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Implication of Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020289. [PMID: 35203499 PMCID: PMC8869546 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal mucosal barrier, also referred to as intestinal barrier, is widely recognized as a critical player in gut homeostasis maintenance as it ensures the complex crosstalk between gut microbes (both commensals and pathogens) and the host immune system. Highly specialized epithelial cells constantly cope with several protective and harmful agents to maintain the multiple physiological functions of the barrier as well as its integrity. However, both genetic defects and environmental factors can break such equilibrium, thus promoting gut dysbiosis, dysregulated immune-inflammatory responses, and even the development of chronic pathological conditions. Here, we review and discuss the molecular and cellular pathways underlying intestinal barrier structural and functional homeostasis, focusing on potential alterations that may undermine this fine balance.
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Ericsson AC, Bains M, McAdams Z, Daniels J, Busi SB, Waschek JA, Dorsam GP. The G Protein-Coupled Receptor, VPAC1, Mediates Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Dependent Functional Homeostasis of the Gut Microbiota. GASTRO HEP ADVANCES 2022; 1:253-264. [PMID: 36910129 PMCID: PMC9997614 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide involved in the regulation of feeding behavior and circadian rhythms, metabolism, and immunity. Previous studies revealed the homeostatic effects of VIP signaling on the gut microbiota. VIP-deficient mice demonstrate a gut microbiota dysbiosis characterized by reduced α-diversity and decreased relative abundance (RA) of Gram-positive Firmicutes. However, the mechanism by which VIP signaling affects changes in the microbiota is unknown. METHODS To investigate the role of the 2 cognate G protein-coupled receptors for VIP (VPAC1 and VPAC2) in VIP-mediated homeostasis of the microbiota, fecal samples from VPAC1- and VPAC2-deficient, heterozygous, and wild-type littermate mice were assessed via targeted amplicon sequencing. Their microbiota profiles were additionally compared with microbiota from VIP-deficient, heterozygous, and wild-type littermates, where genotype-dependent changes in the composition and predicted function of each cohort were compared. RESULTS While wild-type mice in each line differed in α-diversity and β-diversity, consistent changes in both metrics were observed in VIP-deficient and VPAC1-deficient mice. This includes a dramatic reduction in α-diversity, increased RA of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, and decreased RA of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Muribaculaceae, and Rikenellaceae. Specific amplicon sequence variants and predicted functions found to differ significantly based on VIP or VPAC1 genotype were concordant in their directions of change. Multiplatform predicted functional profiling suggested a defective VIP-VPAC1 axis was associated with reduced amino acid degradation along with reduced quinol and quinone biosynthesis. Furthermore, alterations in predicted functions include increased sugar degradation, nitrate reduction, and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways, among other changes. CONCLUSION We conclude that VIP signaling through VPAC1 is critical for the maintenance of normal function of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C. Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Manpreet Bains
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Zachary McAdams
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri Metagenomics Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Justin Daniels
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Susheel B. Busi
- Department of Systems Ecology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - James A. Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior/Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Glenn P. Dorsam
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
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Fallah S, Beaulieu JF. Src family kinases inhibit differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells through the Hippo effector YAP1. Biol Open 2021; 10:272600. [PMID: 34693980 PMCID: PMC8609238 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal cell lineage differentiation is a tightly regulated mechanism that involves several intracellular signaling pathways affecting the expression of a variety of transcription factors, which ultimately regulate cell specific gene expression. Absorptive and goblet cells are the two main epithelial cell types of the intestine. Previous studies from our group using an shRNA knockdown approach have shown that YAP1, one of the main Hippo pathway effectors, inhibits the differentiation of these two cell types. In the present study, we show that YAP1 activity is regulated by Src family kinases (SFKs) in these cells. Inhibition of SFKs led to a sharp reduction in YAP1 expression at the protein level, an increase in CDX2 and the P1 forms of HNF4α and of absorptive and goblet cell differentiation specific markers. Interestingly, in Caco-2/15 cells which express both YAP1 and its paralog TAZ, TAZ was not reduced by the inhibition of SFKs and its specific knockdown rather impaired absorptive cell differentiation indicating that YAP1 and TAZ are not always interchangeable for regulating cell functions. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Inhibition of Src family kinases leads to a sharp reduction in YAP1 expression and an increase in CDX2 and HNF4α, two regulators of intestinal cell differentiation, while its paralog TAZ appears not to be directly involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Fallah
