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House RRJ, Tovar EA, Redlon LN, Essenburg CJ, Dischinger PS, Ellis AE, Beddows I, Sheldon RD, Lien EC, Graveel CR, Steensma MR. NF1 deficiency drives metabolic reprogramming in ER+ breast cancer. Mol Metab 2024; 80:101876. [PMID: 38216123 PMCID: PMC10844973 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE NF1 is a tumor suppressor gene and its protein product, neurofibromin, is a negative regulator of the RAS pathway. NF1 is one of the top driver mutations in sporadic breast cancer such that 27 % of breast cancers exhibit damaging NF1 alterations. NF1 loss-of-function is a frequent event in the genomic evolution of estrogen receptor (ER)+ breast cancer metastasis and endocrine resistance. Individuals with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF) - a disorder caused by germline NF1 mutations - have an increased risk of dying from breast cancer [1-4]. NF-related breast cancers are associated with decreased overall survival compared to sporadic breast cancer. Despite numerous studies interrogating the role of RAS mutations in tumor metabolism, no study has comprehensively profiled the NF1-deficient breast cancer metabolome to define patterns of energetic and metabolic reprogramming. The goals of this investigation were (1) to define the role of NF1 deficiency in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer metabolic reprogramming and (2) to identify potential targeted pathway and metabolic inhibitor combination therapies for NF1-deficient ER + breast cancer. METHODS We employed two ER+ NF1-deficient breast cancer models: (1) an NF1-deficient MCF7 breast cancer cell line to model sporadic breast cancer, and (2) three distinct, Nf1-deficient rat models to model NF-related breast cancer [1]. IncuCyte proliferation analysis was used to measure the effect of NF1 deficiency on cell proliferation and drug response. Protein quantity was assessed by Western Blot analysis. We then used RNAseq to investigate the transcriptional effect of NF1 deficiency on global and metabolism-related transcription. We measured cellular energetics using Agilent Seahorse XF-96 Glyco Stress Test and Mito Stress Test assays. We performed stable isotope labeling and measured [U-13C]-glucose and [U-13C]-glutamine metabolite incorporation and measured total metabolite pools using mass spectrometry. Lastly, we used a Bliss synergy model to investigate NF1-driven changes in targeted and metabolic inhibitor synergy. RESULTS Our results revealed that NF1 deficiency enhanced cell proliferation, altered neurofibromin expression, and increased RAS and PI3K/AKT pathway signaling while constraining oxidative ATP production and restricting energetic flexibility. Neurofibromin deficiency also increased glutamine influx into TCA intermediates and dramatically increased lipid pools, especially triglycerides (TG). Lastly, NF1 deficiency alters the synergy between metabolic inhibitors and traditional targeted inhibitors. This includes increased synergy with inhibitors targeting glycolysis, glutamine metabolism, mitochondrial fatty acid transport, and TG synthesis. CONCLUSIONS NF1 deficiency drives metabolic reprogramming in ER+ breast cancer. This reprogramming is characterized by oxidative ATP constraints, glutamine TCA influx, and lipid pool expansion, and these metabolic changes introduce novel metabolic-to-targeted inhibitor synergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Rae J House
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Tovar
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Luke N Redlon
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Curt J Essenburg
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Abigail E Ellis
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ian Beddows
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Ryan D Sheldon
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Evan C Lien
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Carrie R Graveel
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Matthew R Steensma
- Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Spectrum Health System, Grand Rapids, MI, USA; Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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Roy V, Paquet A, Touzel-Deschênes L, Khuong HT, Dupré N, Gros-Louis F. Heterozygous NF1 dermal fibroblasts modulate exosomal content to promote angiogenesis in a tissue-engineered skin model of neurofibromatosis type-1. J Neurochem 2023; 167:556-570. [PMID: 37837197 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Neovascularization is a critical process in tumor progression and malignant transformation associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Indeed, fibroblasts are known to play a key role in the tumoral microenvironment modification by producing an abundant collagenous matrix, but their contribution in paracrine communication pathways is poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that NF1 heterozygosis in human dermal fibroblasts could promote angiogenesis through exosomes secretion. The purposes of this study are to identify the NF1 fibroblast-derived exosome protein contents and to determine their proangiogenic activity. Angiogenic proteome measurement confirmed the overexpression of VEGF and other proteins involved in vascularization. Tube formation of microvascular endothelial cells was also enhanced in presence of exosomes derived from NF1 skin fibroblasts. NF1 tissue-engineered skin (NF1-TES) generation showed a significantly denser microvessels networks compared to healthy controls. The reduction of exosomes production with an inhibitor treatment demonstrated a drastic decrease in blood vessel formation within the dermis. Our results suggest that NF1 haploinsufficiency alters the dermal fibroblast function and creates a pro-angiogenic signal via exosomes, which increases the capillary formation. This study highlights the potential of targeting exosome secretion and angiogenesis for therapeutic interventions in NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Roy
