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Martínez-Cenalmor P, Martínez AE, Moneo-Corcuera D, González-Jiménez P, Pérez-Sala D. Oxidative stress elicits the remodeling of vimentin filaments into biomolecular condensates. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103282. [PMID: 39079387 PMCID: PMC11338992 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The intermediate filament protein vimentin performs an essential role in cytoskeletal interplay and dynamics, mechanosensing and cellular stress responses. In pathology, vimentin is a key player in tumorigenesis, fibrosis and infection. Vimentin filaments undergo distinct and versatile reorganizations, and behave as redox sensors. The vimentin monomer possesses a central α-helical rod domain flanked by N- and C-terminal low complexity domains. Interactions between this type of domains play an important function in the formation of phase-separated biomolecular condensates, which in turn are critical for the organization of cellular components. Here we show that several oxidants, including hydrogen peroxide and diamide, elicit the remodeling of vimentin filaments into small particles. Oxidative stress elicited by diamide induces a fast dissociation of filaments into circular, motile dots, which requires the presence of the single vimentin cysteine residue, C328. This effect is reversible, and filament reassembly can occur within minutes of oxidant removal. Diamide-elicited vimentin droplets recover fluorescence after photobleaching. Moreover, fusion of cells expressing differentially tagged vimentin allows the detection of dots positive for both tags, indicating that vimentin dots merge upon cell fusion. The aliphatic alcohol 1,6-hexanediol, known to alter interactions between low complexity domains, readily dissolves diamide-elicited vimentin dots at low concentrations, in a C328 dependent manner, and hampers reassembly. Taken together, these results indicate that vimentin oxidation promotes a fast and reversible filament remodeling into biomolecular condensate-like structures, and provide primary evidence of its regulated phase separation. Moreover, we hypothesize that filament to droplet transition could play a protective role against irreversible damage of the vimentin network by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martínez-Cenalmor
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alma E Martínez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Moneo-Corcuera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Jiménez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biosciences, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Feng J, Li H, Lu Y, Li R, Cavaco-Paulo A, Fu J. Non-ionic surfactant PEG: Enhanced cutinase-catalyzed hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133049. [PMID: 38857727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
To enhance the enzymatic digestibility of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is highly oriented and crystallized, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) surfactant of varying molecular weights was utilized to improve the stability of mutant cutinase from Humicola insolens (HiC) and to increase the accessibility of the enzyme to the substrate. Leveraging the optimal conditions for HiC hydrolysis of PET, the introduction of 1 % w/v PEG significantly increased the yield of PET hydrolysis products. PEG600 was particularly effective, increasing the yield by 64.58 % compared to using HiC alone. Moreover, the mechanisms by which PEG600 and PEG6000 enhance enzyme digestion were extensively examined using circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results from CD and fluorescence analyses indicated that PEG alters the protein conformation, thereby affecting the catalytic effect of the enzyme. Moreover, PEG improved the affinity between HiC and PET by lowering the surface tension of the solution, substantially enhancing PET hydrolysis. This study suggests that PEG holds considerable promise as an enzyme protector, significantly aiding in the hydrophilic modification and degradation of PET in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jundan Feng
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Textiles, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Textiles, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuzheng Lu
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Textiles, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China; Mechanical Engineering College, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rong Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Textiles, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China
| | | | - Jiajia Fu
- Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Centre for Functional Textiles, Jiangnan University, No.1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, China.