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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4
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Fallah S, Beaulieu JF. The Hippo Pathway Effector YAP1 Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Cell Differentiation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081895. [PMID: 32823612 PMCID: PMC7463744 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestine is covered by epithelium, which is continuously replaced by new cells provided by stem cells located at the bottom of the glands. The maintenance of intestinal stem cells is supported by a niche which is composed of several signaling proteins including the Hippo pathway effectors YAP1/TAZ. The role of YAP1/TAZ in cell proliferation and regeneration is well documented but their involvement on the differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells is unclear. In the present study, the role of YAP1/TAZ on the differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells was investigated using the HT29 cell line, the only multipotent intestinal cell line available, with a combination of knockdown approaches. The expression of intestinal differentiation cell markers was tested by qPCR, Western blot, indirect immunofluorescence and electron microscopy analyses. The results show that TAZ is not expressed while the abolition of YAP1 expression led to a sharp increase in goblet and absorptive cell differentiation and reduction of some stem cell markers. Further studies using double knockdown experiments revealed that most of these effects resulting from YAP1 abolition are mediated by CDX2, a key intestinal cell transcription factor. In conclusion, our results indicate that YAP1/TAZ negatively regulate the differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells through the inhibition of CDX2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Fallah
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Jean-François Beaulieu
- Laboratory of Intestinal Physiopathology, Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada;
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Yu JH, Zheng JB, Qi J, Yang K, Wu YH, Wang K, Wang CB, Sun XJ. Bile acids promote gastric intestinal metaplasia by upregulating CDX2 and MUC2 expression via the FXR/NF-κB signalling pathway. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:879-892. [PMID: 30747230 PMCID: PMC6365039 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids serve a critical role in the induction of gastric intestinal metaplasia (IM) and gastric carcinogenesis. The present study investigated the effects of bile acids on the induction of gastric IM formation. The results demonstrated that the expression levels of caudal-related homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2), mucin 2 (MUC2) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) were increased in vitro and in vivo following treatment with bile acids, and CDX2 transcriptionally activated MUC2 expression. Furthermore, knockdown of FXR attenuated bile acid-enhanced CDX2 promoter activity and protein expression. Conversely, the FXR agonist GW4064 synergistically enhanced bile acid-induced CDX2 promoter activity. Bile acid treatment led to an increase in nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity and protein expression. Treatment with GW4064 or the FXR antagonist Z-guggulsterone enhanced or attenuated bile acid-induced NF-κB activity, respectively. In addition, quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that bile acids led to enhanced binding of p50 to the CDX2 promoter, whereas this effect was not observed for p65. Treatment with GW4064 or Z-guggulsterone enhanced and attenuated the binding activity of p50 to the CDX2 promoter, respectively. These results indicated that bile acids may activate the FXR/NF-κB signalling pathway, thereby upregulating CDX2 and MUC2 expression in normal gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Yu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Bao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jie Qi
- Second Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Kui Yang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Hua Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Bao Wang
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Darvishi M, Mashati P, Khosravi A. The clinical significance of CDX2 in leukemia: A new perspective for leukemia research. Leuk Res 2018; 72:45-51. [PMID: 30096576 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CDX2 gene encodes a transcription factor involved in primary embryogenesis and hematopoietic development; however, the expression of CDX2 in adults is restricted to intestine and is not observed in blood tissues. The ectopic expression of CDX2 has been frequently observed in acute myeloid and lymphoid leukemia which in most cases is concomitant with poor prognosis. Induction of CDX2 in mice leads to hematologic complications, showing the leukemogenic origin of this gene. CDX2 plays significant role in the most critical pathways as the regulator of important transcription factors targeting cell proliferation, multi-drug resistance and survival. On the whole, the results indicate that CDX2 has the potential to be suggested as the diagnostic marker in hematologic malignancies. This review discusses the role of aberrant expression of CDX2 in the prognosis and the response to treatment in patients with different leukemia in clinical reports in the recent decades. The improvement in this regard could be of high importance in diagnosis and treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Darvishi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pargol Mashati
