therapeutic approaches with HT-rich aqueous olive pulp extract (Hidrox®), a natural polyphenolic formulation, as well as the rationale of Vitamin D supplementation. Finally, we describe innovative approaches with organoids technology to study human carcinogenesis in preclinical models from basic cancer research to clinical practice, suggesting patient-derived organoids as an innovative tool to test drug toxicity and drive personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy; Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy.
| | - Maria Laura Ontario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
| | - Nello Sciuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
| | - Roberto Crea
- Oliphenol LLC., 26225 Eden Landing Road, Suite C, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123 Venezia, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy.
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17
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Zhu H, Toan S, Mui D, Zhou H. Mitochondrial quality surveillance as a therapeutic target in myocardial infarction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 231:e13590. [PMID: 33270362 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As mitochondrial dysfunction critically contributes to the pathogenesis of MI, intensive research is focused on the development of therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial homeostasis. Mitochondria possess a quality control system which maintains and restores their structure and function by regulating mitochondrial fission, fusion, biogenesis, degradation and death. In response to slight damage such as transient hypoxia or mild oxidative stress, mitochondrial metabolism shifts from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, in order to reduce oxygen consumption and maintain ATP output. Mitochondrial dynamics are also activated to modify mitochondrial shape and structure, in order to meet cardiomyocyte energy requirements through augmenting or reducing mitochondrial mass. When damaged mitochondria cannot be repaired, poorly structured mitochondria will be degraded through mitophagy, a process which is often accompanied by mitochondrial biogenesis. Once the insult is severe enough to induce lethal damage in the mitochondria and the cell, mitochondrial death pathway activation is an inevitable consequence, and the cardiomyocyte apoptosis or necrosis program will be initiated to remove damaged cells. Mitochondrial quality surveillance is a hierarchical system preserving mitochondrial function and defending cardiomyocytes against stress. A failure of this system has been regarded as one of the potential pathologies underlying MI. In this review, we discuss the recent findings focusing on the role of mitochondrial quality surveillance in MI, and highlight the available therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial quality surveillance during MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhu
- Department of Cardiology Chinese PLA General HospitalMedical School of Chinese PLA Beijing China
| | - Sam Toan
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Minnesota‐Duluth Duluth MN USA
| | - David Mui
- Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology Chinese PLA General HospitalMedical School of Chinese PLA Beijing China
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18
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Ghanem A, Melzer AM, Zaal E, Neises L, Baltissen D, Matar O, Glennemeier-Marke H, Almouhanna F, Theobald J, Abu El Maaty MA, Berkers C, Wölfl S. Ascorbate kills breast cancer cells by rewiring metabolism via redox imbalance and energy crisis. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 163:196-209. [PMID: 33359260 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The idea to use megadoses of ascorbate (vitamin C) for cancer treatment has recently been revived. Despite clear efficacy in animal experimentation, our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this treatment is still limited and suggests a combined oxidative and metabolic mechanism behind the selective cytotoxicity of ascorbate towards cancerous cells. To gain more insight into the cellular effects of high doses of ascorbate, we performed a detailed analysis of metabolic changes and cell survival of both luminal and basal-like breast cancer cells treated with ascorbate and revealed a distinctive metabolic shift virtually reversing the Warburg effect and triggering a severe disruption of redox homeostasis. High doses of ascorbate were cytotoxic against MCF7 and MDA-MB231 cells representing luminal and basal-like breast cancer phenotypes. Cell death was dependent on ascorbate-induced oxidative stress and accumulation of ROS, DNA damage, and depletion of essential intracellular co-factors including NAD+/NADH, associated with a multifaceted metabolic rewiring. This included a sharp disruption of glycolysis at the triose phosphate level, a rapid drop in ATP levels, and redirection of metabolites toward lipid droplet accumulation and increased metabolites and enzymatic activity in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). High doses of ascorbate also inhibited the TCA cycle and increased oxygen consumption. Together the severe disruptions of the intracellular metabolic homeostasis on multiple levels "redox crisis and energetic catastrophe" consequently trigger a rapid irreversible cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghanem
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Melzer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Esther Zaal
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Neises
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Danny Baltissen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Omar Matar
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | | - Fadi Almouhanna
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Jannick Theobald
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | | - Celia Berkers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Heidelberg University, Germany.