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Paquet
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lydia Touzel-Deschênes
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hélène T Khuong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Francois Gros-Louis
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, CHU de Quebec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Rhodes SD, McCormick F, Cagan RL, Bakker A, Staedtke V, Ly I, Steensma MR, Lee SY, Romo CG, Blakeley JO, Sarin KY. RAS Signaling Gone Awry in the Skin: The Complex Role of RAS in Cutaneous Neurofibroma Pathogenesis, Emerging Biological Insights. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1358-1368. [PMID: 37245145 PMCID: PMC10409534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous neurofibromas (cNFs) are the most common tumor in people with the rasopathy neurofibromatosis type 1. They number in hundreds or even thousands throughout the body, and currently, there are no effective interventions to prevent or treat these skin tumors. To facilitate the identification of novel and effective therapies, essential studies including a more refined understanding of cNF biology and the role of RAS signaling and downstream effector pathways responsible for cNF initiation, growth, and maintenance are needed. This review highlights the current state of knowledge of RAS signaling in cNF pathogenesis and therapeutic development for cNF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Rhodes
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA; Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ross L Cagan
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | - Verena Staedtke
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ina Ly
- Stephen E. and Catherine Pappas Center for Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew R Steensma
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA; Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Spectrum Health System, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA; College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Sang Y Lee
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlos G Romo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jaishri O Blakeley
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kavita Y Sarin
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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Del Bello B, Gamberucci A, Marcolongo P, Maellaro E. The autophagy inducer trehalose stimulates macropinocytosis in NF1-deficient glioblastoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:232. [PMID: 35864494 PMCID: PMC9306097 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive brain tumor. A big effort is required to find novel molecules which can cross the blood–brain barrier and efficiently kill these tumor cells. In this perspective, trehalose (α-glucopyranosyl‐[1→1]‐α‐d‐glucopyranoside), found in various dietary sources and used as a safe nutrient supplement, attracted our attention for its pleiotropic effects against tumor cells. Methods Human glioblastoma cell lines U373-MG and T98G were exposed to trehalose and analyzed at different time points. Cell proliferation was evaluated at medium term, and clonogenic capacity and cell morphology were evaluated at long term. Western blot was used to evaluate biochemical markers of autophagy (also measured in cells co-treated with EIPA or chloroquine), and mTOR, AMPK and ERK 1/2 signalling. Macropinocytosis was evaluated morphologically by bright-field microscopy; in cells loaded with the fluorescein-conjugated fluid-phase tracer dextran, macropinocytic vacuoles were also visualized by fluorescence microscopy, and the extent of macropinocytosis was quantified by flow cytometry. Results The long-term effect of trehalose on U373-MG and T98G cell lines was impressive, as indicated by a dramatic reduction in clonogenic efficiency. Mechanistically, trehalose proved to be an efficient autophagy inducer in macropinocytosis-deficient T98G cells and an efficient inducer of macropinocytosis and eventual cell death by methuosis in U373-MG glioblastoma cells, proved to be poorly responsive to induction of autophagy. These two processes appeared to act in a mutually exclusive manner; indeed, co-treatment of U373-MG cells with the macropinocytosis inhibitor, EIPA, significantly increased the autophagic response. mTOR activation and AMPK inhibition occurred in a similar way in the two trehalose-treated cell lines. Interestingly, ERK 1/2 was activated only in macropinocytosis-proficient U373-MG cells harbouring loss-of-function mutations in the negative RAS regulator, NF1, suggesting a key role of RAS signalling. Conclusions Our results indicate that trehalose is worthy of further study as a candidate molecule for glioblastoma therapy, due to its capacity to induce a sustained autophagic response, ultimately leading to loss of clonogenic potential, and more interestingly, to force macropinocytosis, eventually leading to cell death by methuosis, particularly in tumor cells with RAS hyperactivity. As a further anticancer strategy, stimulation of macropinocytosis may be exploited to increase intracellular delivery of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Del Bello
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gamberucci
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Marcolongo
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Emilia Maellaro
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy.