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Khosravi
- Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Nucleotide-mediated SPDEF modulates TFF3-mediated wound healing and intestinal barrier function during the weaning process. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4827. [PMID: 29555969 PMCID: PMC5859294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23218-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most alterations during weaning involve physiological changes in intestinal structure and function. Here, we evaluated the molecular mechanisms regulating the effects of nucleotides on weaning. Nucleotide treatment induced Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) expression and IPEC-J2 cell growth and reduced wound width. Treatment with nucleosides and TFF3 in lipopolysaccharide-challenged IPEC-J2 cells increased intestinal transepithelial electrical resistance and decreased intestinal permeability. Additionally, nucleosides improved intestinal barrier function through induction of TFF3-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38, and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathways. Among selected differentially expressed genes, SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) expression was elevated by nucleotides in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, SPDEF directly regulated TFF3 expression via binding to the promoter. In vivo, nucleotide supplementation improved growth performance, serum stress levels, and intestinal morphology. Our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of intestinal development during weaning in pigs.
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Roy SAB, Allaire JM, Ouellet C, Maloum-Rami F, Pomerleau V, Lemieux É, Babeu JP, Rousseau J, Paquet M, Garde-Granger P, Boudreau F, Perreault N. Loss of mesenchymal bone morphogenetic protein signaling leads to development of reactive stroma and initiation of the gastric neoplastic cascade. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32759. [PMID: 27609464 PMCID: PMC5016723 DOI: 10.1038/srep32759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bmps are morphogens involved in various gastric cellular functions. Studies in genetically-modified mice have shown that Bmp disruption in gastric epithelial and stromal cell compartments leads to the development of tumorigenesis. Our studies have demonstrated that abrogation of gastric epithelial Bmp signaling alone was not sufficient to recapitulate the neoplastic features associated with total gastric loss of Bmp signaling. Thus, epithelial Bmp signaling does not appear to be a key player in gastric tumorigenesis initiation. These observations suggest a greater role for stromal Bmp signaling in gastric polyposis initiation. In order to identify the specific roles played by mesenchymal Bmp signaling in gastric homeostasis, we generated a mouse model with abrogation of Bmp signaling exclusively in the gastro-intestinal mesenchyme (Bmpr1aΔMES). We were able to expose an unsuspected role for Bmp loss of signaling in leading normal gastric mesenchyme to adapt into reactive mesenchyme. An increase in the population of activated-fibroblasts, suggesting mesenchymal transdifferentiation, was observed in mutant stomach. Bmpr1aΔMES stomachs exhibited spontaneous benign polyps with presence of both intestinal metaplasia and spasmolytic-polypeptide-expressing metaplasia as early as 90 days postnatal. These results support the novel concept that loss of mesenchymal Bmp signaling cascade acts as a trigger in gastric polyposis initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien A B Roy
- Département d'Anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Joannie M Allaire
- Département d'Anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Camille Ouellet
- Département d'Anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Faiza Maloum-Rami
- Département d'Anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Pomerleau
- Département d'Anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Lemieux
- Département d'Anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Babeu
- Département d'Anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jasmin Rousseau
- Département d'Anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marilène Paquet
- Département de pathologie et de microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Perrine Garde-Granger
- Département de Pathologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - François Boudreau
- Département d'Anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Perreault