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19
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Berretta M, Quagliariello V, Maurea N, Di Francia R, Sharifi S, Facchini G, Rinaldi L, Piezzo M, Manuela C, Nunnari G, Montopoli M. Multiple Effects of Ascorbic Acid against Chronic Diseases: Updated Evidence from Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121182. [PMID: 33256059 PMCID: PMC7761324 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe disease commonly manifests as a systemic inflammatory process. Inflammation is associated withthe enhanced production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and with a marked reduction in the plasma concentrations of protective antioxidant molecules. This imbalance gives rise to oxidative stress, which is greater in patients with more severe conditions such as sepsis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and burns. In these patients, oxidative stress can trigger cell, tissue, and organ damage, thus increasing morbidity and mortality. Ascorbic acid (ASC) is a key nutrient thatserves as an antioxidant and a cofactor for numerous enzymatic reactions. However, humans, unlike most mammals, are unable to synthesize it. Consequently, ASC must be obtained through dietary sources, especially fresh fruit and vegetables. The value of administering exogenous micronutrients, to reestablish antioxidant concentrations in patients with severe disease, has been recognized for decades. Despite the suggestion that ASC supplementation may reduce oxidative stress and prevent several chronic conditions, few large, randomized clinical trials have tested it in patients with severe illness. This article reviews the recent literature on the pharmacological profile of ASC and the role of its supplementation in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.Q.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicola Maurea
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.Q.); (N.M.)
| | - Raffaele Di Francia
- Italian Association of Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Diagnostics (IAPharmagen), 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Saman Sharifi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Gaetano Facchini
- Division of Medical Oncology, “S. Maria delle Grazie” Hospital—ASL Napoli 2 Nord, 80126 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Michela Piezzo
- Division of Breast Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS Fondazione “G. Pascale”, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Ceccarelli Manuela
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Catania, 95122 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy;
| | - Monica Montopoli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; (S.S.); (M.M.)
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Darwiche W, Gomila C, Ouled-Haddou H, Naudot M, Doualle C, Morel P, Nguyen-Khac F, Garçon L, Marolleau JP, Ghamlouch H. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) synergistically enhances the therapeutic effect of targeted therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:228. [PMID: 33115525 PMCID: PMC7594454 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01738-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Novel, less toxic, cost-effective and safe therapeutic strategies are needed to improve treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Ascorbic acid (AA, vitamin C) has shown a potential anti-cancer therapeutic activity in several cancers. However, the anti-cancer effects of ascorbic acid on CLL B-cells have not been extensively studied. We aimed in this study to evaluate the in vitro therapeutic activity using clinically relevant conditions. Methods Primary CLL B-cells and two CLL cell lines were exposed to a dose that is clinically achievable by AA oral administration (250 μM), and cell death and potential mechanisms were assessed. The role of the protective CLL microenvironment was studied. Synergistic interaction between AA and CLL approved drugs (Ibrutinib, Idelalisib and Venetoclax) was also evaluated. Results Ascorbic acid is cytotoxic for CLL B-cells at low dose (250 μM) but spares healthy B-cells. Ascorbic-acid-induced cytotoxicity involved pro-oxidant damage through the generation of reactive oxygen species in the extracellular media and in CLL cells, and induced caspase-dependent apoptosis. We also found that AA treatment overcame the supportive survival effect provided by microenvironment including bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, T-cell cues (CD40L + IL-4), cytokines and hypoxia. Our data suggest that resistance to AA could be mediated by the expression of the enzyme catalase in some CLL samples and by the glucose metabolite pyruvate. We also demonstrated that AA synergistically potentiates the cytotoxicity of targeted therapies used in or being developed for CLL. Conclusion These preclinical results point to AA as an adjuvant therapy with potential to further improve CLL treatments in combination with targeted therapies. Supplementary information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s13046-020-01738-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Darwiche
- EA 4666, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, D408, 80054, Amiens Cedex, France. .,Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens Picardie, D408, 80054, Amiens Cedex, France.