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Ginini L, Billan S, Fridman E, Gil Z. Insight into Extracellular Vesicle-Cell Communication: From Cell Recognition to Intracellular Fate. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091375. [PMID: 35563681 PMCID: PMC9101098 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogamous lipid bilayer-enclosed membranous structures secreted by cells. They are comprised of apoptotic bodies, microvesicles, and exosomes, and carry a range of nucleic acids and proteins that are necessary for cell-to-cell communication via interaction on the cells surface. They initiate intracellular signaling pathways or the transference of cargo molecules, which elicit pleiotropic responses in recipient cells in physiological processes, as well as pathological processes, such as cancer. It is therefore important to understand the molecular means by which EVs are taken up into cells. Accordingly, this review summarizes the underlying mechanisms involved in EV targeting and uptake. The primary method of entry by EVs appears to be endocytosis, where clathrin-mediated, caveolae-dependent, macropinocytotic, phagocytotic, and lipid raft-mediated uptake have been variously described as being prevalent. EV uptake mechanisms may depend on proteins and lipids found on the surfaces of both vesicles and target cells. As EVs have been shown to contribute to cancer growth and progression, further exploration and targeting of the gateways utilized by EVs to internalize into tumor cells may assist in the prevention or deceleration of cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ginini
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel; (L.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Salem Billan
- Head and Neck Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
- Medical Oncology and Radiation Therapy Program, Oncology Section, Rambam Health Care Campus, HaAliya HaShniya Street 8, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Eran Fridman
- Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel; (L.G.); (E.F.)
| | - Ziv Gil
- Head and Neck Institute, The Holy Family Hospital Nazareth, Nazareth 1641100, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-4-854-2480
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Delgado MG, Rivera CA, Lennon-Duménil AM. Macropinocytosis and Cell Migration: Don't Drink and Drive…. Subcell Biochem 2022; 98:85-102. [PMID: 35378704 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94004-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a nonspecific mechanism by which cells compulsively "drink" the surrounding extracellular fluids in order to feed themselves or sample the molecules therein, hence gaining information about their environment. This process is cell-intrinsically incompatible with the migration of many cells, implying that the two functions are antagonistic. The migrating cell uses a molecular switch to stop and explore its surrounding fluid by macropinocytosis, after which it employs the same molecular machinery to start migrating again to examine another location. This cycle of migration/macropinocytosis allows cells to explore tissues, and it is key to a range of physiological processes. Evidence of this evolutionarily conserved antagonism between the two processes can be found in several cell types-immune cells, for example, being particularly adept-and ancient organisms (e.g., the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum). How macropinocytosis and migration are negatively coupled is the subject of this chapter.