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3
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Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Type III intermediate filaments in redox interplay: key role of the conserved cysteine residue. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:849-860. [PMID: 38451193 PMCID: PMC11088922 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are cytoskeletal elements involved in mechanotransduction and in the integration of cellular responses. They are versatile structures and their assembly and organization are finely tuned by posttranslational modifications. Among them, type III IFs, mainly vimentin, have been identified as targets of multiple oxidative and electrophilic modifications. A characteristic of most type III IF proteins is the presence in their sequence of a single, conserved cysteine residue (C328 in vimentin), that is a hot spot for these modifications and appears to play a key role in the ability of the filament network to respond to oxidative stress. Current structural models and experimental evidence indicate that this cysteine residue may occupy a strategic position in the filaments in such a way that perturbations at this site, due to chemical modification or mutation, impact filament assembly or organization in a structure-dependent manner. Cysteine-dependent regulation of vimentin can be modulated by interaction with divalent cations, such as zinc, and by pH. Importantly, vimentin remodeling induced by C328 modification may affect its interaction with cellular organelles, as well as the cross-talk between cytoskeletal networks, as seems to be the case for the reorganization of actin filaments in response to oxidants and electrophiles. In summary, the evidence herein reviewed delineates a complex interplay in which type III IFs emerge both as targets and modulators of redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A. Pajares
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Glover MR, Davies MJ, Fuentes-Lemus E. Oxidation of the active site cysteine residue of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to the hyper-oxidized sulfonic acid form is favored under crowded conditions. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 212:1-9. [PMID: 38122871 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a key cellular enzyme, with major roles in both glycolysis, and 'moonlighting' activities in the nucleus (uracil DNA glycosylase activity, nuclear protein nitrosylation), as a regulator of mRNA stability, a transferrin receptor, and as an antimicrobial agent. These activities are dependent, at least in part, on the integrity of an active site Cys residue, and a second neighboring Cys. These residues are differentially sensitive to oxidation, and determine both its catalytic activity and the redox signaling capacity of the protein. Such Cys modification is critical to cellular adaptation to oxidative environments by re-routing metabolic pathways to favor NADPH generation and antioxidant defenses. Despite the susceptibility of GAPDH to oxidation, it remains a puzzle as to how this enzyme acts as a redox signaling hub for oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the presence of high concentrations of specialized high-efficiency peroxide-removing enzymes. One possibility is that crowded environments, such as the cell cytosol, alter the oxidation pathways of GAPDH. In this study, we investigated the role of crowding (induced by dextran) on H2O2- and SIN-1-induced GAPDH oxidation, with data for crowded and dilute conditions compared. LC-MS/MS data revealed a lower extent of modification of the catalytic Cys under crowded conditions (i.e. less monomer units modified), but enhanced formation of the sulfonic acid resulting from hyper-oxidation. This effect was not observed with SIN-1. These data indicate that molecular crowding can modulate the oxidation pathways of GAPDH and its extent of oxidation and inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia R Glover
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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5
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Wardman P. Factors Important in the Use of Fluorescent or Luminescent Probes and Other Chemical Reagents to Measure Oxidative and Radical Stress. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1041. [PMID: 37509077 PMCID: PMC10377120 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous chemical probes have been used to measure or image oxidative, nitrosative and related stress induced by free radicals in biology and biochemistry. In many instances, the chemical pathways involved are reasonably well understood. However, the rate constants for key reactions involved are often not yet characterized, and thus it is difficult to ensure the measurements reflect the flux of oxidant/radical species and are not influenced by competing factors. Key questions frequently unanswered are whether the reagents are used under 'saturating' conditions, how specific probes are for particular radicals or oxidants and the extent of the involvement of competing reactions (e.g., with thiols, ascorbate and other antioxidants). The commonest-used probe for 'reactive oxygen species' in biology actually generates superoxide radicals in producing the measured product in aerobic systems. This review emphasizes the need to understand reaction pathways and in particular to quantify the kinetic parameters of key reactions, as well as measure the intracellular levels and localization of probes, if such reagents are to be used with confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wardman
- Formerly of the Gray Cancer Institute, Mount Vernon Hospital/University of Oxford, UK
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6