- Département d'Anatomie et Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Inagaki-Ohara K, Okamoto S, Takagi K, Saito K, Arita S, Tang L, Hori T, Kataoka H, Matsumoto S, Minokoshi Y. Leptin receptor signaling is required for high-fat diet-induced atrophic gastritis in mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:7. [PMID: 26839577 PMCID: PMC4736478 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity increases the risk for malignancies in various tissues including the stomach. Atrophic gastritis with precancerous lesions is an obesity-associated disease; however, the mechanisms that underlie the development of obesity-associated atrophic gastritis are unknown. Leptin is a hormone derived from stomach as well as adipose tissue and gastric leptin is involved in the development of gastric cancer. The aim of the current study is to investigate the involvement of leptin receptor signaling in the development of atrophic gastritis during diet-induced obesity. Methods Male C57BL/6, ob/ob and db/db mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or a control diet (CD) from 1 week to 5 months. Pathological changes of the gastric mucosa and the expression of molecules associated with atrophic gastritis were evaluated in these mice. Results HFD feeding induced gastric mucosal hyperplasia with increased gastric leptin expression. Mucosal hyperplasia was accompanied by a higher frequency of Ki67-positive proliferating cells and atrophy of the gastric glands in the presence of inflammation, which increased following HFD feeding. Activation of ObR signaling-associated molecules such as ObR, STAT3, Akt, and ERK was detected in the gastric mucosa of mice fed the HFD for 1 week. The morphological alterations associated with gastric mucosal atrophy and the expression of Muc2 and Cdx2 resemble those associated with human intestinal metaplasia. In contrast to wild-type mice, leptin-deficient ob/ob mice and leptin receptor-mutated db/db mice did not show increased Cdx2 expression in response to HFD feeding. Conclusion Together, these results suggest that activation of the leptin signaling pathway in the stomach is required to develop obesity-associated atrophic gastritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0066-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Inagaki-Ohara
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), 1-21-1, Toyama Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-0052 Japan ; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan ; Division of Host Defense, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023 Japan
| | - Shiki Okamoto
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Kazuyo Takagi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Kumiko Saito
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Seiya Arita
- Division of Host Defense, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562 Nanatsuka, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023 Japan
| | - Lijun Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Tetsuji Hori
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo, 186-8650 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, 889-1692 Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsumoto
- Yakult Central Institute for Microbiological Research, 5-11 Izumi, Kunitachi, Tokyo, 186-8650 Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Minokoshi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
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Xiao P, Ling H, Lan G, Liu J, Hu H, Yang R. Trefoil factors: Gastrointestinal-specific proteins associated with gastric cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 450:127-34. [PMID: 26265233 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Trefoil factor family (TFF), composed of TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3, is a cluster of secreted peptides characterized by trefoil domain (s) and C-terminal dimerization domain. TFF1, a gastric tumor suppressor, is a single trefoil peptide originally detected in breast cancer cell lines but expressed mainly in the stomach; TFF2, a candidate of gastric cancer suppressor with two trefoil domains, is abundant in the stomach and duodenal Brunner's glands; and TFF3 is another single trefoil peptide expressed throughout the intestine which can promote the development of gastric carcinoma. According to multiple studies, TFFs play a regulatory function in the mammals' digestive system, namely in mucosal protection and epithelial cell reconstruction, tumor suppression or promotion, signal transduction and the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis. Action mechanisms of TFFs remain unresolved, but the recent demonstration of a GKN (gastrokine) 2-TFF1 heterodimer implicates structural and functional interplay with gastrokines. This review aims to encapsulate the structural and biological characteristics of TFF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Hui Ling
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Gang Lan
- Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Haobin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Ruirui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, University of South China, College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Center for Gastric Cancer Research of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
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11