| | - Cathy Gomila
- EA 4666, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, D408, 80054, Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Hakim Ouled-Haddou
- EA 4666, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, D408, 80054, Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Marie Naudot
- EA 7516, CHIMERE, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Cécile Doualle
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Morel
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens Picardie, D408, 80054, Amiens Cedex, France
| | - Florence Nguyen-Khac
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Sorbonne Université, APHP, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Garçon
- EA 4666, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, D408, 80054, Amiens Cedex, France.,Service d'hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- EA 4666, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, D408, 80054, Amiens Cedex, France. .,Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens Picardie, D408, 80054, Amiens Cedex, France.
| | - Hussein Ghamlouch
- EA 4666, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, D408, 80054, Amiens Cedex, France. .,INSERM U1170, équipe labélisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy, 39 rue Camille Desmoulins, 94805, Villejuif Cedex, France.
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21
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Wang J, Zhou H. Mitochondrial quality control mechanisms as molecular targets in cardiac ischemia -reperfusion injury. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1866-1879. [PMID: 33163341 PMCID: PMC7606115 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial damage is a critical contributor to cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) mechanisms, a series of adaptive responses that preserve mitochondrial structure and function, ensure cardiomyocyte survival and cardiac function after I/R injury. MQC includes mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial fusion, mitophagy and mitochondria-dependent cell death. The interplay among these responses is linked to pathological changes such as redox imbalance, calcium overload, energy metabolism disorder, signal transduction arrest, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Excessive mitochondrial fission is an early marker of mitochondrial damage and cardiomyocyte death. Reduced mitochondrial fusion has been observed in stressed cardiomyocytes and correlates with mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac depression. Mitophagy allows autophagosomes to selectively degrade poorly structured mitochondria, thus maintaining mitochondrial network fitness. Nevertheless, abnormal mitophagy is maladaptive and has been linked to cell death. Although mitochondria serve as the fuel source of the heart by continuously producing adenosine triphosphate, they also stimulate cardiomyocyte death by inducing apoptosis or necroptosis in the reperfused myocardium. Therefore, defects in MQC may determine the fate of cardiomyocytes. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms and pathological effects of MQC in myocardial I/R injury, highlighting potential targets for the clinical management of reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
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22
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Li C, Ma Q, Toan S, Wang J, Zhou H, Liang J. SERCA overexpression reduces reperfusion-mediated cardiac microvascular damage through inhibition of the calcium/MCU/mPTP/necroptosis signaling pathways. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101659. [PMID: 32738788 PMCID: PMC7395441 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells lining the microvasculature are particularly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, a susceptibility that is partially mediated by dysregulated intracellular calcium signals. Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) functions to recycle calcium from the cytosol back to the endoplasmic reticulum. The purpose of this study is to explore the roles and mechanisms of SERCA in protecting microcirculation against cardiac I/R injury. Our data showed that overexpression of SERCA significantly reduced I/R-induced luminal stenosis and vascular wall edema, possibly through normalization of the ratio between eNOS and ET-1. I/R-induced erythrocyte morphological changes in micro-vessels could be reversed by SERCA overexpression through transcriptional inhibition of the expression of adhesive factors. In addition, SERCA-sustained endothelial barrier integrity reduced the likelihood of inflammatory cells infiltrating the myocardium. Furthermore, we found that SERCA overexpression attenuated intracellular calcium overload, suppressed mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) expression, and prevented the abnormal opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores (mPTP) in I/R-treated cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs). Interestingly, the administration of calcium activator or MCU agonist induced endothelial necroptosis in vitro and thus abolished the microvascular protection afforded by SERCA in reperfused heart tissue in vivo. In conclusion, by using gene delivery strategies to specifically target SERCA in vitro and in vivo, we identify a potential novel pathway by which SERCA overexpression protects microcirculation against cardiac I/R injury in a manner dependent on the calcium/MCU/necroptosis pathway. These findings should be taken into consideration in the development of pharmacological strategies for therapeutic interventions against cardiac microvascular I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Foshan Hospital Affiliated with Southern Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Foshan), Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinghui Ma
- Department of Oncology Hematology, Foshan Hospital Affiliated with Southern Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Foshan), Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Sam Toan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jianqiu Liang
- Department of Cardiology, Foshan Hospital Affiliated with Southern Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Foshan), Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China.