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Bulthuis EP, Dieteren CEJ, Bergmans J, Berkhout J, Wagenaars JA, van de Westerlo EMA, Podhumljak E, Hink MA, Hesp LFB, Rosa HS, Malik AN, Lindert MKT, Willems PHGM, Gardeniers HJGE, den Otter WK, Adjobo-Hermans MJW, Koopman WJH. Stress-dependent macromolecular crowding in the mitochondrial matrix. EMBO J 2023; 42:e108533. [PMID: 36825437 PMCID: PMC10068333 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Macromolecules of various sizes induce crowding of the cellular environment. This crowding impacts on biochemical reactions by increasing solvent viscosity, decreasing the water-accessible volume and altering protein shape, function, and interactions. Although mitochondria represent highly protein-rich organelles, most of these proteins are somehow immobilized. Therefore, whether the mitochondrial matrix solvent exhibits macromolecular crowding is still unclear. Here, we demonstrate that fluorescent protein fusion peptides (AcGFP1 concatemers) in the mitochondrial matrix of HeLa cells display an elongated molecular structure and that their diffusion constant decreases with increasing molecular weight in a manner typical of macromolecular crowding. Chloramphenicol (CAP) treatment impaired mitochondrial function and reduced the number of cristae without triggering mitochondrial orthodox-to-condensed transition or a mitochondrial unfolded protein response. CAP-treated cells displayed progressive concatemer immobilization with increasing molecular weight and an eightfold matrix viscosity increase, compatible with increased macromolecular crowding. These results establish that the matrix solvent exhibits macromolecular crowding in functional and dysfunctional mitochondria. Therefore, changes in matrix crowding likely affect matrix biochemical reactions in a manner depending on the molecular weight of the involved crowders and reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elianne P Bulthuis
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM), Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy E J Dieteren
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM), Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jesper Bergmans
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Job Berkhout
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM), Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jori A Wagenaars
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM), Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Els M A van de Westerlo
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM), Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emina Podhumljak
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM), Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A Hink
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura F B Hesp
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM), Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah S Rosa
- Department of Diabetes, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Afshan N Malik
- Department of Diabetes, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mariska Kea-Te Lindert
- Department of Cell Biology and Electron Microscopy Center, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H G M Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM), Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Han J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter K den Otter
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Thermal and Fluid Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Merel J W Adjobo-Hermans
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM), Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J H Koopman
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Fuentes-Lemus E, Davies MJ. Effect of crowding, compartmentalization and nanodomains on protein modification and redox signaling - current state and future challenges. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 196:81-92. [PMID: 36657730 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biological milieus are highly crowded and heterogeneous systems where organization of macromolecules within nanodomains (e.g. membraneless compartments) is vital to the regulation of metabolic processes. There is an increasing interest in understanding the effects that such packed environments have on different biochemical and biological processes. In this context, the redox biochemistry and redox signaling fields are moving towards investigating oxidative processes under conditions that exhibit these key features of biological systems in order to solve existing paradigms including those related to the generation and transmission of specific redox signals within and between cells in both normal physiology and under conditions of oxidative stress. This review outlines the effects that crowding, nanodomain formation and altered local viscosities can have on biochemical processes involving proteins, and then discusses some of the reactions and pathways involving proteins and oxidants that may, or are known to, be modulated by these factors. We postulate that knowledge of protein modification processes (e.g. kinetics, pathways and product formation) under conditions that mimic biological milieus, will provide a better understanding of the response of cells to endogenous and exogenous stressors, and their role in ageing, signaling, health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
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8
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Campolo N, Mastrogiovanni M, Mariotti M, Issoglio FM, Estrin D, Hägglund P, Grune T, Davies MJ, Bartesaghi S, Radi R. Multiple oxidative post-translational modifications of human glutamine synthetase mediate peroxynitrite-dependent enzyme inactivation and aggregation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102941. [PMID: 36702251 PMCID: PMC10011836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS), which catalyzes the ATP-dependent synthesis of L-glutamine from L-glutamate and ammonia, is a ubiquitous and conserved enzyme that plays a pivotal role in nitrogen metabolism across all life domains. In vertebrates, GS is highly expressed in astrocytes, where its activity sustains the glutamate-glutamine cycle at glutamatergic synapses and is thus essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. In fact, decreased GS levels or activity have been associated with neurodegenerative diseases, with these alterations attributed to oxidative post-translational modifications of the protein, in particular tyrosine nitration. In this study, we expressed and purified human GS (HsGS) and performed an in-depth analysis of its oxidative inactivation by peroxynitrite (ONOO-) in vitro. We