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Gopal A, Iyer SC, Gopal U, Devaraj N, Halagowder D. Shigella dysenteriae modulates BMP pathway to induce mucin gene expression in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111408. [PMID: 25365201 PMCID: PMC4218725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal epithelial cells in the intestine act as the first line of host defense against pathogens by increasing mucin production for clearance. Despite this fact, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which Shigella dysenteriae transduce mucin gene expression remain poorly defined. The goal of this study was to determine the role of Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway in mucin gene expression during S. dysenteriae infection. In this study we demonstrate that S. dysenteriae activates BMP signaling to induce MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression in rat ileal loop model and in vitro. We also observed that BMP pathway regulates CDX2 expression which plays a critical role in induction of MUC2 gene during S. dysenteriae infection. In SMAD4 silenced cells S. dysenteriae infection did not abrogate MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression whereas in CDX2 silenced cells it induces differential expression of MUC5AC gene. These results suggest that SMAD4-CDX2 induces MUC2 gene expression whereas SMAD4 directly influences differential expression of MUC5AC gene. Altogether, our results show that during S. dysenteriae infection the BMP pathway modulates inflammatory transcription factors CDX2 and SMAD4 to induce MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression which plays a key role in the regulation of host mucosal defense thereby paving a cue for therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashidha Gopal
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Soumya Chidambaram Iyer
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Udhayakumar Gopal
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Niranjali Devaraj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Devaraj Halagowder
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
- * E-mail:
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12
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Cobler L, Pera M, Garrido M, Iglesias M, de Bolós C. CDX2 can be regulated through the signalling pathways activated by IL-6 in gastric cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:785-92. [PMID: 24953186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory infiltrate of the gastric mucosa associated with Helicobacter pylori infection increases the presence of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 that activates both the SHP-2/ERK/MAPK and the JAK/STAT signalling pathways. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of CDX2 is detected in pre-neoplasic lesions associated with decreased levels of SOX2, and we found that in gastric adenocarcinomas their expression is inversely correlated. To determine the role of IL-6 in the regulation of CDX2, MKN45 that constitutively expresses p-STAT3, and NUGC-4 gastric cancer cell lines were treated with IL-6, which induced the CDX2 up-regulation and SOX2 down-regulation. ChIP assays determined that in IL-6-treated cells, c-JUN and p-STAT3 bound to CDX2 promoter in MKN45 cells whereas in NUGC-4 cells, p-STAT3 binds to and c-JUN releases from the CDX2 promoter. Specific inhibition of STAT3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation through AG490 and U0126, respectively, and STAT3 down-regulation using shRNA verified that the SHP-2/ERK/MAPK pathway regulates the expression of CDX2 in basal conditions, and the CDX2 up-regulation by IL-6 is through the JAK/STAT pathway in NUGC-4 cells whereas in MKN45 cells both pathways contribute to the CDX2 up-regulation. In conclusion, the signalling pathways activated by IL-6 have a crucial role in the regulation of CDX2 that is a key factor in the process of gastric carcinogenesis, suggesting that the inflammatory infiltrate in the gastric mucosa is relevant in this process and a potential target for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Cobler
- Gastroesophageal Cancer Research Group, Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Pera
- Gastroesophageal Cancer Research Group, Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Garrido
- Gastroesophageal Cancer Research Group, Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Iglesias
- Gastroesophageal Cancer Research Group, Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme de Bolós
- Gastroesophageal Cancer Research Group, Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Gong F, Sun L, Sun Y. A novel SATB1 binding site in the BCL2 promoter region possesses transcriptional regulatory function. J Biomed Res 2013; 24:452-9. [PMID: 23554662 PMCID: PMC3596693 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(10)60060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BCL2 is a key regulator of apoptosis. Our previous work has demonstrated that special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 1 (SATB1) is positively correlated with BCL2 expression. In the present study, we report a new SATB1 binding site located between P1 and P2 promoters of the BCL2 gene. The candidate SATB1 binding sequence predicted by bioinformatic analysis was investigated in vitro and in vivo by electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). One 25-bp sequence, named SB1, was confirmed to be SATB1 binding site. The regulatory function of SB1 and its relevance to SATB1 were further examed with dual-luciferase reporter assay system in Jurkat cells. We found that SB1 could negatively regulate reporter gene activity. Mutation of SATB1 binding site further repressed the activity. Knockdown of SATB1 also enhanced this negative effect of SB1. Our data indicate that the SB1 sequence possesses negative transcriptional regulatory function and this function can be antagonized by SATB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiran Gong