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Domka K, Goral A, Firczuk M. cROSsing the Line: Between Beneficial and Harmful Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species in B-Cell Malignancies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1538. [PMID: 32793211 PMCID: PMC7385186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell malignancies are a heterogeneous group of hematological neoplasms derived from cells at different stages of B-cell development. Recent studies revealed that dysregulated redox metabolism is one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of B-cell malignancies. Elevated levels of oxidative stress markers usually correlate with the advanced stage of various B-cell malignancies. In the complex tumor microenvironment, reactive oxygen species affect not only malignant cells but also bystander cells, including immune cells. Importantly, malignant cells, due to genetic dysregulation, are able to adapt to the increased demands for energy and reducing equivalents via metabolic reprogramming and upregulation of antioxidants. The immune cells, however, are more sensitive to oxidative imbalance. This may cause their dysfunction, leading to immune evasion and tumor progression. On the other hand, the already imbalanced redox homeostasis renders malignant B-cells particularly sensitive to further elevation of reactive oxygen species. Indeed, targeting antioxidant systems has already presented anti-leukemic efficacy in preclinical models. Moreover, the prooxidant treatment that triggers immunogenic cell death has been utilized to generate autologous anti-leukemic vaccines. In this article, we review novel research on the dual role of the reactive oxygen species in B-cell malignancies. We highlight the mechanisms of maintaining redox homeostasis by malignant B-cells along with the antioxidant shield provided by the microenvironment. We summarize current findings regarding therapeutic targeting of redox metabolism in B-cell malignancies. We also discuss how the oxidative stress affects antitumor immune response and how excessive reactive oxygens species influence anticancer prooxidant treatments and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Domka
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Goral
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Dong Q, Jie Y, Ma J, Li C, Xin T, Yang D. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway promotes renal ischemia-reperfusion injury through inducing oxidative stress and inflammation response. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:15-18. [PMID: 32580617 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1783555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation response have been found to be associated with renal ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury through an undefined mechanism. The aim of our study is to explore the influence of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway on oxidative stress and inflammation response during renal I/R injury. The results of our study demonstrated that oxidative stress was induced whereas antioxidative factors were suppressed by renal I/R injury. Besides, the transcriptions and activities of pro-inflammation factors were also upregulated by renal I/R injury. Interestingly, inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway significantly attenuated I/R-mediated oxidative stress and inflammation response. Therefore, our results report a novel pathway responsible for renal I/R injury. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway would be considered as an effective approach to regulate oxidative stress and inflammation response in reperfused kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Yingxin Jie
- Department of Emergency, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jian Ma
- Tianjin Women's and Children's Health Center, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Dingwei Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
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25
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Fu Z, Jiao Y, Wang J, Zhang Y, Shen M, Reiter RJ, Xi Q, Chen Y. Cardioprotective Role of Melatonin in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Front Physiol 2020; 11:366. [PMID: 32411013 PMCID: PMC7201093 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a pleiotropic, indole secreted, and synthesized by the human pineal gland. Melatonin has biological effects including anti-apoptosis, protecting mitochondria, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and stimulating target cells to secrete cytokines. Its protective effect on cardiomyocytes in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has caused widespread interest in the actions of this molecule. The effects of melatonin against oxidative stress, promoting autophagic repair of cells, regulating immune and inflammatory responses, enhancing mitochondrial function, and relieving endoplasmic reticulum stress, play crucial roles in protecting cardiomyocytes from infarction. Mitochondrial apoptosis and dysfunction are common occurrence in cardiomyocyte injury after myocardial infarction. This review focuses on the targets of melatonin in protecting cardiomyocytes in AMI, the main molecular signaling pathways that melatonin influences in its endogenous protective role in myocardial infarction, and the developmental prospect of melatonin in myocardial infarction treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jihang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhi Shen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Russel J. Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- San Antonio Cellular Therapeutics Institute, Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Qing Xi
- The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yundai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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26
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Bajor M, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Marhelava K, Kurkowiak M, Rahman A, Aura C, Russell N, Zych AO, Firczuk M, Winiarska M, Gallagher WM, Zagozdzon R. Triple Combination of Ascorbate, Menadione and the Inhibition of Peroxiredoxin-1 Produces Synergistic Cytotoxic Effects in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040320. [PMID: 32316111 PMCID: PMC7222372 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of mammary malignancy currently without satisfactory systemic treatment options. Agents generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as ascorbate (Asc) and menadione (Men), especially applied in combination, have been proposed as an alternative anticancer modality. However, their effectiveness can be hampered by the cytoprotective effects of elevated antioxidant enzymes (e.g., peroxiredoxins, PRDX) in cancer. In this study, PRDX1 mRNA and protein expression were assessed in TNBC tissues by analysis of the online RNA-seq datasets and immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarray, respectively. We demonstrated that PRDX1 mRNA expression was markedly elevated in primary TNBC tumors as compared to non-malignant controls, with PRDX1 protein staining intensity correlating with favorable survival parameters. Subsequently, PRDX1 functionality in TNBC cell lines or non-malignant mammary cells was targeted by genetic silencing or chemically by auranofin (AUR). The PRDX1-knockdown or AUR treatment resulted in inhibition of the growth of TNBC cells in vitro. These cytotoxic effects were further synergistically potentiated by the incubation with a combination of the prooxidant agents, Asc and Men. In conclusion, we report that the PRDX1-related antioxidant system is essential for maintaining redox homeostasis in TNBC cells and can be an attractive therapeutic target in combination with ROS-generating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Bajor
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (K.M.)