found that ONOO- exposure led to a dose-dependent loss of HsGS activity, the oxidation of cysteine, methionine, and tyrosine residues and also the nitration of tryptophan and tyrosine residues. Peptide mapping by LC-MS/MS through combined H216O/H218O trypsin digestion identified up to 10 tyrosine nitration sites and five types of dityrosine cross-links; these modifications were further scrutinized by structural analysis. Tyrosine residues 171, 185, 269, 283, and 336 were the main nitration targets; however, tyrosine-to-phenylalanine HsGS mutants revealed that their sole nitration was not responsible for enzyme inactivation. In addition, we observed that ONOO- induced HsGS aggregation and activity loss. Thiol oxidation was a key modification to elicit aggregation, as it was also induced by hydrogen peroxide treatment. Taken together, our results indicate that multiple oxidative events at various sites are responsible for the inactivation and aggregation of human GS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Campolo
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Mastrogiovanni
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Michele Mariotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Federico M Issoglio
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Darío Estrin
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Analítica y Química Física, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany; Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Silvina Bartesaghi
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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9
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Doblas L, Hägglund PM, Fuentes-Lemus E, Davies MJ. The cysteine residue in beta-lactoglobulin reacts with oxidized tyrosine residues in beta-casein to give casein-lactoglobulin dimers. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 733:109482. [PMID: 36457258 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are modified during milk processing and storage, with sidechain oxidation and crosslinking being major consequences. Despite the prevalence and importance of proteins in milk, and particularly caseins (∼80% of total content), the nature of the cross-links formed by oxidation, and their mechanisms of formation, are poorly characterized. In this study, we investigated the formation and stability of cross-links generated by the nucleophilic addition of Cys residues to quinones generated on oxidation of Tyr residues. The mechanisms and stability of these adducts was explored using ubiquitin as a model protein, and β-casein. Ubiquitin and β-casein were oxidized using a rose Bengal/visible light/O2 system, or by the enzyme tyrosinase. The oxidized proteins were incubated with glutathione or β-lactoglobulin (non-oxidized, but unfolded by treatment at 70 °C), before analysis by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and LC-MS. Our data indicate that Cys-quinone adducts are readily-formed, and are stable for >48 h. Thus, oxidized β-casein reacts efficiently with the thermally unfolded β-lactoglobulin, likely via Michael addition of the exposed Cys to a Tyr-derived quinone. These data provide a novel, and possibly general, mechanism of protein cross-link formation, and provides information of the stability of these species that have potential as markers of protein quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Doblas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Per M Hägglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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10
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Fuentes-Lemus E, Reyes JS, López-Alarcón C, Davies MJ. Crowding modulates the glycation of plasma proteins: In vitro analysis of structural modifications to albumin and transferrin and identification of sites of modification. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:551-566. [PMID: 36336230 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.10.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protein modification occurs in biological milieus that are characterized by high concentrations of (macro)molecules (i.e. heterogeneous and packed environments). Recent data indicate that crowding can modulate the extent and rate of protein oxidation, however its effect on other post-translational modifications remains to be explored. In this work we hypothesized that crowding would affect the glycation of plasma proteins. Physiologically-relevant concentrations of albumin (35 mg mL-1) and transferrin (2 mg mL-1) were incubated with methylglyoxal and glyoxal (5 μM-5 mM), two α-oxoaldehyde metabolites that are elevated in the plasma of people with diabetes. Crowding was induced by adding dextran or ficoll polymers. Electrophoresis, electron microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and mass spectrometry were employed to investigate the structural consequences of glycation under crowded conditions. Our data demonstrate that crowding modulates the extent of formation of transferrin cross-links, and also the modification pathways in both albumin and transferrin. Arginine was the most susceptible residue to modification, with lysine and cysteine also affected. Loss of 0.48 and 7.28 arginine residues per protein molecule were determined on incubation with 500 μM methylglyoxal for albumin and transferrin, respectively. Crowding did not influence the extent of loss of arginine and lysine for either protein, but the sites of modification, detected by LC-MS, were different between dilute and crowded conditions. These data confirm the relevance of studying modification processes under conditions that closely mimic biological milieus. These data unveil additional factors that influence the pattern and extent of protein modification, and their structural consequences, in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes-Lemus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
| | - Juan S Reyes
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo López-Alarcón
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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11