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The NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 reduces ischemic brain injury in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2111896119. [PMID: 35101976 PMCID: PMC8833173 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111896119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability with limited therapies. Neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8 (NEDD8) is a ubiquitin-like protein that is involved in protein neddylation. The first-in-class anticancer agent called MLN4924 plays a crucial role in suppressing tumorigenesis and attenuating inflammatory responses due to specifically inhibiting NEDD8-activating enzyme. Here, we investigated the potential protective role of MLN4924 after experimental stroke. We showed that the neddylation pathway is overactivated in the brain following cerebral ischemia. Inhibition of neddylation by MLN4924 protects the brain against ischemic injury by attenuating neutrophil extravasation and maintaining blood–brain barrier integrity. Our findings provide insights into the promising treatment with neddylation inhibition for ischemic brain injury. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and inflammation occurring at the BBB have a key, mainly a deleterious role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Neddylation is a ubiquitylation-like pathway that is critical in various cellular functions by conjugating neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 8 (NEDD8) to target proteins. However, the roles of neddylation pathway in ischemic stroke remain elusive. Here, we report that NEDD8 conjugation increased during acute phase after ischemic stroke and was present in intravascular and intraparenchymal neutrophils. Inhibition of neddylation by MLN4924, also known as pevonedistat, inactivated cullin-RING E3 ligase (CRL), and reduced brain infarction and improved functional outcomes. MLN4924 treatment induced the accumulation of the CRL substrate neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1). By using virus-mediated NF1 silencing, we show that NF1 knockdown abolished MLN4924-dependent inhibition of neutrophil trafficking. These effects were mediated through activation of endothelial P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and blocking antibodies against P-selectin or anti–ICAM-1 antibodies reversed NF1 silencing-induced increase in neutrophil infiltration in MLN4924-treated mice. Furthermore, we found that NF1 silencing blocked MLN4924-afforded BBB protection and neuroprotection through activation of protein kinase C δ (PKCδ), myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), and myosin light chain (MLC) in cerebral microvessels after ischemic stroke, and treatment of mice with the PKCδ inhibitor rottlerin reduced this increased BBB permeability. Our study demonstrated that increased neddylation promoted neutrophil trafficking and thus exacerbated injury of the BBB and stroke outcomes. We suggest that the neddylation inhibition may be beneficial in ischemic stroke.
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Intracellular delivery of oxaliplatin conjugate via cell penetrating peptide for the treatment of colorectal carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Int J Pharm 2021; 606:120904. [PMID: 34293467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pt-based drugs are one of the main active agents in colorectal cancer treatment. However, drug resistance and dose-dependent side effects are the main barriers that restrict their clinical applications. As an alternative approach to these issues, we designed and synthesized a cell penetrating peptide (CPP) octaarginine-oxaliplatin conjugate that quickly and successfully delivered oxaliplatin into colon cancer cells. The CPP octaarginine is a well-studied cationic peptide that can play a role as a drug delivery vector. In this work, an octaarginine CPP (RRRRRRRR) was conjugated with oxaliplatin via a specific heterobifunctional linker. The in vitro studies showed the conjugate had affinity toward mitochondria inside cells and the MTT assay confirmed that conjugate is active in low micromolar range against colon cancer cells, requiring much lower concentrations than the oxaliplatin alone to reach IC50. More importantly, in the in vivo mouse study, the conjugate effectively inhibited tumor growth and showed considerably high antitumor activity, demonstrating the conjugate can perform well in vivo. This strategy may offer a new approach for designing oxaliplatin derivatives or prodrugs with remarkable therapeutic capabilities.