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, ; Department of Cell Biology
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14
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Shin N, Park DY. Pathologic Diagnosis of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HELICOBACTER AND UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.7704/kjhugr.2013.13.2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nari Shin
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Do Youn Park
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
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15
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Chen H, Fang Y, Tevebaugh W, Orlando RC, Shaheen NJ, Chen X. Molecular mechanisms of Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:3405-20. [PMID: 21984436 PMCID: PMC3750118 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is defined as the metaplastic conversion of esophageal squamous epithelium to intestinalized columnar epithelium. As a premalignant lesion of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), BE develops as a result of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Many studies have been conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms of this disease. This review summarizes recent results involving squamous and intestinal transcription factors, signaling pathways, stromal factors, microRNAs, and other factors in the development of BE. A conceptual framework is proposed to guide future studies. We expect elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of BE to help in the development of improved management of GERD, BE, and EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Yu Fang
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Whitney Tevebaugh
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Roy C. Orlando
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Shaheen
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA,Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7080, USA,Corresponding authors: Xiaoxin Luke Chen, MD, PhD, Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA. Tel: 919-530-6425; Fax: 919-530-7780;
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16
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Rotkrua P, Akiyama Y, Hashimoto Y, Otsubo T, Yuasa Y. MiR-9 downregulates CDX2 expression in gastric cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:2611-20. [PMID: 21225631 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of CDX2, a caudal-related homeobox protein, is known to be associated with the development of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach and gastric carcinogenesis. Previously, we reported that DNA methylation was partly responsible for CDX2 silencing in gastric cancer (GC). However, the mechanism underlying the aberrant expression of CDX2 during malignant transformation remained unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that function as post-transcriptional regulators. To elucidate the role of miRNAs in CDX2 downregulation in GC cells, putative miRNAs, such as miR-9, were computationally predicted. After exogenous pre-miR-9 precursor transfection, the luciferase activity of a reporter vector containing a part of the 3'-UTR of CDX2 was downregulated in HEK-293T cells. The inverse correlation between the miR-9 and CDX2 protein levels was demonstrated in GC cell lines. By means of miR-9 overexpression and knockdown techniques, the expression levels of the CDX2 protein and downstream target genes (p21, MUC2 and TFF3) were responsively altered in MKN45 and NUGC-3 cells. Transfection of an anti-miR-9 molecule significantly inhibited cell growth by promoting G(1) cell cycle arrest in MKN45 cells similarly to the effect of CDX2 overexpression. Moreover, examination of the miR-9 levels in primary GC tissues revealed that the amounts of miR-9 in the CDX2-negative group were significantly higher than those in the CDX2-positive group (p = 0.004). Therefore, miR-9 might repress CDX2 expression via the binding site in the 3'-UTR, resulting in the promotion of cell proliferation in GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichayanoot Rotkrua
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Abstract
Metaplasia (or transdifferentiation) is defined as the transformation of one tissue type to another. Clues to the molecular mechanisms that control the development of metaplasia are implied from knowledge of the transcription factors that specify tissue identity during normal embryonic development. Barrett's metaplasia describes the development of a columnar/intestinal phenotype in the squamous oesophageal epithelium and is the major risk factor for oesophageal adenocarcinoma. This particular type of cancer has a rapidly rising incidence and a dismal prognosis. The homoeotic transcription factor Cdx2 (Caudal-type homeobox 2) has been implicated as a master switch gene for intestine and therefore for Barrett's metaplasia. Normally, Cdx2 expression is restricted to the epithelium of the small and large intestine. Loss of Cdx2 function, or conditional deletion in the intestine, results in replacement of intestinal cells with a stratified squamous phenotype. In addition, Cdx2 is sufficient to provoke intestinal metaplasia in the stomach. In the present paper, we review the evidence for the role of Cdx2 in the development of Barrett's metaplasia.