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Sauerland MB, Davies MJ. Electrophile versus oxidant modification of cysteine residues: Kinetics as a key driver of protein modification. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 727:109344. [PMID: 35777524 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Humans have widespread exposure to both oxidants, and soft electrophilic compounds such as alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes and quinones. Electrophilic motifs are commonly found in a drugs, industrial chemicals, pollutants and are also generated via oxidant-mediated degradation of biomolecules including lipids (e.g. formation of 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-hydroxyhexenal, prostaglandin J2). All of these classes of compounds react efficiently with Cys residues, and the particularly the thiolate anion, with this resulting in Cys modification via either oxidation or adduct formation. This can result in deleterious or beneficial effects, that are either reversible (e.g. in cell signalling) or irreversible (damaging). For example, acrolein is a well-established toxin, whereas dimethylfumarate is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis. This short review discusses the targets of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, and particularly two prototypic cases, acrolein and dimethylfumarate, and the factors that control the selectivity and kinetics of reaction of these species. Comparison is made between the reactivity of oxidants versus soft electrophiles. These rate constants indicate that electrophiles can be significant thiol modifying agents in some situations, as they have rate constants similar to or greater than species such as H2O2, can be present at higher concentrations, and are less efficiently removed by protective systems when compared to H2O2. They may also induce similar or higher levels of modification than highly reactive oxidants, due to the very low concentrations of oxidants formed in most in vivo situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max B Sauerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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Viedma-Poyatos Á, González-Jiménez P, Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Alexander disease GFAP R239C mutant shows increased susceptibility to lipoxidation and elicits mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102415. [PMID: 35933901 PMCID: PMC9364016 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alexander disease is a fatal neurological disorder caused by mutations in the intermediate filament protein Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), which is key for astrocyte homeostasis. These mutations cause GFAP aggregation, astrocyte dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Remarkably, most of the known GFAP mutations imply a change by more nucleophilic amino acids, mainly cysteine or histidine, which are more susceptible to oxidation and lipoxidation. Therefore, we hypothesized that a higher susceptibility of Alexander disease GFAP mutants to oxidative or electrophilic damage, which frequently occurs during neurodegeneration, could contribute to disease pathogenesis. To address this point, we have expressed GFP-GFAP wild type or the harmful Alexander disease GFP-GFAP R239C mutant in astrocytic cells. Interestingly, GFAP R239C appears more oxidized than the wild type under control conditions, as indicated both by its lower cysteine residue accessibility and increased presence of disulfide-bonded oligomers. Moreover, GFP-GFAP R239C undergoes lipoxidation to a higher extent than GFAP wild type upon treatment with the electrophilic mediator 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2). Importantly, GFAP R239C filament organization is altered in untreated cells and is earlier and more severely disrupted than GFAP wild type upon exposure to oxidants (diamide, H2O2) or electrophiles (4-hydroxynonenal, 15d-PGJ2), which exacerbate GFAP R239C aggregation. Furthermore, H2O2 causes reversible alterations in GFAP wild type, but irreversible damage in GFAP R239C expressing cells. Finally, we show that GFAP R239C expression induces a more oxidized cellular status, with decreased free thiol content and increased mitochondrial superoxide generation. In addition, mitochondria show decreased mass, increased colocalization with GFAP and altered morphology. Notably, a GFP-GFAP R239H mutant recapitulates R239C-elicited alterations whereas an R239G mutant induces a milder phenotype. Together, our results outline a deleterious cycle involving altered GFAP R239C organization, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and further GFAP R239C protein damage and network disruption, which could contribute to astrocyte derangement in Alexander disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Viedma-Poyatos
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia González-Jiménez
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, C.S.I.C., 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Li C, Zhang X, Dong M, Han X. Progress on Crowding Effect in Cell-like Structures. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060593. [PMID: 35736300 PMCID: PMC9228500 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Several biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, occupy about 30% of the space in cells, resulting in a crowded macromolecule environment. The crowding effect within cells exerts an impact on the functions of biological components, the assembly behavior of biomacromolecules, and the thermodynamics and kinetics of metabolic reactions. Cell-like structures provide confined and independent compartments for studying the working mechanisms of cells, which can be used to study the physiological functions arising from the crowding effect of macromolecules in cells. This article mainly summarizes the progress of research on the macromolecular crowding effects in cell-like structures. It includes the effects of this crowding on actin assembly behavior, tubulin aggregation behavior, and gene expression. The challenges and future trends in this field are presented at the end of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiangxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China; (C.L.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (X.H.)
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