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Kay RR. Macropinocytosis: Biology and mechanisms. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203713. [PMID: 34175511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a form of endocytosis performed by ruffles and cups of the plasma membrane. These close to entrap droplets of medium into micron-sized vesicles, which are trafficked through the endocytic system, their contents digested and useful products absorbed. Macropinocytosis is constitutive in certain immune cells and stimulated in many other cells by growth factors. It occurs across the animal kingdom and in amoebae, implying a deep evolutionary history. Its scientific history goes back 100 years, but increasingly work is focused on its medical importance in the immune system, cancer cell feeding, and as a backdoor into cells for viruses and drugs. Macropinocytosis is driven by the actin cytoskeleton whose dynamics can be appreciated with lattice light sheet microscopy: this reveals a surprising variety of routes for forming macropinosomes. In Dictyostelium amoebae, macropinocytic cups are organized around domains of PIP3 and active Ras and Rac in the plasma membrane. These attract activators of the Arp2/3 complex to their periphery, creating rings of actin polymerization that shape the cups. The size of PIP3 domains is controlled by RasGAPs, such as NF1, and the lipid phosphatase, PTEN. It is likely that domain dynamics determine the shape, evolution and closing of macropinocytic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Kay
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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Ritter M, Bresgen N, Kerschbaum HH. From Pinocytosis to Methuosis-Fluid Consumption as a Risk Factor for Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651982. [PMID: 34249909 PMCID: PMC8261248 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The volumes of a cell [cell volume (CV)] and its organelles are adjusted by osmoregulatory processes. During pinocytosis, extracellular fluid volume equivalent to its CV is incorporated within an hour and membrane area equivalent to the cell's surface within 30 min. Since neither fluid uptake nor membrane consumption leads to swelling or shrinkage, cells must be equipped with potent volume regulatory mechanisms. Normally, cells respond to outwardly or inwardly directed osmotic gradients by a volume decrease and increase, respectively, i.e., they shrink or swell but then try to recover their CV. However, when a cell death (CD) pathway is triggered, CV persistently decreases in isotonic conditions in apoptosis and it increases in necrosis. One type of CD associated with cell swelling is due to a dysfunctional pinocytosis. Methuosis, a non-apoptotic CD phenotype, occurs when cells accumulate too much fluid by macropinocytosis. In contrast to functional pinocytosis, in methuosis, macropinosomes neither recycle nor fuse with lysosomes but with each other to form giant vacuoles, which finally cause rupture of the plasma membrane (PM). Understanding methuosis longs for the understanding of the ionic mechanisms of cell volume regulation (CVR) and vesicular volume regulation (VVR). In nascent macropinosomes, ion channels and transporters are derived from the PM. Along trafficking from the PM to the perinuclear area, the equipment of channels and transporters of the vesicle membrane changes by retrieval, addition, and recycling from and back to the PM, causing profound changes in vesicular ion concentrations, acidification, and-most importantly-shrinkage of the macropinosome, which is indispensable for its proper targeting and cargo processing. In this review, we discuss ion and water transport mechanisms with respect to CVR and VVR and with special emphasis on pinocytosis and methuosis. We describe various aspects of the complex mutual interplay between extracellular and intracellular ions and ion gradients, the PM and vesicular membrane, phosphoinositides, monomeric G proteins and their targets, as well as the submembranous cytoskeleton. Our aim is to highlight important cellular mechanisms, components, and processes that may lead to methuotic CD upon their derangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ritter
- Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- Gastein Research Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis und Rehabilitation, Salzburg, Austria
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Kanno S, Hirano S, Sakamoto T, Furuyama A, Takase H, Kato H, Fukuta M, Aoki Y. Scavenger receptor MARCO contributes to cellular internalization of exosomes by dynamin-dependent endocytosis and macropinocytosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21795. [PMID: 33311558 PMCID: PMC7733512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) is a scavenger receptor class-A protein that is expressed on the cell surface of macrophages. MARCO mediates binding and ingestion of unopsonized environmental particles, including nano-sized materials. Exosomes are cell-derived, nano-sized vesicles (40–150 nm) that can contain lipids, RNA, DNA, and various proteins. Exosomes play an essential role in cell-to-cell communication via body fluids. However, mechanisms for the recognition and internalization of exosomes by recipient cells remain poorly characterized. In this study, cellular association of serum-derived fluorescent exosomes and 20-nm fluorescent nanoparticles (positive control) was compared between MARCO-expressing (CHO-MARCO) and control (CHO-CT) CHO-K1 cells to examine whether MARCO expression by recipient cells mediates the cellular uptake of exosomes and environmental nanoparticles. Fluorescence microscopic studies and quantitative analyses revealed that the cellular associations of both exosomes and 20-nm nanoparticles were greater in CHO-MARCO cells than in CHO-CT cells. Exosomes and nanoparticles colocalized with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-MARCO in cells transfected with GFP-MARCO-encoding constructs . Furthermore, inhibitory studies showed that actin reorganization and dynamin are involved in the MARCO-mediated cellular internalization of exosomes. These results indicated that MARCO plays a role in the uptake of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Kanno