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Fança-Berthon P, Michel C, Pagniez A, Rival M, Van Seuningen I, Darmaun D, Hoebler C. Intrauterine growth restriction alters postnatal colonic barrier maturation in rats. Pediatr Res 2009; 66:47-52. [PMID: 19287349 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181a2047e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a leading cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity and increases the risk for necrotizing enterocolitis. We hypothesized that colonic barrier disruption could be responsible for intestinal frailty in infants and adults born with IUGR. Mucins and trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) actively contribute to epithelium protection and healing. Our aim was to determine whether IUGR affects colonic mucosa maturation. IUGR was induced by dietary protein restriction in pregnant dams. Mucins and Tff3 expression and morphologic maturation of the colonic mucosa were followed during postnatal development of the offspring. Before weaning, mucin 2 and Tff3 protein levels were reduced in colonic mucosa of rats with IUGR compared with controls. After weaning, expression of mucin 2 (mRNA and protein) and mucin 4 (mRNA) were lower in colonic mucosa of rats with IUGR. At the same time, IUGR was associated with a reduction of crypt depth and a higher percentage of crypts in fission. We conclude that IUGR impairs mucus barrier development and is associated with long-term alterations of mucin expression. The lack of an efficient colonic barrier induced by IUGR may predispose to colonic injury not only in neonatal life but also in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Fança-Berthon
- UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRA, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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Xu HZ, Ren JL. Advance in relationship between TFF3 and gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2009; 17:495-499. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v17.i5.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trefoil factor family (TFF) consists of three members, including TFF1, TFF2 and TFF3. TFF has such functions as maintaining gut mucosal integrity, promoting epithelial cell restitution, as well as cell signal transduction, modulating apoptosis and enhancing invasion. Therefore, TFF plays crucial roles in the process of inflammation and tumorigenesis. Researches recently have indicated that TFF3 plays an important role in gastric cancer, especially in intestinal gastric carcinoma.
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20
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Busuttil RA, Boussioutas A. Intestinal metaplasia: a premalignant lesion involved in gastric carcinogenesis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24:193-201. [PMID: 19215332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite a plateau in incidence, gastric cancer remains a significant problem globally. The majority of gastric cancer is associated with histologically recognizable premalignant stages as first described by Pelayo Correa in the mid-1970s. The mortality from gastric cancer remains high especially in Western countries where, arguably, the index of suspicion of gastric cancer in patients presenting with upper abdominal symptoms is lower than in high prevalence countries. What is the evidence that intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a premalignant condition? What should the clinician know about IM and the relative risks of progression to gastric cancer? Finally, what are the current and future strategies that may help stratify patients into high risk and low risk for the development of gastric cancer? This review focuses on gastric IM and outlines some of the literature that discusses it as a premalignant condition. It also reviews the issue of surveillance of patients with IM in order to attempt to reduce the significant mortality of gastric cancer by detection of earlier stages of disease which are eminently treatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Busuttil
- Cancer Genomics and Predictive Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Validation of a rodent model of Barrett’s esophagus using quantitative gene expression profiling. Surg Endosc 2008; 23:1346-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00464-008-0169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
As one of important defensive factors, trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) has considerable relation to the lesion, recovery, proliferation and malignancy of gastrointestinal mucosa. Furthermore, the correlation between TFF3 and tumor, including its pathogenesis, progress and prognosis, has been reported remarkably. However, the binding proteins of TFF3 remains to be confirmed and the research of TFF3 on the mechanism of action and signal transduction pathway is just initial. This article reviewed the progress in TFF3 research.
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Gutiérrez-González L, Wright NA. Biology of intestinal metaplasia in 2008: more than a simple phenotypic alteration. Dig Liver Dis 2008; 40:510-22. [PMID: 18400571 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review concentrates on one main aspect of cancerization in the oesophagus and stomach: principally, intestinal metaplasia. There are at least two other important pathways that lead to cancer and do not need such a morphological transformation. One is the gastric type of carcinoma on the Lauren classification, which arises directly from the stem cell zone and is the signet ring form of cancer, while the other is spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM)--spasmolytic polypeptide (TFF2) expressing metaplasia, where the gastric glands become filled with TFF2-expressing cells and may also lead to gastric dysplasia and cancer. The development of intestinal metaplasia is complex. Here, we examine intestinal metaplasia in molecular terms, noting the over-expression of Cdx1, Cdx2, Pdx1, Oct1, TFF3 and the downregulation of Hedgehog signalling; Runx3 is deactivated by epigenetic silencing, and pathways such as Wnt and MARK/ERK are involved. These changes start to explain the principles of the development of intestinal metaplasia and suggest that the regulation of these genes is of importance in the development of gastric cancer.
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