| | - Agnieszka Graczyk-Jarzynka
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.-J.); (A.O.Z.); (M.F.); (M.W.)
| | - Katsiaryna Marhelava
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (K.M.)
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Trojdena 2a, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Kurkowiak
- International Centre for Cancer Vaccine Science, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Arman Rahman
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 Dublin 4, Ireland; (A.R.); (C.A.); (N.R.); (W.M.G.)
| | - Claudia Aura
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 Dublin 4, Ireland; (A.R.); (C.A.); (N.R.); (W.M.G.)
| | - Niamh Russell
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 Dublin 4, Ireland; (A.R.); (C.A.); (N.R.); (W.M.G.)
| | - Agata O. Zych
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.-J.); (A.O.Z.); (M.F.); (M.W.)
| | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.-J.); (A.O.Z.); (M.F.); (M.W.)
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.G.-J.); (A.O.Z.); (M.F.); (M.W.)
| | - William M. Gallagher
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, D04 Dublin 4, Ireland; (A.R.); (C.A.); (N.R.); (W.M.G.)
- OncoMark Ltd., Nova UCD, D04 Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Radoslaw Zagozdzon
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (K.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology, and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
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27
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Nizhamu M, Alifu Z, Guo Z, Ablajan K. Sodium L-ascorbate-catalyzed one-pot green synthesis of sulfonyl substituted 2-amino-4H-pyran derivatives. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Roa FJ, Peña E, Gatica M, Escobar-Acuña K, Saavedra P, Maldonado M, Cuevas ME, Moraga-Cid G, Rivas CI, Muñoz-Montesino C. Therapeutic Use of Vitamin C in Cancer: Physiological Considerations. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:211. [PMID: 32194425 PMCID: PMC7063061 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early studies of William J. McCormick in the 1950s, vitamin C has been proposed as a candidate for the treatment of cancer. A number of reports have shown that pharmacological concentrations of vitamin C selectively kill cancer cells in vitro and decrease the growth rates of a number of human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice. However, up to the date there is still doubt regarding this possible therapeutic role of vitamin C in cancer, mainly because high dose administration in cancer patients has not showed a clear antitumor activity. These apparent controversial findings highlight the fact that we lack information on the interactions that occurs between cancer cells and vitamin C, and if these transformed cells can uptake, metabolize and compartmentalize vitamin C like normal human cells do. The role of SVCTs and GLUTs transporters, which uptake the reduced form and the oxidized form of vitamin C, respectively, has been recently highlighted in the context of cancer showing that the relationship between vitamin C and cancer might be more complex than previously thought. In this review, we analyze the state of art of the effect of vitamin C on cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, and relate it to the capacity of cancer cells in acquiring, metabolize and compartmentalize this nutrient, with its implications on the potential therapeutic role of vitamin C in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Roa
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eduardo Peña
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Marcell Gatica
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Kathleen Escobar-Acuña
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Paulina Saavedra
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mafalda Maldonado
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Magdalena E Cuevas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Moraga-Cid
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Coralia I Rivas
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carola Muñoz-Montesino
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Firczuk M, Bajor M, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Fidyt K, Goral A, Zagozdzon R. Harnessing altered oxidative metabolism in cancer by augmented prooxidant therapy. Cancer Lett 2020; 471:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Li P, Hu F, Cao X, Luo L, Tu Q. Melatonin receptor protects cardiomyocyte against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 40:117-125. [PMID: 31986953 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1719151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Gerontology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Hu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Cao
- Department of Gerontology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyun Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Tu