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Seishiro Hirano
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Sakamoto
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Akiko Furuyama
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takase
- Core Laboratory, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kato
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Mamiko Fukuta
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Aoki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
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Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Vascular Cell Communications in Hypertension: Mechanism Insights and Therapeutic Potential of ncRNAs. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 36:157-172. [PMID: 32964302 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07080-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension, a chronic and progressive disease, is an outstanding public health issue that affects nearly 40% of the adults worldwide. The increasing prevalence of hypertension is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite of the available treatment medications, an increasing number of hypertensive individuals continues to have uncontrolled blood pressure. In the vasculature, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and adventitial fibroblasts play a fundamental role in vascular homeostasis. The aberrant interactions between vascular cells might lead to hypertension and vascular remodeling. Identification of the precise mechanisms of vascular remodeling may be highly required to develop effective therapeutic approaches for hypertension. Recently, extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of proteins or noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) between vascular cells holds promise for the treatment of hypertension. Especially, extracellular vesicle-packaging ncRNAs have gained enormous attention of basic and clinical scientists because of their tremendous potential to act as novel clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets of hypertension. Here we will discuss the current findings focusing on the emerging roles of extracellular vesicle-carrying ncRNAs in the pathologies of hypertension and its associated vascular remodeling. Furthermore, we will highlight the potential of extracellular vesicles and ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for hypertension. The future research directions on the challenges and perspectives of extracellular vesicles and ncRNAs in hypertensive vascular remodeling are also proposed.
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Cutruzzolà A, Irace C, Frazzetto M, Sabatino J, Gullace R, De Rosa S, Spaccarotella C, Concolino D, Indolfi C, Gnasso A. Functional and morphological cardiovascular alterations associated with neurofibromatosis 1. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12070. [PMID: 32694667 PMCID: PMC7374589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjects with Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) develop vascular complications. The protein product of the gene affected in NF1, neurofibromin, physiologically modulates endothelial function and preserves vascular and myocardial structure. Our study aimed to verify whether subjects with NF1 have early, preclinical abnormalities of carotid artery structure, brachial artery function, and cardiac function. We recruited 22 NF1 subjects without previous cardiovascular events and 22 healthy control subjects. All subjects underwent measurement of carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), evaluation of brachial artery endothelial function after ischemia and exercise, and cardiac function. Mean IMT was 543 ± 115 μ in NF1 subjects and 487 ± 70 μ in Controls (p < 0.01). Endothelial function was significantly dumped in NF1 subjects. The dilation after ischemia and exercise was respectively 7.5(± 4.8)% and 6.7(± 3.0)% in NF1 versus 10.5(± 1.2)% and 10.5(± 2.1)% in control subjects (p < 0.02; p < 0.002). Left ventricular systolic function assessed by Global Longitudinal Strain was significantly different between NF1 subjects and Controls: − 19.3(± 1.7)% versus − 21.5(± 2.7)% (p < 0.008). These findings demonstrate that NF1 patients have early morphological and functional abnormalities of peripheral arteries and systolic cardiac impairment and suggest the need for a tight cardiovascular risk evaluation and primary prevention in subjects with NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cutruzzolà
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Græcia, Viale Europa Località Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Concetta Irace
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Frazzetto
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Jolanda Sabatino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Center of Cardiovascular Research, University Magna Graecia, Mediterranea Cardio Centro, Catanzaro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosa Gullace
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Salvatore De Rosa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Center of Cardiovascular Research, University Magna Graecia, Mediterranea Cardio Centro, Catanzaro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmen Spaccarotella
- Center of Cardiovascular Research, University Magna Graecia, Mediterranea Cardio Centro, Catanzaro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Concolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ciro Indolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, Italy.,Center of Cardiovascular Research, University Magna Graecia, Mediterranea Cardio Centro, Catanzaro, Napoli, Italy
| | - Agostino Gnasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University Magna Græcia, Viale Europa Località Germaneto, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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