- Department of Gerontology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, People’s Republic of China
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Pro- and Antioxidant Effects of Vitamin C in Cancer in correspondence to Its Dietary and Pharmacological Concentrations. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7286737. [PMID: 31934267 PMCID: PMC6942884 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7286737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C is an antioxidant that may scavenge reactive oxygen species preventing DNA damage and other effects important in cancer transformation. Dietary vitamin C from natural sources is taken with other compounds affecting its bioavailability and biological effects. High pharmacological doses of vitamin C may induce prooxidant effects, detrimental for cancer cells. An oxidized form of vitamin C, dehydroascorbate, is transported through glucose transporters, and cancer cells switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in energy production so an excess of vitamin C may limit glucose transport and ATP production resulting in energetic crisis and cell death. Vitamin C may change the metabolomic and epigenetic profiles of cancer cells, and activation of ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins and downregulation of pluripotency factors by the vitamin may eradicate cancer stem cells. Metastasis, the main reason of cancer-related deaths, requires breakage of anatomical barriers containing collagen, whose synthesis is promoted by vitamin C. Vitamin C induces degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor, HIF-1, essential for the survival of tumor cells in hypoxic conditions. Dietary vitamin C may stimulate the immune system through activation of NK and T cells and monocytes. Pharmacological doses of vitamin C may inhibit cancer transformation in several pathways, but further studies are needed to address both mechanistic and clinical aspects of this effect.
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Fidyt K, Pastorczak A, Goral A, Szczygiel K, Fendler W, Muchowicz A, Bartlomiejczyk MA, Madzio J, Cyran J, Graczyk-Jarzynka A, Jansen E, Patkowska E, Lech-Maranda E, Pal D, Blair H, Burdzinska A, Pedzisz P, Glodkowska-Mrowka E, Demkow U, Gawle-Krawczyk K, Matysiak M, Winiarska M, Juszczynski P, Mlynarski W, Heidenreich O, Golab J, Firczuk M. Targeting the thioredoxin system as a novel strategy against B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1180-1195. [PMID: 30861284 PMCID: PMC6487705 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP‐ALL) is a genetically heterogeneous blood cancer characterized by abnormal expansion of immature B cells. Although intensive chemotherapy provides high cure rates in a majority of patients, subtypes harboring certain genetic lesions, such as MLL rearrangements or BCR‐ABL1 fusion, remain clinically challenging, necessitating a search for other therapeutic approaches. Herein, we aimed to validate antioxidant enzymes of the thioredoxin system as potential therapeutic targets in BCP‐ALL. We observed oxidative stress along with aberrant expression of the enzymes associated with the activity of thioredoxin antioxidant system in BCP‐ALL cells. Moreover, we found that auranofin and adenanthin, inhibitors of the thioredoxin system antioxidant enzymes, effectively kill BCP‐ALL cell lines and pediatric and adult BCP‐ALL primary cells, including primary cells cocultured with bone marrow‐derived stem cells. Furthermore, auranofin delayed the progression of leukemia in MLL‐rearranged patient‐derived xenograft model and prolonged the survival of leukemic NSG mice. Our results unveil the thioredoxin system as a novel target for BCP‐ALL therapy, and indicate that further studies assessing the anticancer efficacy of combinations of thioredoxin system inhibitors with conventional anti‐BCP‐ALL drugs should be continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudyna Fidyt
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Pastorczak
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Goral
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Joanna Madzio
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Julia Cyran
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Eugene Jansen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ewa Lech-Maranda
- Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.,Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Deepali Pal
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Helen Blair
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anna Burdzinska
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Pedzisz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eliza Glodkowska-Mrowka
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michal Matysiak
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Wojciech Mlynarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Olaf Heidenreich
- Newcastle Cancer Centre at the Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.,Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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